華夏

See also: 华夏

Chinese

		flourishing; illustrious	grand
trad. (華夏)		華	夏
simp. (华夏)		华	夏

Etymology

Attested in the Zuo Zhuan:

楚失華夏，則析公之為也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]

---

楚失华夏，则析公之为也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE

Chǔ shī Huáxià, zé Xī Gōng zhī wéi yě. [Pinyin]

That Chu lost the allegiance of the flourishing and grand ("華夏") central states was the doing of the lord of Xi.

A line in the Zuo Zhuan features the words 夏 (OC *ɡraːʔ) and 華 (OC *ɡʷraː) used in a parallel structure.

裔不謀夏，夷不亂華。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]

---

裔不谋夏，夷不乱华。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE

Yì bù móu xià, yí bù luàn huá. [Pinyin]

The borderers may not plot against the grand ("夏") domains; the aliens should not sow chaos among the flourishing ("華") peoples.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): Huáxià

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄒㄧㄚˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): waa⁴ haa⁶
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): Fà-ha
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Hôa-hā / Hôa-hēe
• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶gho-gho₆

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: Huáxià
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄒㄧㄚˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: Huásià
    • Wade–Giles: Hua²-hsia⁴
    • Yale: Hwá-syà
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Hwashiah
    • Palladius: Хуася (Xuasja)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu̯ä³⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: waa⁴ haa⁶
    • Yale: wàh hah
    • Cantonese Pinyin: waa⁴ haa⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: wa⁴ ha⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /waː²¹ haː²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Fà-ha
    • Hakka Romanization System: fa^ˇ ha
    • Hagfa Pinyim: fa² ha⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /fa¹¹ ha⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hôa-hā
    • Tâi-lô: Huâ-hā
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hoa'ha
    • IPA (Taipei): /hua²⁴⁻¹¹ ha³³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hua²⁴⁻²² ha⁴¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /hua²³⁻³³ ha³³/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /hua²⁴⁻²² ha²²/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hôa-hēe
    • Tâi-lô: Huâ-hēe
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hua¹³⁻²² hɛ²²/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶gho-gho₆
    • MiniDict: gho^去 gho^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hho-hho₃
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦo²² ɦo⁴⁴/

---

• Middle Chinese: hwae haeX

Rime
Character	華	夏
Reading #	1/3	1/2
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	麻 (99)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	II	II
Fanqie	戸花切	胡雅切
Baxter	hwae	haeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠua/	/ɦˠaX/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦʷᵚa/	/ɦᵚaX/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣua/	/ɣaX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦwaɨ/	/ɦaɨX/
Li Rong	/ɣua/	/ɣaX/
Wang Li	/ɣwa/	/ɣaX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣwa/	/ɣaX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	huá	xià
Expected Cantonese Reflex	waa4	haa6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-qʷʰˤra  [ɢ]ˤraʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡʷraː  ɡraːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	華	夏
Reading #	2/3	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	huá	xià
Middle Chinese	‹ hwæ ›	‹ hæX ›
Old Chinese	/*N-qʷʰˁra/	/*[ɢ]ˁraʔ/
English	flower (v.); flowery (adj.)	great; pertaining to Chinese civilization
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	華	夏
Reading #	2/3	1/2
No.	5312	13452
Phonetic component	華	夏
Rime group	魚	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	華	下
Old Chinese	/*ɡʷraː/	/*ɡraːʔ/
Notes	說文於聲

Proper noun

華夏

1. (poetic, historical) Huaxia (the land of Chinese culture, particularly in ancient historical contexts, as distinguished from non-Chinese barbarians)

   華夏古樂／华夏古乐  ―  huáxià gǔyuè  ―  ancient music of the Chinese nation

2. China

Synonyms

• (China):

edit

• 中 (abbreviation)
• 中共國 / 中共国 (zhōnggòngguó) (derogatory)
• 中原 (Zhōngyuán)
• 中國 / 中国 (Zhōngguó)
• 中華 / 中华
• 九州 (Jiǔzhōu) (literary)
• 唐山 (Tángshān)
• 域中 (yùzhōng) (literary, figurative)
• 天下 (tiānxià) (lofty)
• 天朝 (Tiāncháo) (historical or Internet slang)
• 契弟 (qìdì) (Internet slang, derogatory)
• 德祐 (Déyòu) (Myanmar)
• 支那 (Zhīnà) (obsolete, now usually derogatory or offensive)
• 桃花石 (Táohuāshí) (obsolete)
• 牆國 / 墙国 (qiángguó) (Taiwan, derogatory, sarcastic)
• 猜拿 (Cāiná) (transliteration of English China)
• 祖國 / 祖国 (zǔguó)
• 神州 (Shénzhōu) (literary)
• 種花家 / 种花家 (Zhònghuājiā) (slang, humorous)
• 脂那 (Zhīnà) (obsolete)
• 至那 (Zhìnà) (obsolete)
• 華 / 华 (abbreviation)
• 華夏 / 华夏 (Huáxià)
• 虫國 (chóngguó) (Hong Kong, offensive, Internet slang)
• 蚛蟈 / 蚛蝈 (Hong Kong, offensive, Internet slang)
• 諸夏 / 诸夏 (Zhūxià)
• 諸華 / 诸华 (Zhūhuá)
• 貴支 / 贵支 (guìzhī) (Mainland China, Internet slang, neologism, derogatory, sarcastic, offensive)
• 贏國 / 赢国 (Hong Kong, humorous, derogatory, sarcastic)
• 赤縣 / 赤县 (Chìxiàn) (literary)
• 赤縣神州 / 赤县神州 (Chìxiàn Shénzhōu) (literary)
• 震旦 (Zhèndàn) (archaic)

Compounds

• 華夏翼龍 / 华夏翼龙 (Huáxià yìlóng)

Descendants

• → Lü: ᦩᦱᧉᦉᦱᧈ (xwaa²ṡaa¹)

Korean

Hanja in this term
華	夏

Noun

華夏 • (hwaha) (hangeul 화하)

1. hanja form^? of 화하 (“China”)