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Added several Roman wars of conquest
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|[[Roman Republic]] vs. [[Ancient Carthage]]
|[[Roman Republic]] vs. [[Ancient Carthage]]
|Southern Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, and North Africa
|Southern Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, and North Africa
|-
|[[Gallic Wars]]
|1.47 million<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alexandria |first=Appian of |url=https://books.google.es/books?id=N47OCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT45&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Delphi Complete Works of Appian (Illustrated) |date=2016-03-23 |publisher=Delphi Classics |isbn=978-1-78656-370-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Warlords of Republican Rome : Caesar versus Pompey {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/298185011 |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=search.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Caesar |first=Julius |url=https://archive.org/details/conquestofgaul00juli/ |title=The conquest of Gaul |last2=Handford |first2=S. A. (Stanley Alexander) |last3=Gardner |first3=Jane F. |date=1982 |publisher=London ; New York : Penguin Books |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-14-044433-9}}</ref>
|58 BCE-50 BCE
|[[Roman Empire]] vs. [[Gauls]]
|Gaul
|-
|[[Jewish–Roman wars|Jewish-Roman wars]]
|0.35-1.4 million<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Matthew |title=The Great Big Book of Horrible Things |url=https://ia601202.us.archive.org/4/items/tgReferencesfolder/The%20Great%20Big%20Book%20of%20Horrible%20Things.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Shaye J. D. |date=1982 |title=The Destruction: From Scripture to Midrash |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20689020 |journal=Prooftexts |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=18–39 |issn=0272-9601}}</ref>
|66-135
|[[Roman Empire]] vs. [[Judean provisional government]]
|Fertile Crescent
|-
|-
|[[Seven Years' War]]
|[[Seven Years' War]]
Line 291: Line 303:
|[[Ethiopia]] and [[Eritrea]] vs. [[Tigray People's Liberation Front]] and allies
|[[Ethiopia]] and [[Eritrea]] vs. [[Tigray People's Liberation Front]] and allies
|Ethiopia
|Ethiopia
|-
|[[Roman-Germanic wars]]
|0.54 million<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-17 |title=Cimbrian War: Rome’s Greatest Threat Since Hannibal |url=https://www.thecollector.com/cimbrian-war-rome/#:~:text=While%20Quintus%20Lutatius%20Catulus%20(Marius,The%20Cimbrian%20War%20was%20over. |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=TheCollector |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Probus, Summer 276 - September 282 A.D. |url=https://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=745&pos=0&vorderby=dateaddeddesc&srsltid=AfmBOorx01NVce-eTKvHCLyrGFfCYvUF-wKgxt6HILgC9bLtKssSknKN}}</ref>
|113 BCE-774
|[[Roman Republic]], later [[Roman Empire]] and [[Byzantine Empire]] vs. [[Germanic peoples|Germanic tribes]]
|Germania
|-
|-
|[[Iran–Iraq War|Iran-Iraq War]]
|[[Iran–Iraq War|Iran-Iraq War]]
Line 327: Line 345:
|[[Colombia]] vs. Colombian and Mexican drug cartels and paramilitaries vs. [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia|FARC]]
|[[Colombia]] vs. Colombian and Mexican drug cartels and paramilitaries vs. [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia|FARC]]
|Colombia
|Colombia
|-
|[[Roman–Greek wars]]
|0.42 million<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manius Aquillius and the First Mithridatic War |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/trivia/aquillius.html |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref>
|280 BCE-30 BCE
|[[Roman Republic]] vs. Greek states, later Greek rebels and [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]]
|Greece, Asia Minor, Egypt and Italy
|-
|-
|[[Maratha invasions of Bengal]]
|[[Maratha invasions of Bengal]]
Line 369: Line 393:
|[[Kuwait]] and the United States-led coalition vs. [[Iraq]]
|[[Kuwait]] and the United States-led coalition vs. [[Iraq]]
|Kuwait and Iraq
|Kuwait and Iraq
|-
|[[Roman conquest of Britain]]
|0.13-0.29 million<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gillespie |first=Caitlin C. |url=https://books.google.es/books?id=E3FGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT155&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Boudica: Warrior Woman of Roman Britain |date=2018-01-15 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-087558-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Crane |first=Nicholas |url=https://books.google.es/books?id=m-AeCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT163&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Making Of The British Landscape: From the Ice Age to the Present |date=2016-10-13 |publisher=Orion |isbn=978-0-297-85735-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Copeland |first=Tim |url=https://books.google.es/books?id=aq2lBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT14&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Life in a Roman Legionary Fortress |date=2014-09-15 |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4456-4393-9 |language=en}}</ref>
|43-84
|[[Roman Empire]] vs. [[Celtic Britons]]
|Great Britain
|-
|-
|[[Russo-Ukrainian War]]
|[[Russo-Ukrainian War]]

Revision as of 20:30, 1 October 2024

This list of wars by death toll includes all deaths that are either directly or indirectly caused by war. These numbers include the deaths of military personnel which are the direct results of a battle or other military wartime actions, as well as wartime/war-related deaths of civilians which are often results of war-induced epidemics, famines, genocide, etc. Due to incomplete records, the destruction of evidence, differing methods of counting, and various other reasons, death tolls of wars have often been quite uncertain, and heavily debated.

While the definition of war isn't entirely clear-cut, there is a general understanding of what it is. Merriam-Webster defines war as "a state of usually open and declared armed hostile conflict between states or nations",[1] Oxford English Dictionary defines war as "hostile contention by means of armed forces, carried on between nations, states, or rulers, or between parties in the same nation or state; the employment of armed forces against a foreign power, or against an opposing party in the state",[2] and Encyclopædia Britannica defines war as "a conflict between political groups involving hostilities of considerable duration and magnitude".[3]

List

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
War Death
range 		Date Combatants Location
World War II 50–85 million[4][5][6] 1937[a]–1945 Allied Powers vs. Axis Powers Global
Mongol invasions and conquests 20–57 million[9][10][11] 1207–1405 Mongol Empire vs various states in Eurasia Asia and Europe
An Lushan Rebellion 13–36 million[12] 754–763 Tang Dynasty and Uyghur Khaganate vs. Yan Dynasty China
Three Kingdoms War 34 million[13] 220–280 Multiple sides China
Taiping Rebellion 20–30 million[14][15] 1850–1864 Qing Dynasty vs. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom China
World War I 15–30 million[16][17][18] 1914–1918 Allied Powers vs. Central Powers Global
Manchu Conquest of China 25 million[19][20] 1618–1683 Manchu vs. Ming Dynasty China
Russian Civil War 7–12 million[21] 1917–1922 Multiple sides; Bolsheviks, Anti-Bolshevik left, White Movement, Allied and Central Intervention, as well as various separatists Russia
Thirty Years' War 4–12 million[22] 1618–1648 Anti-Imperial Alliance vs. Imperial Alliance Europe
Spanish conquest of Mexico 10.5 million[23][24] 1519–1530 Spanish Empire and allies vs. Aztec Empire and allies Mexico
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire 10 million[25] 1533–1572 Spanish Empire and allies vs. Inca Empire South America
Chinese Civil War 4–9 million[26] 1927–1949 Multiple sides; but predominantly Communists vs. Kuomintang China
Crusades 1–9 million[27][28][13] 1095–1291 Originally Byzantine Empire vs. Seljuk Empire, but evolved into Christians vs. Muslims Europe and the Middle East
Reconquista 7 million[29] 718–1492 Spanish and Portuguese Christians vs. Spanish and Portuguese Muslims Iberia
Napoleonic Wars 5–7 million[30] 1803–1815 French Republic, later French Empire, vs. Coalition forces Europe
Second Congo War 3–5.4 million[31][32][33] 1998–2003 Multiple sides Democratic Republic of the Congo
Spanish conquest of New Granada 5.25 million[34][35] 1499–1540 Spanish Empire vs. Colombian Civilizations Colombia
Deccan wars 4.6–5 million[36] 1680–1707 Mughal Empire vs. Maratha Confederacy India
War on terror 4.5- 4.6 million[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] 2001–present Multiple sides Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Syria, Yemen, Philippines, Maghreb, and Nigeria
Nigerian Civil War 3.04–4.1 million[45][46] 1967–1970 Nigeria vs. Biafra Nigeria
French Wars of Religion 2-4 million[47] 1562-1598 French catholics vs Hugenots France
Korean War 2.5–3.5 million[48][26] 1950–1953 North Korea vs. South Korea Korea
Vietnam War 1.1–3.4 million[49][50] 1955–1975 North Vietnam vs. South Vietnam Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia
Hundred Years' War 2.3–3.3 million[51][52][13] 1337–1453 House of Valois vs. House of Plantagenet Western Europe
Afghan conflict 1.17–3 million[53][54] 1978–present Multiple sides; Afghan mujahideen, later Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan vs. Soviet Union, Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, Northern Alliance, and the United States-led coalition Afghanistan and Pakistan
Delhi Conquest of North India 0.5–3 million[55] 1300–1310 Delhi Sultanate vs. North Indian States Northern India
Bangladesh Liberation War 0.3–3 million[56] 1971 India and Provisional Government of Bangladesh vs. Pakistan Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan
Mexican Revolution 1.7–2.7 million[57] 1910–1920 Anti-government vs. Pro-government Mexico
Ethiopian Civil War and Eritrean War of Independence 1.75–2 million[58][59][60] 1961–1991 EPRDF, later EPLF vs. Derg and People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ethiopia and Eritrea
Russo-Circassian War and Caucasian War 1.5-2 million[61] 1763-1864 Circassian Confederation, Principality of Abkhazia, and Caucasian Imamate vs. Russian Empire Caucasus
Second Sudanese Civil War 1–2 million[62][63] 1983–2005 Sudan vs. SSPDF Sudan
Akbar's Conquest of North India 1–2 million[64] 1556–1605 Mughal Empire vs. North Indian States Northern India
Indian Rebellion of 1857 0.8–2 million[65] 1857–1858 United Kingdom and allies vs. Indian rebels and allies India
Punic Wars 1.25–1.85 million[66][67][68] 264 BCE–146 BCE Roman Republic vs. Ancient Carthage Southern Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, and North Africa
Gallic Wars 1.47 million[69][70][71] 58 BCE-50 BCE Roman Empire vs. Gauls Gaul
Jewish-Roman wars 0.35-1.4 million[72][73] 66-135 Roman Empire vs. Judean provisional government Fertile Crescent
Seven Years' War 1 million[74] 1756-1763 Great Britain, Kingdom of Prussia, Hanover, Portugal and allies vs. Kingdom of France, Habsburg empire, Saxony, Spain and allies Global
American Civil War 0.6–1 million[75][76] 1861–1865 United States vs. Confederate States United States of America
First Sudanese Civil War 0.5–1 million[77][78] 1955–1972 Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, later Democratic Republic of the Sudan vs. Sudan Defence Force Sudan
First Indochina War 0.4–0.85 million[79][80] 1946–1954 Viet Minh, Pathet Lao, and Khmer Issarak vs. French Union Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia
Burundian Civil War 0.55–0.8 million[81][82] 1993–2005 Burundi vs. Ethnic Hutu vs. Tutsi Militants Rwanda and Burundi
Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (1362–1367) 0.6 million[83] 1362–1367 Vijayanagara Empire and Musunuri Nayakas vs. Bahmani Sultanate India
Mexican War of Independence 0.6 million[84] 1810–1821 Mexican patriots vs. Spanish Empire Mexico, Central America, and United States of America
Tigray War 0.16–0.6 million[85][86] 2020–2022 Ethiopia and Eritrea vs. Tigray People's Liberation Front and allies Ethiopia
Roman-Germanic wars 0.54 million[87][88] 113 BCE-774 Roman Republic, later Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire vs. Germanic tribes Germania
Iran-Iraq War 0.45–0.5 million[89][90] 1980–1988 Islamic Republic of Iran vs. Iraqi Republic Iran and Iraq
Paraguayan War 0.15–0.5 million[91] 1864–1870 Empire of Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay vs. Paraguay South America
Papua conflict 0.1-0.5 million[92][93] 1962-present Indonesia vs. Free Papua Movement New Guinea
Eighty Years' War 0.1-0.5 million[94] 1566-1648 Spanish Empire vs. Separatist Dutch Republic Low Countries
Spanish Civil War 0.35–0.47 million[95][96][97] 1936–1939 Nationalists vs. Republicans Spain
Colombian conflict 0.45 million[98] 1964–present Colombia vs. Colombian and Mexican drug cartels and paramilitaries vs. FARC Colombia
Roman–Greek wars 0.42 million[99] 280 BCE-30 BCE Roman Republic vs. Greek states, later Greek rebels and Ptolemaic Kingdom Greece, Asia Minor, Egypt and Italy
Maratha invasions of Bengal 0.4 million[100][101] 1741–1751 Maratha Confederacy vs. Bengal Nawab Western India
Colombian War of Independence 0.4 million[102] 1810–1825 Colombian patriots vs. Spanish Empire Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela
Third Indochina War 0.4 million[103] 1975–1991 Democratic Kampuchea, China, and Thailand vs. Vietnam, Laos, and People's Republic of Kampuchea vs. Communist Party of Thailand Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia
War in Darfur 0.4 million[104] 2003-2020 Sudan vs. SRF and SLM/A Sudan
Mexican war on drugs 0.35-0.4 million[105][106] 2006-present Mexico vs drug cartels Mexico
South Sudanese Civil War 0.38 million[107] 2013–2020 South Sudan vs. SPLM-IO, Nuer White Army, and SSDM South Sudan
Gulf War 0.17–0.3 million[108][109] 1990–1991 Kuwait and the United States-led coalition vs. Iraq Kuwait and Iraq
Roman conquest of Britain 0.13-0.29 million[110][111][112] 43-84 Roman Empire vs. Celtic Britons Great Britain
Russo-Ukrainian War 0.12-0.28 million[113][114][115][116][117] 2014-present Russia vs. Ukraine Ukraine, Russia, and the Black Sea
Cristero War 0.25 million[118] 1926–1929 Mexico vs. Cristeros Mexico
First Congo War 0.25 million[119] 1996–1997 Zaire vs. AFDL Democratic Republic of the Congo
Kalinga War 0.25 million[120] 262 BCE–261 BCE Maurya Empire vs. Kalinga India
Myanmar conflict 0.23 million[121][122] 1948-present National Unity Government of Myanmar vs. State Administration Council Myanmar
Indian Invasion of Hyderabad 0.2 million[123][124] 1948 India vs. Hyderabad India
La Violencia 0.2 million[125] 1948–1958 Colombian Conservative Party vs. Colombian Liberal Party Colombia
North Yemen civil war 0.1-0.2 million[126][127] 1962-1970 Kingdom of Yemen vs. Yemen Arab Republic Yemen
Portuguese Colonial War 0.14-0.18 million[128][129][130] 1961-1974 Estado Novo vs. MPLA, PAIGC, FNLA, among others Angola, Guinea, and Mozambique
Thousand Days' War 0.1–0.18 million[131] 1899–1902 Colombian Conservative Party vs. Colombian Liberal Party Colombia
Russo-Japanese War 0.12–0.16 million[132] 1904–1905 Empire of Japan vs. Russian Empire East Asia
Arab-Israeli conflict 0.15 million[133][134][135][136] 1948[b]-present State of Israel vs. Arab League, Islamic Republic of Iran, Hezbollah, Hamas, and Houthi movement Levant
Sudanese civil war (2023–present) 0.15 million[138][139] 2023–present Sudan and allies vs. Rapid Support Forces and allies Sudan
Lebanese Civil War 0.12-0.15 million[140][141][142] 1975-1990 Multiple sides Levant
Yugoslav Wars 0.13–0.14 million[143][144] 1991–2001 Separatist forces and NATO vs. Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, later Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Balkans
Nanda–Mauryan War 0.1 million[145] 323 BCE–321 BCE Maurya Empire vs. Nanda Empire India
Congo Crisis 0.1 million[146] 1960–1965 Republic of the Congo, later Democratic Republic of the Congo, and allies vs. Free Republic of the Congo, South Kasai, Katanga, Kwilu rebels, Simba rebels, and allies Republic of the Congo

Charts and Graphs

Bubble chart of wars over 1.5M deaths.
Seven deadliest wars after 1900. The length of each spiral segment is proportional to the war's duration and its area size to its death toll.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ While the war in Europe began in 1939, the Marco Polo Bridge Incident is often considered by many to be the beginning of World War II at large[7][8]
  2. ^ While the starting point of the conflict is usually denoted as the 1948 Arab-Israeli War or the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, violent strife emerged in the region as soon as 1920 during the Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine. [137]

References

  1. ^ "war". Merriam-Webster.
  2. ^ "war". Oxford English Dictionary.
  3. ^ Frankel, Joseph. "war". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  4. ^ "Research Starters: Worldwide Deaths in World War II". National World War II Museum.
  5. ^ "World War II". National Park Service.
  6. ^ "World War II". highpointnc.gov.
  7. ^ "Liberation in China and the Pacific". National World War II Museum.
  8. ^ Patranobis, Sutirtho (29 August 2015). "WWII began in 1937 with Japanese invasion: China". Hindustan Times.
  9. ^ Ho, Ping-Ti (1970). "An estimate of the total population of Sung-Chin China". Histoire et institutions, 1. pp. 33–54. doi:10.1515/9783111542737-007. ISBN 978-3-11-154273-7. OCLC 8159945824.
  10. ^ McEvedy, Colin; Jones, Richard M. (1978). Atlas of World Population History. New York, NY: Puffin. p. 172. ISBN 9780140510768.
  11. ^ Graziella Caselli, Gillaume Wunsch, Jacques Vallin (2005). "Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, Four Volume Set: A Treatise in Population". Academic Press. p.34. ISBN 0-12-765660-X
  12. ^ White, Matthew (2012). The Great Big Book of Horrible Things: The Definitive Chronicle of History's 100 Worst Atrocities. W. W. Norton. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-393-08192-3.
  13. ^ a b c "Selected Death Tolls for Wars, Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th Century". Necrometrics.
  14. ^ "Taiping Rebellion". Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 August 2024.
  15. ^ "The Taiping Rebellion of 1850-64". University at Albany.
  16. ^ "World War I Casualties" (Document). United States Census Bureau.
  17. ^ "First World War Defining Moments, 1914–1918". National Museum of Australia.
  18. ^ "Number of military and civilian fatalities during the First World War, per country or world power, between 1914 and 1918". Statista.
  19. ^ "To history, today's violence is a speck". South China Morning Post. 28 October 2011.
  20. ^ "5 Of The 10 Deadliest Wars Began In China". Business Insider. 6 October 2014.
  21. ^ Mawdsley, Evan (24 February 2009). The Russian Civil War. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-681-77009-3.
  22. ^ Daudin, Pascal (23 May 2017). "The Thirty Years' War: The first modern war?". International Committee of the Red Cross.
  23. ^ The Native population of the Americas in 1492, de William M. Denevan, Univ. de Wisconsin Press, 1992, p. 28
  24. ^ Andrés Lira and Luis Muro: "El siglo de la Integración ", p. 10
  25. ^ "De re Militari: muertos en Guerras, Dictaduras y Genocidios". remilitari.com.
  26. ^ a b "Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century". Necrometrics.
  27. ^ Hittell, John Shertzer. A Brief History of Culture. p. 137: "In the two centuries of this warfare one million persons had been slain...". ISBN 9780259439288.
  28. ^ Robertson, John M. A Short History of Christianity. p. 278: 9,000,000. ISBN 9781537057354.
  29. ^ Kabha, Mustafa (2023). "The Fall of Al-Andalus and the Evolution of its Memory in Modern Arab-Muslim Historiography". The Maghreb Review. 48 (3): 289–303. doi:10.1353/tmr.2023.a901468. ISSN 2754-6772.
  30. ^ Esdaile, Charles (2007). Napoleon's Wars: An International History 1803–1815. Viking. ISBN 9780670020300.
  31. ^ "Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo". Council on Foreign Relations.
  32. ^ Bavier, Joe (22 January 2008). "Congo war-driven crisis kills 45,000 a month-study". Reuters.
  33. ^ Moszynski, Peter (2 February 2008). "5.4 million people have died in Democratic Republic of Congo since 1998 because of conflict, report says". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 336 (7638): 235. doi:10.1136/bmj.39475.524282.DB. PMC 2223004. PMID 18244974.
  34. ^ Jaime Jaramillo Uribe. "Ensayos de historia social: La sociedad neogranadina" (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 August 2024.
  35. ^ https://www.banrep.gov.co/sites/default/files/paginas/lbr_colonial_graficos3.pdf
  36. ^ White, Matthew (2011-10-20). Atrocitology: Humanity's 100 Deadliest Achievements. Canongate Books. ISBN 978-0-85786-125-2.
  37. ^ "Human Costs of U.S. Post-9/11 Wars: Direct War Deaths in Major War Zones | Figures | Costs of War". The Costs of War. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  38. ^ "Syria - Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect". web.archive.org. 2023-02-06. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  39. ^ "Yemen war will have killed 377,000 by year's end: UN". France 24. 2021-11-23. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  40. ^ "Libya Body Count عدد الضحايا بليبيا". Libya Body Count عدد الضحايا بليبيا. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  41. ^ Black, Ian; editor, Middle East (2013-01-08). "Libyan revolution casualties lower than expected, says new government". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-09-30. {{cite news}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  42. ^ "Boko Haram betroffene Gebiete | ZIF Berlin". www.zif-berlin.org. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  43. ^ "Post-9/11 wars have contributed to some 4.5 million deaths, report suggests - The Washington Post". web.archive.org. 2023-05-29. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
  44. ^ "How Death Outlives War: The Reverberating Impact of the Post-9/11 Wars on Human Health | Costs of War". The Costs of War. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
  45. ^ Stevenson, J. (2014). "Capitol gains: How foreign military intervention and the elite quest for international recognition cause mass killing in new states". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  46. ^ "Nigerian Civil War | Summary, Causes, Death Toll, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-09-18. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  47. ^ Robert Knecht (2002-06-25). The French Religious Wars 1562-1598 (Essential Histories). Internet Archive. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-395-8.
  48. ^ Millett, Allan (25 August 2024). "Korean War". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  49. ^ Rummel, R.J. "Statistics of Vietnamese Democide". University of Hawaiʻi.
  50. ^ "How many people died in the Vietnam War?". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  51. ^ Heller, Henry. Labour, Science and Technology in France 1500-1620. ISBN 9780521550314.
  52. ^ Baumgartner, Frederic J. France in the Sixteenth Century. ISBN 9780312158569.
  53. ^ "Human Costs of U.S. Post-9/11 Wars: Direct War Deaths in Major War Zones | Figures | Costs of War". The Costs of War. Retrieved 2024-09-29.
  54. ^ Joes, Anthony James (2010-10-20). Victorious Insurgencies: Four Rebellions that Shaped Our World. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2614-2.
  55. ^ Conquest of Malwa (1305): 10,000-20,000 Hindus killed Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1325-1351) - Campaigns against the Rajputs: 50,000-100,000 Rajputs killed Rebellion against Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1327-1351): 100,000-200,000 casualties Firuz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388) - Campaigns against the Jats and Rajputs: 20,000-40,000 killed Total Deaths500,000-3,000,000 deaths Sources: 1. Minhaj-i-Siraj's Tabakat-i-Nasiri 2. Hasan Nizami's Taj-ul-Ma'sir 3. Amir Khusrau's Khazain-ul-Futuh 4. Ziauddin Barani's Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi
  56. ^ Bolinger, Kylee. Methods of Memorialization: Holocaust Commemoration in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (Thesis). Portland State University Library.
  57. ^ Rummel, Rudolph. "Table 11.1 The Mexican Democide Line 39". Statistics of Mexican Democide.
  58. ^ Obermeyer, Ziad; Murray, Christopher J L; Gakidou, Emmanuela (2008-06-28). "Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme". BMJ : British Medical Journal. 336 (7659): 1482–1486. doi:10.1136/bmj.a137. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 2440905. PMID 18566045.
  59. ^ "Mengistu Leaves Ethiopia in Shambles". Washington Post. 2024-01-02. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  60. ^ De Waal, Alexander; Human Rights Watch (Organization) (1991). Evil days : thirty years of war and famine in Ethiopia. unknown library. New York : Human Rights Watch. ISBN 978-1-56432-038-4.
  61. ^ "The Circassian Genocide: The Forgotten Tragedy of the First Modern Genocide – American University: Journal of International Service". web.archive.org. 2024-02-23. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
  62. ^ "Civil War in Sudan". Global Conflict Tracker. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  63. ^ Foundation, World Peace. "Sudan: 1985 – 2005 | Mass Atrocity Endings". Retrieved 2024-09-30.
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