Young blood transfusion: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
m →Research: task, replaced: journal=Aging (journal) → journal=Aging (2) |
The article was edited so that it was not so biased and is more neutral. |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{short description| |
{{short description|Experimental therapy}} |
||
{{Redirect|Young blood|other uses|Youngblood (disambiguation){{!}}Youngblood}} |
{{Redirect|Young blood|other uses|Youngblood (disambiguation){{!}}Youngblood}} |
||
{{Alternative medicine sidebar |fringe}} |
{{Alternative medicine sidebar |fringe}} |
||
'''Young blood transfusion''' refers to [[blood transfusion|transfusing blood]] specifically from a young person into an older one with the intention of creating a health benefit.<ref name="sbm">{{cite news|url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/parabiosis-the-next-snakeoil/|title=Parabiosis – The Next Snakeoil|last1=Novella|first1=Steven|author-link=Steven Novella|date=3 August 2016|work=Science-Based Medicine}}</ref> The efficacy and safety of young blood transfusions for anti-aging purposes remain a subject of debate in the scientific community, with limited clinical evidence in humans.<ref name=sbm/><ref name="sciam">{{cite web|last1=Robbins|first1=Rebecca|title=Young-Blood Transfusions Are on the Menu at Society Gala|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/young-blood-transfusions-are-on-the-menu-at-society-gala/|website=Scientific American|access-date=26 May 2018|language=en|date=March 2, 2018}}</ref><ref name=FDA2019/> There are also concerns of harm.<ref name=FDA2019/> While some preclinical studies on animals suggest potential benefits, there is a lack of robust clinical evidence to support its use in humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Conboy |first=Irina M. |last2=Conboy |first2=Michael J. |last3=Wagers |first3=Amy J. |last4=Girma |first4=Eric R. |last5=Weissman |first5=Irving L. |last6=Rando |first6=Thomas A. |date=2005-02 |title=Rejuvenation of aged progenitor cells by exposure to a young systemic environment |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03260 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=433 |issue=7027 |pages=760–764 |doi=10.1038/nature03260 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sinha |first=Manisha |last2=Jang |first2=Young C. |last3=Oh |first3=Juhyun |last4=Khong |first4=Danika |last5=Wu |first5=Elizabeth Y. |last6=Manohar |first6=Rohan |last7=Miller |first7=Christine |last8=Regalado |first8=Samuel G. |last9=Loffredo |first9=Francesco S. |last10=Pancoast |first10=James R. |last11=Hirshman |first11=Michael F. |last12=Lebowitz |first12=Jessica |last13=Shadrach |first13=Jennifer L. |last14=Cerletti |first14=Massimiliano |last15=Kim |first15=Mi-Jeong |date=2014-05-09 |title=Restoring Systemic GDF11 Levels Reverses Age-Related Dysfunction in Mouse Skeletal Muscle |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1251152 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=344 |issue=6184 |pages=649–652 |doi=10.1126/science.1251152 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Villeda |first=Saul A |last2=Plambeck |first2=Kristopher E |last3=Middeldorp |first3=Jinte |last4=Castellano |first4=Joseph M |last5=Mosher |first5=Kira I |last6=Luo |first6=Jian |last7=Smith |first7=Lucas K |last8=Bieri |first8=Gregor |last9=Lin |first9=Karin |last10=Berdnik |first10=Daniela |last11=Wabl |first11=Rafael |last12=Udeochu |first12=Joe |last13=Wheatley |first13=Elizabeth G |last14=Zou |first14=Bende |last15=Simmons |first15=Danielle A |date=2014-06 |title=Young blood reverses age-related impairments in cognitive function and synaptic plasticity in mice |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nm.3569 |journal=Nature Medicine |language=en |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=659–663 |doi=10.1038/nm.3569 |issn=1078-8956 |pmc=PMC4224436 |pmid=24793238}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Katsimpardi |first=Lida |last2=Litterman |first2=Nadia K. |last3=Schein |first3=Pamela A. |last4=Miller |first4=Christine M. |last5=Loffredo |first5=Francesco S. |last6=Wojtkiewicz |first6=Gregory R. |last7=Chen |first7=John W. |last8=Lee |first8=Richard T. |last9=Wagers |first9=Amy J. |last10=Rubin |first10=Lee L. |date=2014-05-09 |title=Vascular and Neurogenic Rejuvenation of the Aging Mouse Brain by Young Systemic Factors |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1251141 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=344 |issue=6184 |pages=630–634 |doi=10.1126/science.1251141 |issn=0036-8075 |pmc=PMC4123747 |pmid=24797482}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mccay |first=Clive M. |last2=Pope |first2=Frank |last3=Lunsford |first3=Wanda |last4=Sperling |first4=Gladys |last5=Sambhavaphol |first5=P. |date=1957 |title=Parabiosis between Old and Young Rats |url=https://karger.com/GER/article/doi/10.1159/000210677 |journal=Gerontology |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=7–17 |doi=10.1159/000210677 |issn=0304-324X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Horvath |first=Steve |last2=Singh |first2=Kavita |last3=Raj |first3=Ken |last4=Khairnar |first4=Shraddha I. |last5=Sanghavi |first5=Akshay |last6=Shrivastava |first6=Agnivesh |last7=Zoller |first7=Joseph A. |last8=Li |first8=Caesar Z. |last9=Herenu |first9=Claudia B. |last10=Canatelli-Mallat |first10=Martina |last11=Lehmann |first11=Marianne |last12=Habazin |first12=Siniša |last13=Novokmet |first13=Mislav |last14=Vučković |first14=Frano |last15=Solberg Woods |first15=Leah C. |date=2023-10-24 |title=Reversal of biological age in multiple rat organs by young porcine plasma fraction |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11357-023-00980-6 |journal=GeroScience |language=en |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=367–394 |doi=10.1007/s11357-023-00980-6 |issn=2509-2723 |pmc=PMC10828479 |pmid=37875652}}</ref> The U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]], in 2019, cautioned "consumers against receiving young donor plasma infusions" stating that they are an "unproven treatment".<ref name=FDA2019/> |
|||
'''Young blood transfusion''' refers to [[blood transfusion|transfusing blood]] specifically from a young person into an older one with the intention of creating a health benefit.<ref name="sbm">{{cite news|url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/parabiosis-the-next-snakeoil/|title=Parabiosis – The Next Snakeoil|last1=Novella|first1=Steven|author-link=Steven Novella|date=3 August 2016|work=Science-Based Medicine}}</ref> The scientific community currently views the practice as essentially [[pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]], with comparisons to [[snake oil]].<ref name=sbm/><ref name="sciam">{{cite web|last1=Robbins|first1=Rebecca|title=Young-Blood Transfusions Are on the Menu at Society Gala|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/young-blood-transfusions-are-on-the-menu-at-society-gala/|website=Scientific American|access-date=26 May 2018|language=en|date=March 2, 2018}}</ref><ref name=FDA2019/> There are also concerns of harm.<ref name=FDA2019/> The U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]], in 2019, cautioned "consumers against receiving young donor plasma infusions" stating that they are an "unproven treatment".<ref name=FDA2019/> |
|||
== Research == |
== Research == |
||
| Line 16: | Line 16: | ||
== Commercial development == |
== Commercial development == |
||
In February 2019 the FDA |
In February 2019 the FDA issued a warning about companies offering young blood transfusions stating: {{blockquote|"simply put, we’re concerned that some patients are being preyed upon by unscrupulous actors touting treatments of plasma from young donors as cures and remedies. Such treatments have no proven clinical benefits for the uses for which these clinics are advertising them and are potentially harmful. There are reports of bad actors charging thousands of dollars for infusions that are unproven and not guided by evidence from adequate and well-controlled trials. The promotion of plasma for these unproven purposes could also discourage patients suffering from serious or intractable illnesses from receiving safe and effective treatments that may be available to them."<ref name=FDA2019>{{cite web |title=Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., and Director of FDA's Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Peter Marks, M.D., Ph.D., cautioning consumers against receiving young donor plasma infusions that are promoted as unproven treatment for varying conditions |url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm631568.htm |website=FDA |access-date=20 February 2019 |date=19 February 2019}}</ref><ref name=ars/>}} |
||
=== Ambrosia === |
=== Ambrosia === |
||
A startup company, Ambrosia, has been selling "young blood transfusions" for $8,000 since 2016 |
A startup company, Ambrosia, has been selling "young blood transfusions" for $8,000 since 2016 framing it as a [[clinical trial]], to see if such transfusions lead to changes in the blood of recipients.<ref name="sbm" /><ref name="Trends20173">{{cite journal|last1=de Magalhães|first1=JP|last2=Stevens|first2=M|last3=Thornton|first3=D|date=November 2017|title=The Business of Anti-Aging Science.|journal=Trends in Biotechnology|volume=35|issue=11|pages=1062–73|doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.07.004|pmid=28778607|doi-access=free}}</ref> As of August 2017, 600 people had participated in the trial.<ref name="Haynes 2017">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/shortcuts/2017/aug/21/ambrosia-the-startup-harvesting-the-blood-of-the-young|title=Ambrosia: the startup harvesting the blood of the young|last1=Haynes|first1=Gavin|date=21 August 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=23 May 2018|language=en}}</ref> The clinical trial has no [[Scientific control|control arm]] and so is neither randomized nor blind. As described, whole blood collected by blood banks that had passed its 42-day storage limit was centrifuged to remove cells, the resulting cell-free plasma pooled from several donations and intravenously transfused into recipients.<ref name="Haynes 2017" /> The company was started by Jesse Karmazin, a medical school graduate without a license to practice medicine.<ref name="Max20173">{{cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/603242/questionable-young-blood-transfusions-offered-in-us-as-anti-aging-remedy/|title=This startup takes cash from aging adults in exchange for young people's blood|last1=Maxmen|first1=Amy|website=MIT Technology Review|language=en|access-date=May 26, 2018|date=January 13, 2017}}</ref><!-- Quote = With an MD but no license to practice medicine, Karmazin is conducting the trial with David C. Wright, a 66-year-old physician with a private intravenous-therapy center in Monterey. --> David Wright is the licensed doctor overseeing the clinical trial; in his practice he administers intravenous treatments of vitamins and antibiotics for [[Fringe medicine|nontraditional purposes]] and was disciplined by the California Medical Board for the latter in 2015. Jonathan Kimmelman, a bioethicist from McGill University, suggests that Ambrosia is running this as a trial as they would be unable to get FDA approval to sell this treatment otherwise.<ref name="Max20173" /> |
||
On February 19, 2019, Ambrosia announced it stopped testing the treatment, responding to concerns from the FDA.<ref name=ars>{{Cite news|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/02/blood-of-the-young-wont-spare-rich-old-people-from-sadness-and-death-fda-says/|title=Blood of the young won't spare rich old people from sadness and death, FDA says|last=Mole|first=Beth|date=February 19, 2019|work=Ars Technica|access-date=February 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220194854/https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/02/blood-of-the-young-wont-spare-rich-old-people-from-sadness-and-death-fda-says/|archive-date=February 20, 2019}}</ref> |
On February 19, 2019, Ambrosia announced it stopped testing the treatment, responding to concerns from the FDA.<ref name=ars>{{Cite news|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/02/blood-of-the-young-wont-spare-rich-old-people-from-sadness-and-death-fda-says/|title=Blood of the young won't spare rich old people from sadness and death, FDA says|last=Mole|first=Beth|date=February 19, 2019|work=Ars Technica|access-date=February 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220194854/https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/02/blood-of-the-young-wont-spare-rich-old-people-from-sadness-and-death-fda-says/|archive-date=February 20, 2019}}</ref> |
||
| Line 27: | Line 27: | ||
=== Maharaj/Faloon trial === |
=== Maharaj/Faloon trial === |
||
''[[Scientific American]]'' reported in 2018 that young blood transfusion was being offered as a paid "trial",<ref name="sciam" /> which, like Ambrosia's trial,<ref name ="sciam"/><ref>{{cite journal|website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]]|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT02803554|access-date=2 March 2020|date=17 June 2016|title=Young Donor Plasma Transfusion and Age-Related Biomarkers}}</ref> had no distinct [[Clinical control group|control group]] from the treatment; it also charged participants $285,000 per person.<ref name="sciam" /> Dipnarine Maharaj, a Florida physician running the trial, has previously offered both traditional and nontraditional anti-aging treatments such as stem cell banking.<ref name="sciam" /> He also has ties to the [[Hippocrates Health Institute]], an organization promoting unproven alternative medicine.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/brian-clement-and-the-hippocrates-health-institute-finally-under-the-spotlight/|title=The Hippocrates Health Institute: Cancer quackery finally under the spotlight, but will it matter?|date=2015-02-23|work=Science-Based Medicine|access-date=2018-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref> This trial was promoted by Bill Faloon,<ref name="sciam" /> who founded the [[Life Extension Foundation]] |
''[[Scientific American]]'' reported in 2018 that young blood transfusion was being offered as a paid "trial",<ref name="sciam" /> which, like Ambrosia's trial,<ref name ="sciam"/><ref>{{cite journal|website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]]|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT02803554|access-date=2 March 2020|date=17 June 2016|title=Young Donor Plasma Transfusion and Age-Related Biomarkers}}</ref> had no distinct [[Clinical control group|control group]] from the treatment; it also charged participants $285,000 per person.<ref name="sciam" /> Dipnarine Maharaj, a Florida physician running the trial, has previously offered both traditional and nontraditional anti-aging treatments such as stem cell banking.<ref name="sciam" /> He also has ties to the [[Hippocrates Health Institute]], an organization promoting unproven alternative medicine.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/brian-clement-and-the-hippocrates-health-institute-finally-under-the-spotlight/|title=The Hippocrates Health Institute: Cancer quackery finally under the spotlight, but will it matter?|date=2015-02-23|work=Science-Based Medicine|access-date=2018-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref> This trial was promoted by Bill Faloon,<ref name="sciam" /> who founded the [[Life Extension Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/south-florida-church-pursues-eternal-life-through-cryonics-inflaming-critics-and-the-irs-7608632|title=South Florida Church Pursues Eternal Life Through Cryonics, Inflaming Critics and the IRS|last=Funcheon|first=Deirdra|date=2015-05-12|work=Miami New Times|access-date=2018-06-10}}</ref> |
||
=== Young Blood Institute === |
=== Young Blood Institute === |
||
Revision as of 02:14, 8 July 2024
| This article is part of a series on |
| Alternative medicine |
|---|
 |
Young blood transfusion refers to transfusing blood specifically from a young person into an older one with the intention of creating a health benefit.[1] The efficacy and safety of young blood transfusions for anti-aging purposes remain a subject of debate in the scientific community, with limited clinical evidence in humans.[1][2][3] There are also concerns of harm.[3] While some preclinical studies on animals suggest potential benefits, there is a lack of robust clinical evidence to support its use in humans.[4][5][6][7][8][9] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, in 2019, cautioned "consumers against receiving young donor plasma infusions" stating that they are an "unproven treatment".[3]
Research
Experiments beginning in the 1950s in the Cornell University lab of Clive McCay on pairs of old and young rodents placed into parabiosis provided some evidence, albeit limited and "largely anecdotal", that the circulation of blood from young mice increased both the longevity and the tissue function of old mice.[10] After decades in which relatively little work on parabiosis in aging was done, the work was revived by researchers at Stanford University and the University of California at Berkeley.[10][11] Parabiosis experiments are difficult to generalize, as the circulatory systems of the mice are fully joined and it is unclear whether the benefits come from the sharing of blood or the older mouse's access to the younger mouse's organs.[1]
A study conducted at UC Berkeley found that when delivered alone, blood from older mice was more inhibitory to the regenerative capacities of younger mice than blood from younger mice was beneficial to older ones, and that the benefit of young blood in older mice was less than had been observed when older mice were subjected to parabiosis.[12][13] Replacing plasma of old mice with saline and albumin from young mice was sufficient to rejuvenate brain, liver, and muscle.[13] A 2020 review of plasma components that change with age identified several candidate anti-aging and pro-aging factors.[14]
In experiments like this, researchers found that some of the parabiosed died quickly (11 out of 69 in one experiment) for reasons the scientists could not explain, but described as possibly some form of immune rejection;[10][1] most such cases were the young parabiont.[10] Amy Wagers, a researcher who coauthored several mouse studies on young blood transfusion, has said that her papers do not provide a scientific basis for some of the existing human trials.[2]
A review of studies on donor age for whole blood transfusions reported that blood from donors under the age of 20 years, when compared to donors aged 20–60 years, resulted in a modestly higher risk of death in the recipients.[15] However, other studies have found no effect of age.[16][17] Research on blood transfusion outcomes has been complicated by the lack of careful characterization of the transfusion products that have been used in clinical trials; studies had focused on how storage methods and duration might affect blood, but not on the differences among lots of blood themselves.[18]
Another approach to achieving "younger" blood is to rejuvenate blood-producing stem cells in the bone marrow. A 2023 study reported that the existing rheumatoid arthritis drug anakinra blocked IL-1B in elderly mice and returned those cells to a more youthful state.[19]
Commercial development
In February 2019 the FDA issued a warning about companies offering young blood transfusions stating:
"simply put, we’re concerned that some patients are being preyed upon by unscrupulous actors touting treatments of plasma from young donors as cures and remedies. Such treatments have no proven clinical benefits for the uses for which these clinics are advertising them and are potentially harmful. There are reports of bad actors charging thousands of dollars for infusions that are unproven and not guided by evidence from adequate and well-controlled trials. The promotion of plasma for these unproven purposes could also discourage patients suffering from serious or intractable illnesses from receiving safe and effective treatments that may be available to them."[3][20]
Ambrosia
A startup company, Ambrosia, has been selling "young blood transfusions" for $8,000 since 2016 framing it as a clinical trial, to see if such transfusions lead to changes in the blood of recipients.[1][21] As of August 2017, 600 people had participated in the trial.[22] The clinical trial has no control arm and so is neither randomized nor blind. As described, whole blood collected by blood banks that had passed its 42-day storage limit was centrifuged to remove cells, the resulting cell-free plasma pooled from several donations and intravenously transfused into recipients.[22] The company was started by Jesse Karmazin, a medical school graduate without a license to practice medicine.[23] David Wright is the licensed doctor overseeing the clinical trial; in his practice he administers intravenous treatments of vitamins and antibiotics for nontraditional purposes and was disciplined by the California Medical Board for the latter in 2015. Jonathan Kimmelman, a bioethicist from McGill University, suggests that Ambrosia is running this as a trial as they would be unable to get FDA approval to sell this treatment otherwise.[23]
On February 19, 2019, Ambrosia announced it stopped testing the treatment, responding to concerns from the FDA.[20]
Alkahest
Another company, Alkahest, was founded based on the Stanford rodent studies. As of 2017 it is collaborating with European pharmaceutical company Grifols to create a blood plasma-based experimental biologic drug which they propose to test on people with Alzheimer's.[21][24]
Maharaj/Faloon trial
Scientific American reported in 2018 that young blood transfusion was being offered as a paid "trial",[2] which, like Ambrosia's trial,[2][25] had no distinct control group from the treatment; it also charged participants $285,000 per person.[2] Dipnarine Maharaj, a Florida physician running the trial, has previously offered both traditional and nontraditional anti-aging treatments such as stem cell banking.[2] He also has ties to the Hippocrates Health Institute, an organization promoting unproven alternative medicine.[26] This trial was promoted by Bill Faloon,[2] who founded the Life Extension Foundation.[27]
Young Blood Institute
An organization called the Young Blood Institute has also run trials; these, however, involved exchange only of blood plasma.[28]
See also
- Bryan Johnson: Tech Billionaire that attempted the practice as part of "Project Blueprint"
References
- ^ a b c d e Novella, Steven (3 August 2016). "Parabiosis – The Next Snakeoil". Science-Based Medicine.
- ^ a b c d e f g Robbins, Rebecca (March 2, 2018). "Young-Blood Transfusions Are on the Menu at Society Gala". Scientific American. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
- ^ a b c d "Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., and Director of FDA's Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Peter Marks, M.D., Ph.D., cautioning consumers against receiving young donor plasma infusions that are promoted as unproven treatment for varying conditions". FDA. 19 February 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
- ^ Conboy, Irina M.; Conboy, Michael J.; Wagers, Amy J.; Girma, Eric R.; Weissman, Irving L.; Rando, Thomas A. (2005-02). "Rejuvenation of aged progenitor cells by exposure to a young systemic environment". Nature. 433 (7027): 760–764. doi:10.1038/nature03260. ISSN 0028-0836.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Sinha, Manisha; Jang, Young C.; Oh, Juhyun; Khong, Danika; Wu, Elizabeth Y.; Manohar, Rohan; Miller, Christine; Regalado, Samuel G.; Loffredo, Francesco S.; Pancoast, James R.; Hirshman, Michael F.; Lebowitz, Jessica; Shadrach, Jennifer L.; Cerletti, Massimiliano; Kim, Mi-Jeong (2014-05-09). "Restoring Systemic GDF11 Levels Reverses Age-Related Dysfunction in Mouse Skeletal Muscle". Science. 344 (6184): 649–652. doi:10.1126/science.1251152. ISSN 0036-8075.
- ^ Villeda, Saul A; Plambeck, Kristopher E; Middeldorp, Jinte; Castellano, Joseph M; Mosher, Kira I; Luo, Jian; Smith, Lucas K; Bieri, Gregor; Lin, Karin; Berdnik, Daniela; Wabl, Rafael; Udeochu, Joe; Wheatley, Elizabeth G; Zou, Bende; Simmons, Danielle A (2014-06). "Young blood reverses age-related impairments in cognitive function and synaptic plasticity in mice". Nature Medicine. 20 (6): 659–663. doi:10.1038/nm.3569. ISSN 1078-8956. PMC 4224436. PMID 24793238.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Katsimpardi, Lida; Litterman, Nadia K.; Schein, Pamela A.; Miller, Christine M.; Loffredo, Francesco S.; Wojtkiewicz, Gregory R.; Chen, John W.; Lee, Richard T.; Wagers, Amy J.; Rubin, Lee L. (2014-05-09). "Vascular and Neurogenic Rejuvenation of the Aging Mouse Brain by Young Systemic Factors". Science. 344 (6184): 630–634. doi:10.1126/science.1251141. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 4123747. PMID 24797482.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Mccay, Clive M.; Pope, Frank; Lunsford, Wanda; Sperling, Gladys; Sambhavaphol, P. (1957). "Parabiosis between Old and Young Rats". Gerontology. 1 (1): 7–17. doi:10.1159/000210677. ISSN 0304-324X.
- ^ Horvath, Steve; Singh, Kavita; Raj, Ken; Khairnar, Shraddha I.; Sanghavi, Akshay; Shrivastava, Agnivesh; Zoller, Joseph A.; Li, Caesar Z.; Herenu, Claudia B.; Canatelli-Mallat, Martina; Lehmann, Marianne; Habazin, Siniša; Novokmet, Mislav; Vučković, Frano; Solberg Woods, Leah C. (2023-10-24). "Reversal of biological age in multiple rat organs by young porcine plasma fraction". GeroScience. 46 (1): 367–394. doi:10.1007/s11357-023-00980-6. ISSN 2509-2723. PMC 10828479. PMID 37875652.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ a b c d Conboy MJ, Conboy IM, Rando TA (June 2013). "Heterochronic parabiosis: historical perspective and methodological considerations for studies of aging and longevity". Aging Cell. 12 (3): 525–530. doi:10.1111/acel.12065. PMC 4072458. PMID 23489470.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Scudellari, Megan (January 21, 2015). "Ageing research: Blood to blood". Nature. 517 (7535): 426–29. Bibcode:2015Natur.517..426S. doi:10.1038/517426a. PMID 25612035.
- ^ Rebo J, Mehdipour M, Gathwala R, Causey K, Liu Y, Conboy MJ, Conboy IM (2016). "A single heterochronic blood exchange reveals rapid inhibition of multiple tissues by old blood". Nat Commun. 7: 13363. Bibcode:2016NatCo...713363R. doi:10.1038/ncomms13363. PMC 5121415. PMID 27874859.
- ^ a b Mehdipour M, Skinner C, Conboy MJ, Conboy IM (2020). "Rejuvenation of three germ layers tissues by exchanging old blood plasma with saline-albumin". Aging. 12 (10): 8790–8819. doi:10.18632/aging.103418. PMC 7288913. PMID 32474458.
- ^ Kang JS, Yang YR (2020). "Circulating plasma factors involved in rejuvenation". Aging. 12 (22): 23394–23408. doi:10.18632/aging.103933. PMC 7746393. PMID 33197235.
- ^ Edgren G, Ullum H, Rostgaard K, Erikstrup C, Sartipy U, Holzmann MJ, Nyrén O, Hjalgrim H (June 2017). "Association of Donor Age and Sex With Survival of Patients Receiving Transfusions". JAMA Intern Med. 177 (6): 854–60. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0890. PMC 5540056. PMID 28437543.
- ^ Vasan SK, Chiesa F, Rostgaard K, Magnusson PK, Halmin M, Nielsen KR, Titlestad KE, Hjalgrim H, Edgren G (February 4, 2016). "Vasan SK, Chiesa F, Rostgaard K, Magnusson PK, Halmin M, Nielsen KR, Titlestad KE, Hjalgrim H, Edgren". Blood. 127 (5): 658–61. doi:10.1182/blood-2015-11-683862. PMID 26702060. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
- ^ Guinn NR, Waldron NH, Cooter ML, Goldberg CL, Kertai MD, Raghunathan K, Bandarenko N, Hoffman M, Bennett-Guerrero E (July 2016). "No association between donor age and recipient outcomes: transfusion of plasma in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery". Transfusion. 56 (7): 1723–9. doi:10.1111/trf.13616. PMID 27105928. S2CID 3604995. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
- ^ Ning, S; Heddle, NM; Acker, JP (January 2018). "Exploring donor and product factors and their impact on red cell post-transfusion outcomes". Transfusion Medicine Reviews. 32 (1): 28–35. doi:10.1016/j.tmrv.2017.07.006. PMID 28988603.
- ^ Irving, Michael (2023-02-06). "Arthritis drug mimics "young blood" transfusions to reverse aging in mice". New Atlas. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
- ^ a b Mole, Beth (February 19, 2019). "Blood of the young won't spare rich old people from sadness and death, FDA says". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on February 20, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
- ^ a b de Magalhães, JP; Stevens, M; Thornton, D (November 2017). "The Business of Anti-Aging Science". Trends in Biotechnology. 35 (11): 1062–73. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.07.004. PMID 28778607.
- ^ a b Haynes, Gavin (21 August 2017). "Ambrosia: the startup harvesting the blood of the young". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
- ^ a b Maxmen, Amy (January 13, 2017). "This startup takes cash from aging adults in exchange for young people's blood". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
- ^ Drew, Liam (27 September 2017). "Neuroscience: The power of plasma". Nature. 549 (7673): S26–S27. Bibcode:2017Natur.549S..26D. doi:10.1038/549S26a. PMID 28953857.
- ^ "Young Donor Plasma Transfusion and Age-Related Biomarkers". ClinicalTrials.gov. 17 June 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
- ^ "The Hippocrates Health Institute: Cancer quackery finally under the spotlight, but will it matter?". Science-Based Medicine. 2015-02-23. Retrieved 2018-06-09.
- ^ Funcheon, Deirdra (2015-05-12). "South Florida Church Pursues Eternal Life Through Cryonics, Inflaming Critics and the IRS". Miami New Times. Retrieved 2018-06-10.
- ^ Basu, Tanya; Weill, Kelly (22 February 2019). "FDA Warns: Don't Give These Companies Your 'Young Blood'". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
Further reading
- Makin, Simon (21 April 2017). "Fountain of Youth? Young Blood Infusions "Rejuvenate" Old Mice". Scientific American. Retrieved 5 May 2018.