View source for Catholic Church in Canada

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
| icon                = Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg
| icon_width          = 25px
| icon_alt            =
| name                = Catholic Church in Canada
| native_name         = {{langx|en|Catholic Church in Canada}}<br>{{langx|fr|Église catholique au Canada}}
| native_name_lang    = fr
| image               = Basilique-Cathédrale Notre-Dame Québec.JPG
| imagewidth          = 200px
| alt                 = 
| caption             = [[Cathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame de Québec]]
| abbreviation        = 
| type                = [[National polity]]
| main_classification = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
| orientation         = [[Latin Church|Latin]]
| scripture           = [[Bible]]
| theology            = [[Catholic theology]]
| polity              = 
| governance          = [[Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops|CCCB]]
| structure           =
| leader_title        = [[Pope]]
| leader_name         = {{Incumbent pope}}
| leader_title1       = [[Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops|President]]
| leader_name1        = [[William McGrattan]]<ref name=2017leadership>{{cite web | url=https://www.cccb.ca/presidents-welcome/ | title=President's Biography - Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops }}</ref>
| leader_title2       = [[Archbishop of Quebec|Primate]]
| leader_name2        = [[Gérald Lacroix]]
| leader_title3       = [[Apostolic Nunciature to Canada|Apostolic Nuncio]]
| leader_name3        = [[Ivan Jurkovič]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cccb.ca/media-release/archbishop-ivan-jurkovic-appointed-as-apostolic-nuncio-to-canada/ | title=Archbishop Ivan Jurkovic Appointed as Apostolic Nuncio to Canada }}</ref>
| fellowships_type    =
| fellowships         = 
| fellowships_type1   =
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| division_type       =
| division            =
| division_type1      =
| division1           =
| division_type2      =
| division2           =
| division_type3      =
| division3           =
| associations        = [[Canadian Council of Churches]]
| area                = [[Canada]]
| language            = [[Canadian English|English]], [[Canadian French|French]], [[Ecclesiastical Latin|Latin]]
| headquarters        = [[Ottawa]], Canada
| origin_link         =
| founder             = 
| founded_date        = 16th century 
| founded_place       = [[New France]], [[French colonization of the Americas|French North America]]
| separated_from      = 
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| separations         = 
| merged_into         =
| defunct             =
| congregations_type  =
| congregations       = 
| members             = <!-- or |number_of_followers = --> 29.9% of Canadians (10,880,360 as of 2021) 
| ministers_type      =
| ministers           = 
| missionaries        =
| churches             =
| hospitals           = 
| nursing_homes       = 
| aid                 = 
| primary_schools     = 
| secondary_schools   = 
| tax_status          =
| tertiary            = 
| other_names         = 
| publications        = 
| website             = {{URL|http://www.cccb.ca}}
| slogan              =
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| footnotes           = 
}}
The '''Catholic Church in Canada''', is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, and has a decentralised structure, meaning each [[Diocese|diocesan]] bishop is autonomous but under the spiritual leadership of the Pope and the [[Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops]]. As of 2021, it has the largest number of adherents to a Christian denomination and a religion in Canada, with 29.4% of Canadians (10.8 million) being adherents according to the census in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-02-09 |title=Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population – Canada [Country] |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> There are 73 dioceses and about 7,000 priests in Canada.<ref name="Current Dioceses in Canada including statistical information on priests 2010-2016">{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/dca2.html|title= Current Dioceses in Canada including statistical information on priests 2010–2016|access-date=2018-05-29}}</ref> On a normal Sunday, between 15 and 25 percent of Canada's Catholics attend [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] (15 per cent weekly attenders and another nine per cent monthly).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swan |first=Michael |date=20 December 2016 |title=Mass attendance in Canada more than doubles on Christmas Day, survey finds |url=https://www.catholicregister.org/faith/item/23875-mass-attendance-in-canada-more-than-doubles-on-christmas-day-survey-finds |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=[[The Catholic Register]] |language=en-gb}}</ref>

== History ==
===First Catholics in Canada===
In 1497, when [[John Cabot]] landed on the island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] on the [[Avalon Peninsula]], he raised the Venetian and Papal banners and claimed the land for his sponsor King [[Henry VII of England]], while recognizing the religious authority of the Catholic Church.<ref>P D'Epiro, M.D. Pinkowish, "Sprezzatura: 50 ways Italian genius shaped the world" pp. 179–180</ref> A letter of John Day states that Cabot landed on 24 June 1497 and "he landed at only one spot of the mainland, near the place where land was first sighted, and they disembarked there with a crucifix and raised banners with the arms of the Holy Father and those of the King of England".<ref name="The John Day Letter">{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/exploration/john-day.php|title= The John Day Letter|publisher=heritage.nf.ca|access-date=2018-05-14}}</ref> On his third voyage in 1498, he may have been accompanied by Father [[Giovanni Antonio de Carbonariis]], who may have established a missionary church at [[Carbonear]] on the Avalon Peninsula.<ref>[http://www.cbncompass.ca/News/2010-05-18/article-1502738/First-Christian-settlement-in-North-America/1 "First Christian settlement in North America?"], ''CBN Compass'', 18 May 2010. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327234020/http://www.cbncompass.ca/News/2010-05-18/article-1502738/First-Christian-settlement-in-North-America/1 |date=2014-03-27}}</ref>

Missionary work among Indigenous peoples began in the early 1610s as a stipulated condition to the colonization projects of the King of France. Historian Robert Choquette credits secular priest Jessé Fleché as the first to perform dozens of baptisms on Indigenous peoples, which impacted the religious landscape of [[Mi'kma'ki]]. Jessé Fleché's ministry was criticized by Jesuits who believed Fleché erred in baptizing neophytes without teaching them the Catholic faith beforehand.<ref>Choquette, Robert. ''Canada's Religions: An Historical Introduction''. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press (2004) p.63</ref> In 1611, the [[Society of Jesus]] started its missionary work in [[Acadia]]. Unlike their predecessor, the Jesuits began their work on Mi'kma'ki by learning the local language and living alongside the [[Mi'kmaq]] in order to instruct and convert them to Catholicism.<ref>Choquette, Robert. ''Canada's Religions: An Historical Introduction''. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press (2004) p.74</ref>

In 1620, [[George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore]] purchased a tract of land in Newfoundland from Sir [[William Vaughan (writer)|William Vaughan]] and established a colony, calling it Avalon, after the legendary spot where Christianity was introduced to Britain.<ref name="Browne, William Hand">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9kwOAAAAIAAJ |title=George Calvert and Cecilius Calvert: Barons Baltimore of Baltimore|publisher=New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company|access-date=2013-01-23|year=1890}}</ref> In 1627 Calvert brought two Catholic priests to Avalon. This was the first continuous Catholic ministry in [[British North America]]. Despite the severe religious conflicts of the period, Calvert secured the right of Catholics to practice their religion unimpeded in Newfoundland, and embraced the novel principle of religious tolerance, which he wrote into the Charter of Avalon and the later [[Province of Maryland#Founding charter|Charter of Maryland]]. The [[Province of Avalon|Colony of Avalon]] was thus the first [[North America]]n jurisdiction to practice religious tolerance.<ref name="Sir George Calvert">{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/avalon.html|title=Sir George Calvert and the Colony of Avalon|publisher=heritage.nf.ca|access-date=2013-01-23}}</ref>

===British Rule in Canada===
In the wake of the Canada Conquest in 1759, New France became a British colony.  Nevertheless, the Catholic Church continued to grow in Canada due to the flexibility imposed on the British regime in Canada by the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)]] on sovereigns of the United Kingdom who allowed the favour of the protection of Catholicism and [[French Canadians|French-speaking people in Canada]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/catholicism |title=Catholicism |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]|access-date=7 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vk6KBIoZf4A|title = – YouTube|via = [[YouTube]]}}</ref> This historical perspective still influences Canadian society today.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/why-is-canada-the-most-tolerant-country-in-the-world-luck/article19427921|title=Why is Canada the most tolerant country in the world? Luck}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/multiculturalism|title=Multiculturalism|encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia|access-date=7 October 2019}}</ref>

=== Anti-Catholicism ===
{{further|Anti-Catholicism#Canada}}
Fears of the Catholic Church were quite strong in the 19th century, especially among [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] and other Protestant Irish immigrants across Canada.<ref>J. R. Miller, "Anti-Catholic Thought in Victorian Canada" in Canadian Historical Review 65, no.4. (December 1985), p. 474+</ref> In 1853, the [[Gavazzi Riots]] left 10 dead in [[Quebec]] in the wake of Catholic Irish protest against anti-Catholic speeches by ex-monk [[Alessandro Gavazzi]].<ref>Bernard Aspinwall, "Rev. Alessandro Gavazzi (1808–1889) and Scottish Identity: A Chapter in Nineteenth Century Anti-Catholicism." ''Recusant History'' 28#1 (2006): 129–152</ref><ref>Dan Horner, "Contesting Authority in the Aftermath of Montreal's Gavazzi Riot." ''Histoire sociale/social history'' 44.1 (2011): 29–52.</ref>

The major flashpoint was public support for Catholic French language schools. Although the [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation Agreement of 1867]] guaranteed the status of Catholic schools where they had been legalized, disputes erupted in numerous provinces, especially in the [[Manitoba Schools Question]] in the 1890s and [[Ontario]] in the 1910s.<ref>Margaret Prang, "Clerics, Politicians, and the Bilingual Schools Issue in Ontario, 1910–1917." ''Canadian Historical Review'' 41.4 (1960): 281–307.</ref> In Ontario, [[Regulation 17]] was a regulation by the Ontario Ministry of Education, that restricted the use of French as a language of instruction to the first two years of schooling. French Canada reacted vehemently and resisted the implementation of the Regulation. This conflict, which was first rooted in linguistic and cultural questions, transformed into a religious divide. In 1915, Ontario clergy was divided between French Canadian and Irish allegiances, with the Irish supporting the position of the provincial government. [[Pope Benedict XV]] asked his Canadian representative to study the divide in order to reestablish unity among the Catholic church in the province of Ontario.<ref>Bock, Michel. ''L'Ontario français, Des Pays-d'en-Haut à nos jours''. Ottawa: Centre franco-ontarien de ressources pédagogiques, (2010) p.147.</ref> Regulation 17 is among the reasons why French Canada distanced itself from the war effort, as its young men refused to enlist.<ref>Robert Craig Brown, and Ramsay Cook, ''Canada, 1896–1921: A nation transformed'' (1974) pp 253–62</ref>

Protestant elements succeeded in blocking the growth of French-language Catholic public schools. The Irish Catholics generally supported the English language position advocated by the Protestants.<ref>Jack Cecillon, "Turbulent Times in the Diocese of London: Bishop Fallon and the French-Language Controversy, 1910–18". ''Ontario History'' (1995) 87#4 pp: 369–395.</ref> Despite this, French language education in Ontario continues today in Catholic and public schools.

=== French versus Irish ===
[[File:Statue of Mary at St Michaels Cathedral Toronto.jpg|thumb|Statue of Mary and Christ child outside [[St. Michael's Cathedral Basilica (Toronto)|St. Michael's Cathedral in Toronto]] ]]
[[File:Ottawa - ON - Cathédrale Notre-Dame d’Ottawa.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica]], [[Ottawa]]]]
The central theme of Catholic history from the 1840s through the 1920s was the contest for control of the church between the French Canadians, based in Quebec, and the English-speaking Irish Canadians (along with smaller numbers of Catholic Scottish Canadians, English, and others) based in Ontario.<ref>Terence Fay, ''A History of Canadian Catholics'' (2002)</ref> The French Catholics saw Catholics in general as God's chosen people (versus Protestants) and the French as more truly Catholic than any other ethnic group.  The fact that the Irish Catholics formed coalition with the anti-French Protestants further infuriated the French.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

The Irish Catholics collaborated with Protestants inside Canada, on the school issue: they opposed French language Catholic schools. The Irish had a significant advantage since they were favoured by the Vatican. Irish Catholicism was "[[ultramontanism|ultramontane]]", which meant its adherents professed total obedience to the Pope. By contrast, the French bishops in Canada kept their distance from the Vatican. In the form of [[Regulation 17]] this became the central issue that finally alienated the French in Quebec from the Canadian Anglophone establishment during the [[World War I|First World War]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Gordon L. Heath|title=Canadian Churches and the First World War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4INBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT82|year=2014|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|pages=82–83|isbn=9781630872908}}</ref><ref>Robert Choquette, ''Language and religion: a history of English-French conflict in Ontario'' (Univ of Ottawa Press, 1975).</ref> Ontario's Catholics were led by the Irish Bishop Fallon, who united with the Protestants in opposing French schools.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Jack|last=Cecillon|title=Turbulent Times in the Diocese of London: Bishop Fallon and the French-Language Controversy, 1910–18|journal=Ontario History|date=December 1995|volume=87|issue=4|pages=369–395}}</ref> Regulation 17 was repealed in 1927.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Marilyn|last=Barber|title=The Ontario Bilingual Schools Issue: Sources of Conflict|journal=Canadian Historical Review|date=September 1966|volume=47|issue=3|pages=227–248|doi=10.3138/chr-047-03-02|s2cid=161879218}}</ref><ref>Jack D. Cecillon, ''Prayers, Petitions, and Protests: The Catholic Church and the Ontario Schools Crisis in the Windsor Border Region, 1910-1928'' (2013)</ref> The French-speakers remain more liberal{{explain|date=May 2019}} than the English-speakers to this day,{{when|date=May 2019}} and in addition are also leaving the faith much more quickly.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

One by one, the Irish took control of the church in each province except for Quebec. Tensions were [[Manitoba Schools Question|especially high in Manitoba]] at the end of the 19th century.  In [[Alberta]] in the 1920s, a new Irish bishop undermined French language Catholic schooling, and removed the Francophile order of teaching sisters.<ref>Henry Wostenberg, "Language Controversy in the Red Deer Catholic Parish, 1924–1932" ''Alberta History'' (2013) 61#4 [https://www.questia.com/article/1G1-349221834/language-controversy-in-the-red-deer-catholic-parish online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801184155/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia |date=1 August 2023 }}</ref>

=== Newfoundland ===
In the [[Dominion of Newfoundland]] (which was an independent dominion before joining Canada in 1949), politics was polarized around religious lines, with the Protestants confronting the Irish Catholics.<ref>{{cite book|author=John P. Greene|title=Between Damnation and Starvation: Priests and Merchants in Newfoundland Politics, 1745–1855|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AjbSEoKYma8C&pg=PA236|year=2001|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press |pages=236–38|isbn=9780773521957}}</ref>

The future Archdiocese of St. John's was established on 30 May 1784 as Catholics in Newfoundland gradually gained religious liberty, made explicit by a public declaration by Governor [[John Campbell (Royal Navy officer)|John Campbell]]. After a request from Irish merchants in St. John's to Bishop William Egan, [[Bishop of Waterford and Lismore]], [[James Louis O'Donel]] was appointed Prefect Apostolic of Newfoundland. This was the first Roman Catholic [[ecclesiastical jurisdiction]] established in English-speaking North America.

In 1861, the Protestant governor dismissed the Catholic Liberals from office and the ensuing election was marked by riot and disorder with both the [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] bishop [[Edward Feild]] and Catholic bishop [[John Thomas Mullock]] taking partisan stances. The Protestants narrowly elected [[Hugh Hoyles]] as the Conservative Prime Minister. Hoyles suddenly reversed his long record of militant Protestant activism and worked to defuse tensions. He shared patronage and power with the Catholics; all jobs and patronage were split between the various religious bodies on a per capita basis. This 'denominational compromise' was further extended to education when all religious schools were put on the basis which the Catholics had enjoyed since the 1840s.<ref>Frederick Jones, "HOYLES, Sir HUGH WILLIAM," in ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography'' vol. 11, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed 25 May 2015. http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/hoyles_hugh_william_11E.html.</ref>

A series of [[sexual abuse]] incidents at [[Mount Cashel Orphanage]], a home for boys run by the [[Congregation of Christian Brothers]], and a police coverup were disclosed in 1989, resulting in the closure of the facility in 1990 after the last resident was moved to an alternate facility.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bartlett|first=Jeff|date=13 January 2018|title=Abuse settlement brings dark memories – and hope – for journalist who covered Mount Cashel scandal|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/mount-cashel-michael-harris-1.4484477|access-date=19 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first= |date=19 September 2007 |title=Whistleblower in Elizabeth Towers scandal dies at 69 |publisher=CBC News |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/whistleblower-in-elizabeth-towers-scandal-dies-at-69-1.630602 |access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hughes|first=Samuel|date=1992|title=Mount Cashel Hughes Commission|url=https://www.theinquiry.ca/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Mount-Cashel-Hughes-commision-report-Volume-One-link.pdf|journal=Report on Mount Cashel|volume=1|pages=149}}</ref> The property was seized and the site razed and sold for real-estate development in the mid-1990s as part of a court settlement ordering financial compensation to the victims.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gullage|first=Peter|date=17 February 2019|title=Mount Cashel: After 30 years, the pain still has not gone away|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/mount-cashel-anniversary-1.5017182|access-date=19 February 2022}}</ref>

Newfoundland's denominational schools were funded by the province until the late 1990s. In the fall of 1998, Newfoundland officially adopted a non-denominational school system, following two referendums and judgements by the Supreme Court of Newfoundland and its Court of Appeal that constitutionally recognized the end of provincially-funded all religious denominational schools.<ref>The Collapse of Denominational Education" in ''Heritage Newfoundland & Labrador'' by Jenny Higgins, 2011. –, accessed 29 May 2018. https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/society/collapse-denominational-education.php</ref>

In July 2021, the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. John's, Newfoundland]] announced plans to [[liquidation|sell off assets]] in order to compensate victims of the Mount Cashel sex abuse scandal.<ref>{{Cite news |first= |date=26 July 2021 |title=Catholic Church selling assets to pay Mount Cashel survivors, but lawyer says it won't be enough |publisher=CBC News |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/catholic-church-property-sale-mount-cashel-1.6117728 |access-date=19 February 2022}}</ref>

=== Recent events ===
[[File:Our Lady of Lourdes Grotto, Pope John Paul II (Flatrock, Newfoundland and Labrador).jpg|thumb|Pope John Paul II prayed at [[Flatrock, Newfoundland and Labrador|Our Lady of Lourdes Grotto]] in 1984.]]

====Papal visits====
In 1984, [[John Paul II]] became the first pope to visit Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholicregister.org/item/30179-history-in-the-making-jp-ii-visits-canada-35-years-ago|title = History in the making: JP II visits Canada 35 years ago}}</ref> He would visit the country for a total of three times, his final visit being for [[World Youth Day 2002]] in Toronto. [[Pope Francis]] [[Visit by Pope Francis to Canada|visited in July 2022]] to apologize in the wake of the Indian school scandal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gg.ca/en/media/news/2022/visit-holiness-pope-francis|title=Governor General to take part in the visit of His Holiness Pope Francis|first=Office of the Secretary to the Governor|last=General|date=13 July 2022|website=The Governor General of Canada|access-date=24 July 2022|archive-date=24 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724202148/https://www.gg.ca/en/media/news/2022/visit-holiness-pope-francis|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Watkins |first=Devin |date=2022-07-24 |title=Pope Francis sets off on 'penitential pilgrimage' to Canada |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2022-07/pope-francis-departure-apostolic-journey-canada.html |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=[[Vatican News]] |language=en |archive-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728081057/https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2022-07/pope-francis-departure-apostolic-journey-canada.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Decline====
Between 2001 and 2013, the population of Canadians identifying as Catholic remained relatively stagnant, with roughly 12.8 million Canadians self-reporting as Catholic. However, Catholics remained the largest single Christian group in Canada.<ref>{{cite web|title=StatsCan: Roman Catholics remains single largest Christian religious group in Canada|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/544459/statscan-roman-catholics-remains-single-largest-christian-religious-group-in-canada/|date=8 May 2013|access-date=25 October 2021|author=Benjamin Shingler}}</ref> Church attendance across the Canadian Catholic Church is declining as society becomes more irreligious, resulting in [[Deconsecration|closures]] of increasing numbers of churches in all [[Provinces and territories of Canada|provinces and territories]] in the country.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.rcinet.ca/en/2016/12/13/whats-happening-to-canadian-churches/ | title=What's happening to Canadian churches?| date=13 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/saint-john-diocese-closes-and-consolidates-1.4629517 |title = 9 Catholic churches in Saint John diocese to shut doors &#124; CBC News}}</ref>

==== Indian schools scandal ====
The Catholic church ran three-quarters of the 130 [[Canadian Indian residential school system|Indian schools in Canada]], in which more than 150,000 Indigenous children were forced to attend Christian schools with the aim of assimilating them into Canadian society. Disease and hunger was common, and physical and sexual abuse took place, often at the hands of priests and Catholic laypeople.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Montreal|first=Mali Ilse Paquin in|date=2015-06-06|title=Canada confronts its dark history of abuse in residential schools|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/06/canada-dark-of-history-residential-schools|access-date=2021-08-13|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> 
The church agreed to pay C$29m in compensation to survivors, but has distributed only C$3.9m, citing poor fundraising efforts. During roughly that same period, however, the church raised C$300m for the construction of new church buildings, including cathedrals, and had more than C$4bn in assets.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 July 2021|title=Catholic Church dedicated nearly $300M for buildings since promising residential school survivors $25M in 2005|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatoon/catholic-buildings-fundraising-residential-school-survivors-1.6090650|url-status=live|access-date=13 August 2021|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706124913/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatoon/catholic-buildings-fundraising-residential-school-survivors-1.6090650 |archive-date=6 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=The Catholic Church in Canada is worth billions, a Globe investigation shows. Why are its reparations for residential schools so small?|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-catholic-church-canadian-assets-investigation/|access-date=2021-08-13}}</ref>

Prime minister [[Justin Trudeau]] expressed frustration that Pope Francis declined to offer an apology for the Catholic church's role in residential schools.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-06-05|title=Indigenous schools: Trudeau tells Catholic Church to take responsibility|language=en-GB|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57358292|access-date=2021-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Agencies|date=2021-06-06|title=Pope Francis stops short of apology over deaths in ex-Catholic school in Canada|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/06/pope-francis-stops-short-of-apology-over-deaths-in-ex-catholic-school-in-canada|access-date=2021-08-13|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref><blockquote>"As a Catholic, I am deeply disappointed by the position that the Catholic church has taken now and over the past many years. We expect the church to step up and take responsibility for its role in this and be there to help with the grieving and healing, including with records".</blockquote>Ground penetrating radar has since discovered more than 1,300 [[Canadian Indian residential school gravesites|alleged unmarked mass graves]] at former Indian schools. Four out of five were run by the Catholic Church.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-13|title=Canada: at least 160 more unmarked graves found in British Columbia|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jul/13/canada-unmarked-graves-british-columbia-residential-school|access-date=2021-08-13|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> The resurfacing of the residential schools and gravesites, combined with the [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases in Canada|sexual abuse scandals]], has led some Canadians to leave the church.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-catholics-residential-schools-apostasy-1.6097098. |title= Why some Catholic Quebecers are turning their backs on the Church over residential schools |last=Kahn |first=Gretel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3dnm5/pedophiles-rapists-murderers-for-some-catholics-residential-school-graves-are-the-last-straw |title='Pedophiles, Rapists, Murderers.' For Some Catholics, Residential School Graves Are the Last Straw |last =Krishnan |first=Manisha}}</ref>

Bishop [[Donald Bolen]], of Regina, said in 2022 that Catholic involvement in the residential school system had caused deep wounds and trauma. "Relations between First Nation Peoples and the Catholic Church in Canada carry the burden of a complicated history that people are still grappling with. Colonisation and the government-funded Residential Schools System left First Nations Peoples [the earliest known inhabitants] with a legacy of marginalisation, where their languages, cultures, traditions and spirituality were suppressed. Catholic involvement in this system, and the waves of suffering experienced by so many Indigenous Peoples, including physical, cultural, spiritual and sexual abuses, have left deep wounds and trauma. There is much that the Catholic Church, the Canadian government, and society are accountable for."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-27 |title=Pope Francis apologizes |url=https://acninternational.org/pope-francis-in-canada/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=ACN International |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2022, during a visit to Canada, [[Pope Francis]] apologised for church members' role in the scandal.<ref>{{Cite news |title=In Canada, The Pope Delivers An Apology To Indigenous Peoples : Consider This from NPR |language=en |publisher=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/07/29/1114468497/in-canada-the-pope-delivers-an-apology-to-indigenous-peoples |access-date=2022-11-17}}</ref>

====2021 church burnings====
{{main|2021 Canadian church fires}}
Following the increased public awareness of the alleged graves and residential schools, four Catholic churches on [[First Nations reserve]]s in western Canada were destroyed by fires that investigators regarded as suspicious.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-06-27|title=More churches burn down on Canada indigenous land|language=en-GB|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57626410|access-date=2021-08-13}}</ref> Other churches were damaged by fire and vandalism over June and July 2021, with the burnings drawing condemnation from both the Catholic Church and Canadian indigenous figures.

==Population==
The Catholic population in Canada in 2001,<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=59&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=British%20Columbia&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All|title=  2001 Community Profiles|author= Statistics Canada|author-link= Statistics Canada|year= 2001}}</ref> 2011,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105399&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|title= 2011 National Household Survey: Data tables|author= Statistics Canada|author-link= Statistics Canada|year= 2011}}</ref> and 2021.<ref>{{cite web |author=Statistics Canada |author-link= Statistics Canada |title=Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201&pickMembers%5B0%5D=1.1&pickMembers%5B1%5D=2.1&pickMembers%5B2%5D=3.1&pickMembers%5B3%5D=4.1&pickMembers%5B4%5D=5.1 |website=Statistics Canada |access-date=17 September 2023 |year=2021}}</ref>

{{Historical populations
|type =
|footnote =
|1871 | 1532471
|1881 | 1791982
|1891 | 1992017
|1901 | 2229600
|1911 | 2833041
|1921 | 3389626
|1931 | 4102960
|1941 | 4806431
|1951 | 6069496
|1961 | 8342826
|1971 | 9974895
|1981 | 11210385
|1991 | 12203620
|2001 | 12936910
|2011 | 12810705
|2021|10,880,360}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
![[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]]
!2001
!2011
!2021
!% Change<br>2001–2011
!% Change<br>2011–2021
!% 2001
!% 2011
!% 2021
!% Change<br>2001–2011
!% Change<br>2011–2021
|-
|{{flagu|Quebec}}
|5,939,715
|5,775,745
|4,472,555
| style="color:red" |-2.8%
| style="color:red" |-22.6%
|83.4%
|74.6%
|53.8%
| style="color:red" |-8.8%
| style="color:red" |-20.8%
|-
|{{flagu|Ontario}}
|3,911,760
|3,976,605
|3,654,825
| +1.7%
| style="color:red" |-8.1%
|34.7%
|31.4%
|26.0%
| style="color:red" |-3.3%
| style="color:red" |-5.4%
|-
|{{flagu|Alberta}}
|786,365
|866,305
|833,025
| +10.2%
| style="color:red" |-3.8%
|26.7%
|24.3%
|20.0%
| style="color:red" |-2.4%
| style="color:red" |-4.3%
|-
|{{flagu|British Columbia}}
|675,320
|650,360
|588,140
| style="color:red" |-2.5%
| style="color:red" |-9.6%
|17.5%
|15.0%
|12.0%
| style="color:red" |-2.5%
| style="color:red" |-3.0%
|-
|{{flagu|New Brunswick}}
|386,045
|366,115
|305,520
|style="color:red" |-5.2%
|style="color:red" |-16.6%
|53.6%
|49.8%
|40.2%
| style="color:red" |-3.8%
| style="color:red" |-9.6%
|-
|{{flagu|Nova Scotia}}
|328,695
|298,275
|245,305
|style="color:red" |-9.3%
|style="color:red" |-17.8%
|36.6%
|32.9%
|25.7%
| style="color:red" |-3.7%
| style="color:red" |-7.2%
|-
|{{flagu|Manitoba}}
|323,690
|309,450
|276,925
|style="color:red" |-4.4%
|style="color:red" |-10.5%
|29.3%
|26.4%
|21.2%
| style="color:red" |-2.9%
| style="color:red" |-5.2%
|-
|{{flagu|Saskatchewan}}
|305,385
|297,865
|265,530
|style="color:red" |-2.5%
|style="color:red" |-10.9%
|31.7%
|29.5%
|24.1%
| style="color:red" |-2.2%
| style="color:red" |-5.4%
|-
|{{flagu|Newfoundland and Labrador}}
|187,445
|181,585
|159,875
|style="color:red" |-3.1%
|style="color:red" |-12.0%
|36.9%
|35.8%
|31.8%
| style="color:red" |-1.1%
| style="color:red" |-4.0%
|-
|{{flagu|Prince Edward Island}}
|63,270
|58,895
|51,790
|style="color:red" |-6.9%
|style="color:red" |-12.1%
|47.4%
|42.9%
|34.4%
| style="color:red" |-4.5%
| style="color:red" |-8.5%
|-
|{{flagu|Northwest Territories}}
|16,990
|15,800
|12,935
|style="color:red" |-7.0%
|style="color:red" |-18.1%
|45.8%
|38.7%
|32.0%
| style="color:red" |-7.1%
| style="color:red" |-6.7%
|-
|{{flagu|Nunavut}}
|6,215
|7,585
|8,235
| +22.0%
| +8.6%
|23.3%
|23.9%
|22.5%
| +0.6%
| style="color:red" |-1.4%
|-
|{{flagu|Yukon}}
|6,015
|6,120
|5,690
| +1.7%
| style="color:red" |-7.0%
|21.1%
|18.4%
|14.4%
| style="color:red" |-2.7%
| style="color:red" |-4.0%
|-
|{{flagicon|Canada}} '''Canada'''
|'''12,936,905'''
|'''12,810,705'''
|'''10,880,360'''
|style="color:red" |'''-1.0%'''
|style="color:red" |'''-15.1%'''
|'''43.6%'''
|'''39.0%'''
|'''29.9%'''
| style="color:red" |'''-4.6%'''
| style="color:red" |'''-9.1%'''
|}

The Catholic population underwent its first recorded drop between 2001 and 2011. Notable trends include the de-Catholicization of Quebec, a drop in the Catholic population in small provinces with stagnant populations, and a rise in Catholics in the large English-speaking provinces of Ontario, [[British Columbia]], and Alberta. There are also adherents of [[Eastern Catholic Churches]] who had already migrated to Canada, most notably the [[Ukrainian Canadians|Ukrainians]].

[[File:Papal Nuncio, Ottawa.JPG|thumb|upright=1.25|The [[Pope]] is represented in Canada by the [[Apostolic Nunciature to Canada]] ([[Ottawa]]).]]

== Organization ==
{{see also|List of Catholic dioceses in Canada}}
The Catholic Community in Canada is [[Decentralization|decentralised]], meaning each diocesan bishop is autonomous and is related but not accountable to the [[Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops]] (CCCB).<ref>{{Cite news|agency=The Canadian Press and News Staff|date=4 June 2021|title=Trudeau calls on Catholic Church to take responsibility for role in residential school system|work=CityNews Toronto|url=https://toronto.citynews.ca/2021/06/04/trudeau-calls-on-catholic-church-to-take-responsibility-for-role-in-residential-school-system/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2 November 2005|title=Catholic groups offer $29M to settle lawsuits|publisher=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/catholic-groups-offer-29m-to-settle-lawsuits-1.538960}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nishnawbe Aski Nation|date=2013|title=Church Apologies|url=http://rschools.nan.on.ca/upload/documents/section-5/church-apologies.pdf|url-status=live|website=Nishnawbe Aski Nation Residential Schools|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419174552/http://rschools.nan.on.ca/upload/documents/section-5/church-apologies.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2017 }}</ref> According to the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops, Canada is divided in four Episcopal assemblies: the [[Atlantic Episcopal Assembly]], the [[Assemblée des évêques catholiques du Québec]], the [[Assembly of Catholic Bishops of Ontario]] and the [[Assembly of Western Catholic Bishops]].<ref name="Dioceses of Canada - Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops">{{cite web|url=http://www.cccb.ca/site/directory/map/en/dioceses_LR.php|title=Dioceses of Canada – Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops|publisher=cccb.ca|access-date=2018-05-15|archive-date=5 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805001844/http://www.cccb.ca/site/directory/map/en/dioceses_LR.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Pope]] is represented in Canada by the [[Apostolic Nunciature to Canada]] ([[Ottawa]]).<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://nuntiatura.ca/fr/ | title=Nonciature Apostolique Au Canada}}</ref>
[[File:Roman Catholic Diocese of Prince Albert in Canada.jpg|thumb|325px|[[Diocese]] of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Prince-Albert|Prince-Albert]].]]
[[File:Roman Catholic Diocese of London in Canada.jpg|thumb|325px|[[Diocese]] of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of London|London]].]]
[[File:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec in Canada.jpg|thumb|325px|[[Archdiocese]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec|Québec]].]]
[[File:Coat of Arms of the Roman Catholic Military Ordinariate of Canada.svg|thumb|[[Military Ordinariate of Canada]]]]

Within Canada, the Latin hierarchy consists of:
*'''Archdiocese'''
**Diocese
{{col-begin|width=auto}}
{{col-break}}
*'''[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Edmonton|Edmonton]]'''
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Calgary|Calgary]]
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Paul, Alberta|Saint Paul]]
*'''[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gatineau|Gatineau]]'''
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Amos|Amos]]
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mont-Laurier|Mont-Laurier]]
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Rouyn-Noranda|Rouyn-Noranda]]
*'''[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Grouard-McLennan|Grouard-McLennan]]'''
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith|Mackenzie-Fort Smith]]
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Whitehorse|Whitehorse]]
*'''[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Halifax-Yarmouth|Halifax-Yarmouth]]'''
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Antigonish|Antigonish]]
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Charlottetown|Charlottetown]]
*'''[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Keewatin-Le Pas|Keewatin-Le-Pas]]'''
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Churchill-Baie d'Hudson|Churchill-Baie d'Hudson]]
*'''[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kingston in Canada|Kingston]]'''
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Peterborough|Peterborough]]
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sault Sainte Marie, Ontario|Sault Sainte Marie]]
*'''[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Moncton|Moncton]]'''
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bathurst (Canada)|Bathurst]] 
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Edmundston|Edmundston]]
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]]
*'''[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montreal|Montréal]]'''
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Joliette|Joliette]]
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Jean-Longueuil|Saint-Jean-Longueuil]]
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Jérôme|Saint-Jérôme]]
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Valleyfield|Valleyfield]]
*'''[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ottawa|Ottawa-Cornwall]]'''
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Hearst–Moosonee|Hearst–Moosonee]]
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pembroke|Pembroke]]
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Timmins|Timmins]]
*'''[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec|Québec]]'''
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chicoutimi|Chicoutimi]]
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière|Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière]]
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Trois-Rivières|Trois-Rivières]]
*'''[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Regina|Regina]]'''
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Prince-Albert|Prince-Albert]]
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Saskatoon|Saskatoon]]
*'''[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rimouski|Rimouski]]'''
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Baie-Comeau|Baie-Comeau]]
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Gaspé|Gaspé]]
*'''[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint-Boniface|Saint-Boniface]]'''
*'''[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. John's, Newfoundland|St. John's]]'''
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Grand Falls|Grand Falls]]
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Corner Brook and Labrador|Corner Brook and Labrador]]
*'''[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sherbrooke|Sherbrooke]]'''
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Nicolet|Nicolet]]
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Hyacinthe|Saint-Hyacinthe]]
*'''[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toronto|Toronto]]'''
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]]
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of London|London]]
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Catharines|Saint Catharines]]
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Thunder Bay|Thunder Bay]]
*'''[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vancouver|Vancouver]]'''
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kamloops|Kamloops]]
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Nelson|Nelson]]
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Prince George|Prince George]]
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Victoria in Canada|Victoria]]
*'''[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Winnipeg|Winnipeg]]''' (not Metropolitan)
{{col-end}}

There is a [[Military Ordinariate of Canada]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.rcmilord.com/index.html?lang=en | title=Home – Roman Catholic Military Ordinariate of Canada}}</ref> for Canadian military personnel.

The Anglican use of the Latin Church is served from the United States, based in [[Houston|Houston, Texas]], by the [[Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter]].

One former Canadian bishopric, the francophone [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Gravelbourg|Diocese of Gravelbourg]] in Saskatchewan, has since its suppression in 1998 become a titular episcopal see, which may be bestowed on any Latin bishop without proper diocese, working in the Roman Curia or anywhere in the world.

=== Eastern dioceses ===
There is a [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian Greek Catholic]] ([[Byzantine Rite]]) province, headed by the Metropolitan [[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Winnipeg|Archeparchy of Winnipeg]], which has four suffragan [[Eparchy|eparchies]] (dioceses):
* [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Edmonton]]
* [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of New Westminster]]
* [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saskatoon]]
* [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Toronto and Eastern Canada]] in Toronto.
Coptic Catholic Churches in Canada 
1) Notre dame D'Egypt in Laval- Quebec 
2)Holy family Coptic Catholic church in Toronto – Ontario

There are five other [[eparchy|eparchies]] and an [[exarch]]ate in Canada:
* also [[Byzantine rite]]:
** [[Melkite Catholic Eparchy of Saint-Sauveur de Montréal|Melkite Eparchy of Saint-Sauveur de Montréal]], immediately subject to the [[Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch|Melkite Patriarch of Antioch]]
** [[Romanian Catholic Eparchy of St George's in Canton]], a [[Romanian Greek Catholic Church]] Eparchy covering all of North America (including Canada), with cathedral see in [[Canton, Ohio]]
** [[Exarchate of Saints Cyril and Methodius of Toronto|Slovak Exarchate of Saints Cyril and Methodius of Toronto]], [[Slovak Greek Catholic Church]] jurisdiction under the [[Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church]]'s North American province, the [[Byzantine Catholic Metropolitan Church of Pittsburgh]]
* [[Antiochian Rite]]: [[Eparchy of Saint Maron of Montreal|Maronite Eparchy of Saint-Maron de Montréal]], immediately subject to the [[Maronite Patriarch of Antioch]]
* [[Chaldean Rite]]: [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Mar Addai of Toronto]], directly dependent on the [[Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Baghdad|Chaldean Patriarch of Baghdad]]
* [[Syrian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate for Canada]] (immediately [[Exemption (Catholic canon law)|exempt]] to the Holy See)
* [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Mississauga]] (immediately [[Exemption (Catholic canon law)|exempt]] to the Holy See)
A few Eastern particular church communities are pastorally served from the United States:
* [[Armenian Rite]]: [[Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Nareg in New York]], directly subject to the [[Patriarchate of Cilicia|Patriarch of Cilicia]]

== See also ==
* [[Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops]]
* [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases in Canada]]
* [[Catholic sisters and nuns in Canada]]
* [[Catholic Press Association]] of the United States and Canada
* [[List of Catholic dioceses in Canada]]
* [[List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)]]
* [[List of Canadian Catholic saints]]
* [[List of Indian residential schools in Canada]]
* [[Indian Mass]]
* [[Protestantism in Canada]]
* [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. John's, Newfoundland]]
* [[Sexual abuse cases in the Congregation of Christian Brothers]]

== Further reading ==
* Bramadat, Paul, and David Seljak, eds. ''Christianity and Ethnicity in Canada'' (2008)
* Clarke, Brian P. ''Piety and Nationalism: Lay Voluntary Associations and the Creation of an Irish catholic Community in Toronto, 1850–1895'' (McGill-Queen's University Press, 1993)
* Fay, Terence J.  ''A History of Canadian Catholics: Gallicanism, Romanism, and Canadianism'' (2002) [https://www.amazon.com/History-Canadian-Catholics-Gallicanism-McGill-Queens/dp/0773523138/  excerpt and text search]
* Gardaz, Michel. "Religious studies in Francophone Canada." ''Religion'' 41#1 (https://globalnews.ca/news/544459/statscan-roman-catholics-remains-single-largest-christian-religious-group-in-canada/1): 53–70.
* Huel, Raymond. ''Archbishop A-A Tache of St. Boniface: The "Good Fight" and the Illusive Vision'' (University of Alberta Press, 2003).
* Jaenen, Cornelius J. ''The Role of the Church in New France'' (McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1976)
* Johnston, Angus Anthony. ''A History of the Catholic Church in Eastern Nova Scotia; Volume I: 1611- 1827'' (1960)
* Johnston, A.B.J. ''Life and Religion at Louisbourg, 1713–1758'' (MGill-Queen's University Press, 1996)
* Lahey, Raymond J. ''The First Thousand Years: A Brief History of the Catholic Church in Canada'' (2002)
* Laverdure, Paul. "Achille Delaere and the Origins of the Ukrainian Catholic Church in Western Canada." ''Historical Papers'' (2004). [http://historicalpapers.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/historicalpapers/article/viewFile/39274/35608 online]
* McGowan, Mark. ''Michael Power: The Struggle to Build the Catholic Church on the Canadian Frontier'' (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2005)
* McGowan, Mark G. ""Pregnant with Perils": Canadian Catholicism and Its Relation to the Catholic Churches of Newfoundland, 1840–1949." ''Newfoundland and Labrador Studies'' 28.2 (2013). [http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/nflds/article/view/21498/24985 online]
* McGowan, Mark G. "Rendering Unto Caesar: Catholics, the State, and the Idea of a Christian Canada." ''Historical Papers'' (2011). [http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/historicalpapers/article/download/39087/35452 online]
* McGowan, Mark George and Brian P. Clarke, eds. ''Catholics at the Gathering Place: Historical Essays on the Archdiocese of Toronto, 1841–1991'' (Dundurn, 1993)
* McGowan, Mark George. "Rethinking Catholic-Protestant Relations in Canada: The Episcopal Reports of 1900–1901." ''Canadian Catholic Historical Assoc.,'' (1992) [http://www.cchahistory.ca/journal/CCHA1992/McGowan.pdf online]
* McGowan, Mark G. "A Short History of Catholic Schools in Ontario." [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304141235/http://www.ocsta.on.ca/ocsta/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/A-Short-History-of-Catholic-Schools-in-Ontario-Mark-McGowan.pdf online]
* McGowan, Mark G. "Rendering Unto Caesar: Catholics, the State, and the Idea of a Christian Canada." ''Historical Papers'' (2011).  [http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/historicalpapers/article/download/39087/35452 online]
* McGowan, Mark G. "The Maritimes Region and the Building of a Canadian Church: The Case of the Diocese of Antigonish after confederation." ''Canadian Catholic Historical Association'' (2004): 46–67. [http://umanitoba.ca/colleges/st_pauls/ccha/Back%20Issues/CCHA2004/McGowan.pdf online]
* Morice, A G. ''History of the Catholic Church in Western Canada: From Lake Superior to the Pacific (1659–1895)'' (2 vol; reprint Nabu Press, 2010)
* Murphy, Terrence, and Gerald Stortz, eds, ''Creed and Culture: The Place of English-Speaking Catholics in Canadian Society, 1750 – 1930'' (1993), articles by scholars
* Pearson, Timothy G. ''Becoming Holy in Early Canada'' (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2014.)
* Perin, Roberto. ''Rome in Canada: the Vatican and Canadian affairs in the late Victorian age'' (U of Toronto Press, 1990)
* Trofimenkoff, Susan Mann. ''The Dream of Nation: A Social and Intellectual History of Quebec'' (1982). passim, esp pp 115–31

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.cccb.ca/site/eng Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops]
*[http://www.liberte-religieuse.org/canada/ Observatory of religious freedom – Presentation of the religious situation in Canada]
*[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/catholicism Catholicsm], [[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]
*[http://www.occb.on.ca/ Assembly of Catholic Bishops of Ontario]
*[http://www.eveques.qc.ca/ Assembly of Catholic Bishops of Quebec]
*[http://www.rcmilord.com/index.html?lang=en Military Ordinariate of Canada]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/country/CA.htm GigaCatholic]
*[http://www.nuntiatura.ca Apostolic Nunciature in Canada]

{{Commons}}
{{R-C provinces in Canada}}
{{Basilicas in Canada}}
{{North America in topic|Catholic Church in|groupstyle=background-color:gold|titlestyle=background-color:gold}}
{{Christianity in Canada}}

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[[Category:Catholic Church in Canada| ]]
[[Category:Catholic Church by country|Canada]]