天馬

Chinese

		day; sky; heaven	horse; surname
trad. (天馬)		天	馬
simp. (天马)		天	马

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): tiānmǎ

  (Zhuyin): ㄊㄧㄢ ㄇㄚˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): tin¹ maa⁵

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: tiānmǎ
    • Zhuyin: ㄊㄧㄢ ㄇㄚˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: tianmǎ
    • Wade–Giles: tʻien¹-ma³
    • Yale: tyān-mǎ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tianmaa
    • Palladius: тяньма (tjanʹma)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: tin¹ maa⁵
    • Yale: tīn máh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tin¹ maa⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: tin¹ ma⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰiːn⁵⁵ maː¹³/

---

• Middle Chinese: then maeX

Rime
Character	天	馬
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	透 (6)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	先 (85)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	IV	II
Fanqie	他前切	莫下切
Baxter	then	maeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tʰen/	/mˠaX/
Pan Wuyun	/tʰen/	/mᵚaX/
Shao Rongfen	/tʰɛn/	/maX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tʰɛn/	/maɨX/
Li Rong	/tʰen/	/maX/
Wang Li	/tʰien/	/maX/
Bernard Karlgren	/tʰien/	/maX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tiān	mǎ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	tin1	maa5

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*l̥ˤi[n]|l̥ˤi[n]  mˤraʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*qʰl'iːn  mraːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	天	天	馬
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	tiān	xiān	mǎ
Middle Chinese	‹ then ›	‹ xen ›	‹ mæX ›
Old Chinese	/*l̥ˁi[n]/	/*l̥ˁi[n]/ (W dialect: l̥ˁ- > Hàn-time *xˁ- > MC x-)	/*mˁraʔ/
English	heaven	heaven	horse
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	天	馬
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	12387	8715
Phonetic component	天	馬
Rime group	眞	魚
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	天	馬
Old Chinese	/*qʰl'iːn/	/*mraːʔ/

Noun

天馬

1. (literary, laudatory) fine horse
2. serow (Capricornis sumatraensis)
3. (literary, Chinese mythology) mythical horse ridden by the Celestial Emperor
4. (literary, Chinese mythology) white dog-like beast with a black head, which flies when it sees people
5. (literary, Chinese astronomy) a star in the Legs mansion
6. (literary) praying mantis
7. (literary, Greek mythology) Pegasus

Synonyms

(mantis):

Dialectal synonyms of 螳螂 (“praying mantis”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		螳蜋, 螳蠰, 蟷蜋, 蟷蠰, 䖨蜋, 莫貈, 蛑, 髦, 不過, 虰, 蝆蝆, 天馬, 齕疣, 食疣, 蚚父, 拒斧, 蜛蚥, 馬敫, 勇蟲
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		螳螂
Taxonomic name		螳螂
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	刀螂
	Taiwan	螳螂
	Chengde	刀螂
	Chifeng	刀螂子
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	刀螂
	Heihe	刀螂
	Qiqihar	刀螂
	Harbin	刀螂, 螳螂
	Jiamusi	刀螂
	Baicheng	刀螂
	Changchun	刀螂
	Tonghua	刀螂
	Shenyang	螳螂, 刀螂
	Jinzhou	螳螂, 刀螂
	Singapore	螳螂
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	刀螂
	Tangshan	刀螂
	Cangzhou	刀螂
	Baoding	刀螂
	Shijiazhuang	刀螂
	Lijin	刀螂
	Jinan	刀螂
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Dalian	刀螂
	Dandong	刀螂
	Yantai	刀螂
	Yantai (Muping)	刀龍
	Qingdao	刀螂
	Zhucheng	刀螂
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	螳螂
	Lingbao	螳螂
	Jining	螳螂
	Wanrong	鋤田老漢
	Linfen	螂蹦蹦
	Shangqiu	螳螂, 砍刀
	Yuanyang	螳螂, 砍刀
	Zhengzhou	砍刀
	Xinyang	刀龍
	Baihe	螳螂
	Xi'an	猴子
	Baoji	砍刀
	Tianshui	螳螂
	Xining	螳螂
	Xuzhou	砍頭螂
	Fuyang	螳螂, 刀刀
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	猴子
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	螳螂
	Lanzhou	螳螂
	Dunhuang	猴子
	Hami	螳螂
	Ürümqi	刀螂, 猴子
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	螳螂, 猴子, 孫猴子
	Nanchong	螳螂, 蚱蠓
	Dazhou	猴三兒
	Hanyuan	千蛋哥兒
	Xichang	螳螂
	Zigong	香猴三兒
	Chongqing	猴子, 猴三兒
	Wuhan	螳螂, 䗛子, 蔥擔婆
	Yichang	螳螂
	Xiangyang	螳螂
	Tianmen	螳螂
	Guiyang	螳螂
	Zunyi	螳螂
	Bijie	螳螂
	Liping	螳螂
	Zhaotong	螳螂, 鬼螞蚱
	Dali	螳螂
	Kunming	螳螂, 鬼螞蚱
	Mengzi	大螞蚱
	Guilin	螳螂
	Liuzhou	螳螂, 馬螂䗧
	Nanning (Wuming)	馬螂䗧
	Jishou	螳螂兒
	Changde	螳螂
	Hanzhong	螳螂, 刀螂
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	螳螂, 刀螂
	Yangzhou	刀螂, 刀螂子
	Lianyungang	刀螂
	Lianshui	刀螂
	Nantong	啄螂
	Anqing	刀螂
	Wuhu	刀螂
	Hefei	刀螂
	Huanggang	猴子頭兒
	Hong'an	螳螂, 䗛子
Cantonese	Guangzhou	馬螂狂
	Hong Kong	螳螂, 馬螂狂 dated
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	斬柴郎
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	羊貓哥
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	斬刀娘
	Taishan	鉸剪霎
	Kaiping (Chikan)	馬交螂
	Dongguan	螳螂
	Yunfu	馬螂狂
	Yangjiang	馬騮狂
	Nanning	馬螂狂
	Nanning (Tanka)	馬螂狂
	Wuzhou	馬螂狂
	Yulin	馬螂狂
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	馬螂狂
	Hepu (Shatian)	馬螂狂
	Beihai	馬螂狂
	Beihai (Nankang)	馬螂狂
	Beihai (Yingpan)	馬螂狂
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	馬螂狂
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	馬螂狂
	Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	馬螂狂
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	螳螂
	Ipoh (Guangfu)	螳螂
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	馬螂狂
	Móng Cái	馬螂狂, 狂螂
Gan	Nanchang	螳螂
	Lichuan	螳螂
	Pingxiang	猴子
	Liuyang	禾猴哩
Hakka	Meixian	螳螂仔, 螳螂
	Zengcheng (Zhengguo)	老虎阿哥
	Zhongshan (Wuguishan)	老虎哥
	Wuhua (Shuizhai)	豹虎哥
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	禾擔竿, 擔竿板, 生黸刀嫲
	Wuhua (Changbu)	豹虎哥
	Wuhua (Mianyang)	豹虎哥
	Yudu	碓雞公, 猴子
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	老虎哥
	Miaoli (Toufen; N. Sixian)	豹虎哥
	Miaoli (Gongguan; N. Sixian)	草猴, 草馬
	Miaoli (Zhuolan; N. Sixian)	螳螂
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	㧡水擔竿, 竹篙仔
	Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian)	草猴
	Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian)	調羹仔, 摳考
	Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian)	草猴
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	老虎哥, 挨礱披波, 草馬仔
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	草馬, 挨礱噓呼, 草鞋耙
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	挨礱披波, 草馬仔, 草馬, 老虎哥
	Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping)	螳𫋐
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	草猴, 草蝦
	Hong Kong	豹虎哥
	Luchuan (Daqiao)	馬猴螳
	Senai (Huiyang)	螳螂, 斬刀羊 dated
Huizhou	Jixi	滾龍狂
	Shexian	螳螂, 鐵絲蛇
	Fuliang	剪頭髮個
Jin	Taiyuan	扁擔婆, 吃猴蟲
	Pingyao	扁擔, 吃猴蟲兒
	Yangyuan	燒火人
	Datong	螳螂兒
	Xinzhou	掐猴猴蟲, 槌敲
	Lüliang (Lishi)	螳螂
	Changzhi	砍瓜郎
	Taibus (Baochang)	簸簸箕
	Linhe	簸簸箕
	Jining	螳螂
	Hohhot	螳螂, 扁擔
	Erenhot	扁擔
	Pingshan	鍘刀, 砍三刀兒
	Zhangjiakou	刀螂
	Handan	螳螂, 磕頭螂
	Suide	螳螂
Jiuxing Yumin	Lanxi	蜣螂
Northern Min	Jian'ou	蘆螞
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	草蜢哥
	Fuqing	慘蜢
	Matsu	草蜢哥, 馬蟧琊啷
Southern Min	Xiamen	草猴, 草衝
	Quanzhou	芒螳
	Zhangzhou	虎魯舅
	Pinghe	老虎舅
	Zhangpu	樹猴
	Zhao'an	草猴
	Zhao'an (Sidu)	草猴
	Zhao'an (Tingyang, Baiyang)	草猴
	Zhao'an (Wenshan, Taiping)	草馬
	Taipei	草猴
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	草猴
	Kaohsiung	草猴
	Yilan	草猴
	Changhua (Lukang)	螳芒
	Taichung	草猴
	Taichung (Wuqi)	螳芒
	Tainan	草猴
	Taitung (Green Island)	螳芒
	Hsinchu	草猴, 鐵頭
	Pingtung (Liuqiu)	草猴
	Kinmen	國舅, 樹貓
	Penghu (Magong)	草猴
	Penghu (Huxi)	草猴
	Penghu (Jibei)	草猴
	Singapore (Hokkien)	草猴, 草衝, 樹貓
	Zhangping (Yongfu)	灶雞
	Chaozhou	草猴
	Raoping	草猴
	Shantou	草猴
	Shantou (Chenghai)	草猴
	Jieyang	草猴
	Haifeng	苦舅
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	杜猴
	Singapore (Teochew)	草猴
	Pontianak (Teochew)	草猴
	Wenchang	擔油公, 日頭翼
	Haikou	擔油公
Puxian Min	Putian	草猴
	Xianyou	草猴
Central Min	Yong'an	螳螂
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Sanxiang)	馬喵螂
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	馬螂䗧
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	虎頭劈
Wu	Shanghai	螳螂
	Shanghai (Chongming)	螳螂
	Suzhou	螳螂
	Danyang	蚱螂
	Hangzhou	螳螂
	Ningbo	斧頭蟑螂, 吃髮螂, 吃頭髮郎
	Wenzhou	頭毛公公, 頭毛娘, 頭毛虎, 頭毛吊, 打刀娘, 剪裾娘, 紫金娘
Xiang	Changsha	禾老蟲
	Xiangtan	禾老虎
	Loudi	禾老蟲
	Shuangfeng	禾老蟲
	Quanzhou	螳螂
Xiangnan Tuhua	Jiangyong	螳螂
	Dong'an	螳螂
Yuebei Tuhua	Shaoguan (Dacun, Baitu, Qujiang)	老虎瓜瓜
	Shaoguan (Xiangyang, Xihe, Wujiang)	馬螂狂
	Shaoguan (Shibei, Xinshao, Zhenjiang)	猴哥
	Renhua (Shitang)	老虎哥哥
	Lechang (Beixiang)	蜉螂狂
	Lechang (Huangpu)	猴牯灶雞
	Lechang (Guitang, Pingshi)	麥崽, 草猴
	Lechang (Sanxi)	老虎灶雞

Proper noun

天馬

1. (～街道) Tianma (a subdistrict of Changshan, Quzhou, Zhejiang, China)

Derived terms

• 天馬座／天马座
• 天馬行空／天马行空 (tiānmǎxíngkōng)

 

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
天	馬
てん Grade: 1	ま Grade: 2
on'yomi

From Chinese 天馬／天马 (tiānmǎ).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [tẽ̞mːa̠]

Noun

天(てん)馬(ま) • (tenma) 

1. (Japanese mythology, fiction) Heavenly steed

Proper noun

天(てん)馬(ま) • (Tenma) 

1. a surname

Descendants

• English: Tenma

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
天	馬
ペガサス
Grade: 1	Grade: 2
irregular

天 (“sky”) +‎ 馬 (“horse”). From Ancient Greek Πήγασος (Pḗgasos), and associated with the term sky horse.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [pe̞ɡa̠sa̠sɨ]

Noun

天馬(ペガサス) • (pegasasu) 

1. (mythology, fiction) pegasus, a winged horse

Proper noun

天馬(ペガサス) • (Pegasasu) 

1. (Greek mythology) The Pegasus winged horse

Korean

Hanja in this term
天	馬

Proper noun

天馬 • (Cheonma) (hangeul 천마)

1. hanja form^? of 천마

Vietnamese

Han character

天馬

1. chữ Hán form of thiên mã.
2. chữ Hán form of Thiên Mã.