View source for Concordat

{{short description|Agreement or treaty between the Holy See of the Catholic Church and a sovereign state}}
{{about|agreements involving the Holy See}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Politics of the Holy See}}
A '''concordat''' ({{IPA|fr|kɔ̃kɔʁda}}) is a convention between the [[Holy See]] and a [[sovereign state]] that defines the relationship between the [[Catholic Church]] and the state in matters that concern both,<ref name=Metz137>René Metz, ''What is Canon Law?'' (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1960 [1st Edition]), pg. 137</ref> i.e. the recognition and privileges of the Catholic Church in a particular country and with secular matters that affect church interests.

According to P. W. Brown the use of the term "concordat" does not appear "until the pontificate of [[Pope Martin V]] (1413–1431) in a work by [[Nicholas of Cusa|Nicholas de Cusa]], entitled ''De Concordantia Catholica''".<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=25011853|title=The Pactum Callixtinum: An Innovation in Papal Diplomacy|first=P. W.|last=Browne|date=4 May 2018|journal=The Catholic Historical Review|volume=8|issue=2|pages=180–190}}</ref> The first concordat dates from 1098, and from then to the beginning of the [[World War I|First World War]] the Holy See signed 74 concordats.<ref name=Metz137/> Due to the substantial remapping of Europe that took place after the war, new concordats with [[succession of states|legal successor states]] were necessary.<ref name=Metz137/> The post-World War I era saw the greatest proliferation of concordats in history.<ref name=Metz137/>

Although for a time after the [[Second Vatican Council]], which ended in 1965, the term 'concordat' was dropped, it reappeared with the Polish [[Concordat of 1993]] and the Portuguese [[Concordat of 2004]]. A different mode of relations between the Vatican and various states is still evolving,<ref>See, for example, Petkoff 2007.</ref> often contentiously, in the wake of a growing secularism and religious pluralism in the western world.

==Church teaching ==

The Catholic Church historically claimed not to be bound to one form of government over another, but was willing to work with any kind of government, so long as the rights of God and believers were maintained. Pius XI wrote in 1933: <blockquote>Universally known is the fact that the Catholic Church is never bound to one form of government more than to another, provided the Divine rights of God and of Christian consciences are safe. She does not find any difficulty in adapting herself to various civil institutions, be they monarchic or republican, aristocratic or democratic.<ref>Pius XI, [[Dilectissima Nobis]] 1933</ref></blockquote>

==Church–state dichotomy ==
{{more citations needed|date=October 2012}}
From a church–state perspective, the contentions regarding concordats involves two perspectives.

From a Catholic perspective, the Church has the moral and theological right to enter into diplomatic relations with states in order to reach agreements regarding the care of its members residing there. This is the concept of ''[[Libertas ecclesiae]]'' (freedom of the Church).

From a non-Catholic perspective, concordats may pose certain concerns such as:
* concordats may not be "the same as treaties" because they are entered into by an entity that is both religious and political in nature, viz., the Catholic Church, with exception to states which are expressly atheist or are identified as choosing anti-religious views, whereas any other treaty is regularly between two sovereign entities on a horizontal level, i.e., purely political in nature,<ref>Robert A. Graham, "Introduction: Reflections on Vatican Diplomacy", in Kent and Pollard, eds., ''Papal Diplomacy'', 1, 2</ref> and
* depending on the negotiations agreed upon in the concordat, non-Catholic religious groups face the threat of being marginalized. For example, in Spain, although the Constitution guarantees religious freedom, the Catholic Church is mentioned by name, and in practice holds a pre-eminent position among other religious groups.<ref>Andrea Bonime-Blanc, ''Spain's Transition to Democracy: The Politics of Constitution-making'' (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, Inc., 1987), 104.</ref> In recent years, debate has occurred regarding whether the Spanish government should maintain a concordat with the Vatican.<ref>Maria Elena Olmos Ortega, "Los Acuerdos con la Santa Sede: Instrumentos Garantes de la Libertad Religiosa", in Maria del Mar Martin, Mercedes Salido, Jose Maria Vazquez Garcia-Penuela, eds., ''Iglesia Catolica y Relaciones Internacionales: Actas del III Simposio Internacional de Derecho Concordatorio'' (Granada: Editorial Comares, 2008), 489–502.</ref>

Due to these concerns, the [[United States]] did not establish diplomatic ties to [[Vatican City|the Vatican]] until the [[Ronald Reagan]] [[Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration|administration]] in 1984; and, to this day, the United States does not have a concordat with the Vatican, despite the two having a mutual "compromise" in terms of relationship.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bettwy |first1=Samuel M. |date=Summer 1984 |title=United States - Vatican Recognition: Background and Issues |url=https://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=2193&context=tcl |journal=The Catholic Lawyer |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=265 |doi= |access-date=6 July 2022}}</ref>

{{Quote box
 |quote  = "Although the United States will probably not go so far as some nations have by concluding a concordat with the Vatican, it will, in effect, further the religious purposes of the Vatican. Otherwise, the Vatican would have no interest in establishing diplomatic relations with the United States. Perhaps it is accurate to characterize the exchange of embassies as a compromise - meaning, the United States is willing to further the religious purposes of the Vatican, if the Vatican is willing to further the foreign policy objectives of the United States."
 |author = Samuel W. Bettwy
 |source = "United States - Vatican Recognition: Background and Issues" (1984), p. 257-258
 |width  = 50%
 |align  = center
}}

==Examples of concordats==
[[File:Gérard - Signature du Concordat entre la France et le Saint-Siège, le 15 juillet 1801.jpg|thumb|The Signing of the Concordat between France and the Holy See, 15 July 1801. Artist: [[François Gérard]], (1770-1837). Musée National du Château de Versailles, Versailles]]
* The [[Concordat of 1801]] was an agreement between [[Napoleon]] and [[Pope Pius VII]]. During the French Revolution, the [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]] had taken Church properties and issued the [[Civil Constitution of the Clergy]]. Subsequent laws abolished Christian holidays.<ref name="georgetown2">{{cite web |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=6 February 2011}} See drop-down essay on "Religion and Politics until the French Revolution"</ref> Many religious leaders had either gone into exile or been executed during the [[Reign of Terror]]. The Church gave up any claims to lands confiscated after 1790, but secured the right to public worship, subject to any public safety concerns on the part of the local prefect. Napoleon was able to pacify French Catholics, while limiting the papacy's influence in France. While the concordat restored some ties to the [[papacy]], it largely favored the state.<ref name=Vilmer>{{cite journal|first1=Jean-Baptiste Jeangène|last1=Vilmer |title=Commentaire du Concordat de 1801 entre la France et le Saint-Siège |journal=Revue d'Histoire Ecclésiastique |date=2007 |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=124–154 |url=http://www.jbjv.com/Commentaire-du-Concordat-de-1801.html |trans-title=Comment on the Concordat of 1801 between France and the Holy See |language=fr|doi=10.1484/J.RHE.3.141 }}</ref> Within a year Napoleon unilaterally amended the agreement with the [[Organic Articles]] legislating religious practice.

Some concordats guarantee the Catholic Church the tax-exempt status of a charity, being by fact the largest charitable institution in the world, either stating this explicitly, as in Brazil (2008, Article 15)<ref name="twelve">{{cite web |title=Brazil {{!}} Concordat: text (2008) |url=http://www.concordatwatch.eu/showtopic.php?org_id=15311&kb_header_id=37261 |website=Concordat Watch |access-date=2018-09-18|translator-first=Daniel|translator-last=Sottomaior}}</ref> and Italy (1984, Article 7.3),<ref name="fifty">{{cite web|url=http://www.concordatwatch.eu/showtopic.php?org_id=878&kb_header_id=39221|title=Concordat Watch - Italy - Modifications to the Lateran Concordat (1984): text|website=www.concordatwatch.eu|access-date=4 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108222655/http://www.concordatwatch.eu/showtopic.php?org_id=878&kb_header_id=39221|archive-date=8 November 2017}}</ref> or phrasing it indirectly, as in Portugal (2004, art. 12).<ref name="fiftyone">{{cite web|url=http://www.concordatwatch.eu/showtopic.php?org_id=1361&kb_header_id=4131|title=Concordat Watch - Portugal - Concordat (2004): text|website=www.concordatwatch.eu|access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref>
{{Papal primacy and infallibility|expanded=political}}

When the political will is present, such concordat privileges can be extended by domestic legislation. In 1992, the tax exemption granted the Church by the Italian concordat was interpreted by a law which permits the Catholic Church to avoid paying 90% of what it owes to the state for its commercial activities.<ref name="fiftytwo">{{cite web |last1=Maltese |first1=Curzio |translator-first=Graeme A.|translator-last= Hunter|title=Property tax relief for the Church: EU takes Italy to Court |url=http://www.concordatwatch.eu/showdoc.php?org_id=843&doc_id=1741 |website=Concordat Watch|access-date=2018-09-18 |date=25 June 2007}}</ref> Thus, a small shrine within the walls of a cinema, holiday resort, shop, restaurant or hotel is sufficient to confer religious exemption.<ref name="fiftythree">[http://www.concordatwatch.eu/showdoc.php?org_id=843&doc_id=1761 "Gli alberghi dei santi alla crociata dell'Ici"] ("Tax crusade marches on the holy hotels"), Curzio Maltese, La Repubblica, 25 October 2007.</ref> In June 2007 [[Neelie Kroes]], the [[European Commissioner for Competition]] announced an investigation of this. Then, in August, the deputy finance minister in [[Romano Prodi]]'s fragile center-left coalition said the issue needed to be tackled in the next year's budget.<ref name="fiftyfour">{{cite news |last1=Hooper |first1=John |title=Church ready to forgo tax breaks |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/aug/28/italy.johnhooper |access-date=2018-09-18 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=28 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306160110/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/aug/28/italy.johnhooper |archive-date=2016-03-06}}</ref> However, after that nothing more about this was heard from the [[Barroso Commission]] and a few months later the Prodi government fell.{{cn|date=April 2022}}

The Slovak concordat (2000, art. 20.2) ensures that church offertories are "not subject to taxation or to the requirement of public accountability".<ref name="fortythree">{{cite web |title=Texts of Slovak concordats and other Church-state documents. Basic Concordat (2000) |url=http://www.concordatwatch.eu/kb-1222.834 |translator-first=David |translator-last=Holohan|website=Concordat Watch |access-date=2018-09-18}}</ref>

This is also the case in [[Côte d'Ivoire]], where far larger sums are involved. [[Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro|The Basilica at Yamoussoukro]], is estimated to have cost $300 million, and the additional running expenses for what is the largest church in the world are also shielded from scrutiny by the 1992 concordat concluded with the Ivorian president. Houphouët-Boigny claimed that these funds came from his private fortune. A Vatican official is reported to have called the agreement over the foundation set up to administer these funds "a delicate matter".<ref name="fiftysix">{{cite magazine |first=Richard N. |last=Ostling |author-link=Richard N. Ostling |date=June 24, 2001 |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,152145,00.html |title=The Basilica in the Bush |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> Nevertheless, this concordat ensures that the foundation's income and assets remain untaxed (art. 9.1), it holds these funds beyond the reach of both criminal and civil law (art. 7.1), it permits this money to be sent out of the country (art. 13.2) and it keeps all the foundation's documents "inviolable", in other words, secret (art. 8).<ref name="twentyseven">{{cite web|url=http://www.concordatwatch.eu/showtopic.php?org_id=7181&kb_header_id=41031|title=Côte d'Ivoire - Agreement concerning the "International Foundation, Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro" (1992): text|translator-first=Muriel|translator-last=Fraser|website=Concordat Watch|access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref>

In [[Colombia]] there was a crisis between state and church in 1994 when Attorney-General [[Gustavo de Greiff#Problems with the Church|Gustavo de Greiff]] accused several bishops of having illegal contacts with the [[FARC]] guerrillas. It turned out that under Colombia's concordat with the Holy See, members of the [[privilegium fori|clergy could only be investigated by ecclesiastical courts]] which are ruled by [[canon law (Catholic Church)|canon law]], and that the bishops were therefore immune from investigation by the civil authorities on what many in Colombia considered to be a serious felony.{{cn|date=April 2022}}

==List==
{{Further information|Treaties of the Holy See|Holy See and the United Nations#Multilateral treaties|Concordats with individual states of Germany}}

There have been at least several hundred concordats over the centuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.concordatwatch.eu/showtopic.php?org_id=871&kb_header_id=822|title=Concordat Watch - Concordat Strategy - What are Concordats?|website=www.concordatwatch.eu|access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref><!---a very negative view of Catholics and therefore more believable. Still would be better to have an npov citation with better statistics-->
The following is a sortable list of the concordats and other bilateral agreements concluded by the Holy See.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! Treaty 
! Contracting party
! Date of conclusion
!Date of entering into force
|- 
| [[Concordat of London|1107 Concordat of London]] with [[Henry I of England|Henry I]] of || {{flag|England}} || 1 Aug 1107 ||
|- 
|1122 [[Concordat of Worms]] between [[Pope Calixtus II]] and [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry V]] of the || {{flag|Holy Roman Empire|1200}} || 23 Sep 1122 ||
|- 
|[[Concordat of 1161|1161 Concordat]] between [[Pope Alexander III]] and [[Géza II of Hungary|Géza II]] of || {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|1046}} || 1161 ||
|- 
|[[Concordat of 1169|1169 Concordat]] between [[Pope Alexander III]] and [[Stephen III of Hungary|Stephen III]] of || {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|1046}} || 1169 ||
|- 
|1210 [[Parliament of Ravennika (1210)|Parliament of Ravennika]] between [[Pope Innocent III]] and the princes of || [[Frankish Greece]]|| May 1210 ||
|- 
|1277 Concordat of Tonsberg between [[Jon Raude]], Archbishop of Nidaros and [[Magnus VI]] of || {{flag|Norway|old kingdom}} || 1277 ||
|-
|1289 [[Concordat of the Forty Articles]] || {{flag|Portugal|1248}} || 7 March 1289 ||
|-
|1418 [[Concordats of Constance]] || {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|Crown of Aragon}}, {{flagdeco|Crown of Castile}} [[Crown of Castile|Castile]],}}<br />{{nowrap|{{flag|England}}, {{flagcountry|Kingdom of France|valois}},}}<br />{{nowrap|{{flag|Holy Roman Empire|old}},}}<br />{{nowrap|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Naples|1282}}, {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Navarre}},}}<br />{{nowrap|{{flag|Portugal|1385}}, {{flag|Scotland}},}}<br />{{nowrap|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Sicily}}, {{flagcountry|Republic of Venice|early}}}} || || 21 March 1418
|-
|1426 Concordat between [[Pope Martin V]] and [[Charles VII of France|Charles VII]] of || {{flagcountry|Kingdom of France|valois}} || 1426 ||
|- 
| [[Fürsten Konkordat]] between [[Pope Eugenius IV]] and the Princes Electors of the || {{flag|Holy Roman Empire|old}} || Jan 1447 ||
|- 
| 1516 [[Concordat of Bologna]] between [[Pope Leo X]] and King [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] of || {{flagcountry|Kingdom of France|valois}} || Sep 1516 ||
|- 
| 1610 [[Concordat of Mi'kmaw]] between [[Pope Paul V]] and Grand Chief [[Henri Membertou]] of || {{flagicon image|Mikmaq State Flag.svg}} [[Mi'kmaq|Mi'kmaw]] Nation || 1610<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca/jwelcher/MIK%2010%20Class%20Notes/1_concordat.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707120724/http://hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca/jwelcher/MIK%2010%20Class%20Notes/1_concordat.pdf |archive-date=7 July 2015 }}</ref> ||
|- 
| 1753 [[Concordat of Bologna]] between [[Pope Benedict XIV]] and King [[Ferdinand VI]] of || {{flag|Spain|1701}} || 1753 ||
|- 
| [[Concordat of 1801|1801 Concordat]] between [[Pope Pius VII]] and [[Napoleon I of France|Napoléon]] of || {{flag|France|1794}} ||15 July 1801 ||
|- 
| 1803 Concordat between [[Pope Pius VII]] and || {{flagcountry|Italian Republic|1803}} ||16 September 1803<ref>Fredrik Nielsen, ''The History of the Papacy in the XIXth Century'' (London, 1906), p. 261</ref> || 2 November 1803
|- 
| 1813 [[Concordat of Fontainebleau]] between [[Pope Pius VII]] and [[Napoleon I of France|Napoléon]] of || {{flag|France|1794}} ||25 Jan. 1813 ||
|- 
| 1817 Concordat between the Holy See and || {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bavaria}} ||5 Jun 1817||
|- 
| [[Concordat of 11 June 1817|1817 Concordat]] between the Holy See and King [[Louis XVIII]] of || {{flag|France|1814}} ||11 Jun 1817||
|- 
| 1827 Concordat between the Holy See and the || {{flag|Netherlands}} ||16 Sep. 1827||
|- 
| [[1847 Agreement between the Holy See and Russia|1847 Concordat]] between the Holy See and || {{flagcountry|Russian Empire}} || 3 Aug 1847 ||
|- 
| [[Concordat of 1851|1851 Concordat]]<ref>[http://www.concordatwatch.eu/showtopic.php?org_id=845&kb_header_id=34541 Concordat of 1851], {{in lang|en}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2012}} between the Holy See and || {{flag|Spain|1785}}  || 16 Mar 1851 ||  11 May 1851
|- 
| [[Concordat of 1852|1852 Concordat]] between the Holy See and || {{flag|Costa Rica|1848}}  || 7 Oct 1852 ||  Dec 1852
|- 
| [[Concordat of 1854|1854 Concordat]] between the Holy See and || {{flag|Guatemala|1851}}  || 1852 ||  1854
|- 
| [[Concordat of 1855|1855 Concordat]] between the Holy See and || {{flag|Austria|empire}} || 18 Aug 1855 ||
|- 
| [[Concordat of 1862|1862 Concordat]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kuhn|first1=Gary G.|title=Church and State Conflict in El Salvador as a Cause of the Central American War of 1863|journal=Journal of Church and State|volume=27|issue=3|date=1985|pages=460–461 |doi=10.1093/jcs/27.3.455 |jstor=23916318}}</ref> between the Holy See and || {{flag|El Salvador|1839}} || Apr 1862 ||
|- 
| 1882 Concordat between the Holy See and || {{flag|Russia|1858}} || 23 Dec. 1882 ||
|- 
| 1886 Concordat between the Holy See and || {{flag|Portugal|1830}} || 23 June 1886 ||
|- 
| 1886 Concordat between the Holy See and || {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Montenegro}} || 18 Aug. 1886 ||
|- 
|[[Concordat of 1887 (Colombia)|1887 Concordat]] between the Holy See and || {{flag|Colombia}} || 1887 ||
|- 
| [[Concordat of 1914|1914 Concordat]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://licodu.cois.it/?p=4105&lang=en|title=Concordat between the Holy See and the Realm of Serbia in 1914 (between Pius X and Peter I) - Licodu|website=licodu.cois.it|access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref> between the Holy See and || {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Serbia}} || 24 June 1914 || 20 March 1915<ref>{{cite journal|title=Le Concordat de la Serbie avec le Saint-Siège (juin 1914-mars 1915)|first=Sévérien|last=Salaville|date=4 May 2018|journal=Échos d'Orient|volume=17|issue=108|pages=459–468|doi=10.3406/rebyz.1915.4174}}</ref>
|- 
| [[Concordat of 1922|1922 Concordat]] between the Holy See and || {{flag|Latvia}} || 30 May 1922<ref name=Metz138>René Metz, "What is Canon Law?" (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1960 [1st Edition]), pg. 138</ref> || 3 Nov 1922
|- 
| [[Concordat of 1925|1925 Concordat]] between the Holy See and || {{flag|Poland|1919}} || 10 Feb 1925<ref name=Metz138/> || 2 Jul 1925
|- 
| 1927 Concordat between the Holy See and || {{flag|Romania}} || 10 May 1927 || 29 May 1929<ref>{{cite book| title=Integrating Minorities: Traditional Communities and Modernization |chapter=The Roman-Catholic Church and Its Influence on the Moldavian Csángó Identity in Greater Romania |first=Agnieszka |last=Barszczewska |editor-first=Agnieszka |editor-last=Barszczewska |editor-first2=Lehel |editor-last2=Peti |publisher=The Romanian Institute for Research on National Minorities |year=2001 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztgwoGq1OYQC&pg=PA232 |page=232 |isbn=978-606-92744-9-1}}</ref>
|-
| 1927 Concordat between the Holy See and || {{flag|Lithuania|1918}} || 27 Sep 1927<ref>{{cite book| first=Alfonsas |last=Eidintas |year=2015 | title=Antanas Smetona and His Lithuania: From the National Liberation Movement to an Authoritarian Regime (1893-1940) |translator=[[Alfred Erich Senn]] |publisher=Brill Rodopi |series=On the Boundary of Two Worlds |isbn=9789004302037 |page=193 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PaGXCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA193 }}</ref> ||
|- 
| [[Concordat of 1928|1928 Concordat]] between the Holy See and || {{flag|Colombia}} || 5 May 1928 ||
|- 
| 1929 [[Lateran Treaty]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/dam/vaticanstate/documenti/leggi-e-decreti/Normative-Penali-e-Amministrative/LateranTreaty.pdf|title=For the text of the Lateran Treaty see|website=vaticanstate.va|access-date=4 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010175158/http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/dam/vaticanstate/documenti/leggi-e-decreti/Normative-Penali-e-Amministrative/LateranTreaty.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> between the Holy See and || {{flag|Italy|1861}}  || 11 Feb 1929 || 7 Jun 1929
|- 
| 1929 [[Prussian Concordat]] between the Holy See and || {{flagicon|Prussia|1918}} [[Prussian Free State]] ||14 July 1929 ||
|- 
| [[Concordat of 1933|1933 Concordat]] between the [[Holy See]] and || {{flag|Austria}} || 5 June 1933||
|- 
| 1933 ''[[Reichskonkordat]]'' between the [[Holy See]] and || {{flagicon|Germany|1933}} [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] || 20 Jul 1933 ||
|- 
| [[Concordat of 1940|1940 Concordat]] between the Holy See and || {{flag|Portugal}}|| 7 May 1940 ||
|- 
| [[Concordat of 1953|1953 Concordat]]<ref>[http://www.concordatwatch.eu/showtopic.php?org_id=845&kb_header_id=34561 Concordat of 1953], {{in lang|en}}</ref><ref>[https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/archivio/documents/rc_seg-st_19530827_concordato-spagna_sp.html Concordato entre la Santa Sede y España] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222064530/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/archivio/documents/rc_seg-st_19530827_concordato-spagna_sp.html |date=22 February 2017 }}, [html], Vatican website; accessed 15 February 2017.</ref> between the Holy See and || {{flag|Spain|1945}} || 27 Aug 1953 ||  27 Oct 1953
|- 
| [[Concordat of 1954|1954 Concordat]]<ref>[http://www.concordatwatch.eu/topic-886.843 Concordat of 1954], {{in lang|en}}</ref><ref>[https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/archivio/documents/rc_seg-st_19540616_concordato-dominicana_sp.html Concordato entre la Santa Sede y la República Dominicana], [html], Vatican website; accessed 14 January 2020.</ref> between the Holy See and || {{flag|Dominican Republic}} || 16 June 1954 ||
|- 
| [[Concordat of 1993|1993 Concordat]] between the Holy See and || {{flag|Poland}} || 28 Jul 1993  || 25 Apr 1998
|- 
| 1993 [[Fundamental Agreement between the Holy See and the State of Israel|Fundamental Agreement]] between the Holy See and || {{flag|Israel}} || 30 Dec 1993  || 10 Mar 1994
|- 
| [[Treaties between the Republic of Croatia and the Holy See#First decade of Croatia's independence|1996 Agreements]] between the Holy See and || {{flag|Croatia}} || 18 Dec 1996<ref name="HS-CRO96.1"/><ref name="HS-CRO96.2"/><ref name="HS-CRO96.3"/> || 11<ref name="HS-CRO96.1">[http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/medunarodni/1997_02_2_10.html Odluka o proglašenju Zakona o potvrđivanju Ugovora između Svete Stolice i Republike Hrvatske o suradnji na području odgoja i kulture] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023350/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/medunarodni/1997_02_2_10.html |date=4 March 2016 }} {{in lang|hr}}</ref><ref name="HS-CRO96.2">[http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/medunarodni/1997_02_2_9.html Odluka o proglašenju Zakona o potvrđivanju Ugovora između Svete Stolice i Republike Hrvatske o dušobrižništvu katoličkih vjernika, pripadnika oružanih snaga i redarstvenih službi Republike Hrvatske] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607201034/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/medunarodni/1997_02_2_9.html |date=7 June 2015 }} {{in lang|hr}}</ref> and 25 Feb 1997<ref name="HS-CRO96.3">[http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/medunarodni/1997_02_3_19.html Odluka o proglašenju Zakona o potvrđivanju Ugovora između Svete Stolice i Republike Hrvatske o pravnim pitanjima] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510230941/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/medunarodni/1997_02_3_19.html |date=10 May 2015 }} {{in lang|hr}}</ref>
|- 
| 1997 Agreement between the Holy See and || {{flag|Hungary}} || 20 June 1997<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.concordatwatch.eu/topic-753.843|title=Concordat Watch - Hungary - Hungary-Vatican concordat on finance (1997): text|website=www.concordatwatch.eu|access-date=4 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410113800/http://www.concordatwatch.eu/topic-753.843|archive-date=10 April 2016}}</ref> || 3 April 1998
|- 
| 1997 Legal Personality Agreement<ref>Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, [http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1996-1997/Legal%20Personality%20Agreement-%20State%20of%20Israel-Holy Legal Personality Agreement] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010104648/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1996-1997/Legal%20Personality%20Agreement-%20State%20of%20Israel-Holy |date=10 October 2012 }}</ref> between the Holy See the State of || {{flag|Israel}} || 10 Nov 1997 ||
|- 
| [[Treaties between the Republic of Croatia and the Holy See#First decade of Croatia's independence|1998 Agreement]] between the Holy See and || {{flag|Croatia}} || 9 Oct 1998<ref name="HS-CRO98">[http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/medunarodni/1998_12_18_165.html Odluka o proglašenju Zakona o potvrđivanju Ugovora između Svete Stolice i Republike Hrvatske o gospodarskim pitanjima] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051433/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/medunarodni/1998_12_18_165.html |date=4 March 2016 }} {{in lang|hr}}</ref> || 30 Dec 1998<ref name="HS-CRO98"/>
|- 
| 2000 Basic Agreement<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/2000/documents/rc_seg-st_20000215_santa-sede-olp_en.html|title=Basic Agreement between the Holy See and the Palestine Liberation Organization|website=www.vatican.va|access-date=4 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017162834/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/2000/documents/rc_seg-st_20000215_santa-sede-olp_en.html|archive-date=17 October 2017}}</ref> between the Holy See and || {{flagcountry|State of Palestine}} || 15 February 2000 || 15 February 2000
|- 
| 2000 Agreement<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iuscangreg.it/conc/lettonia-2000.pdf|title=Agreement between the Holy See and the Republic of Latvia|website=www.iuscangreg.it|access-date=22 March 2023}}</ref> between the Holy See and || {{flagcountry|Latvia}} || 8 November 2000 || 25 October 2002
|- 
| [[Treaty of 2004|2004 Treaty]] between the Holy See and || {{flag|Slovakia}} || 13 May 2004 || 9 Jul 2004<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/|title=Open Society Foundations|website=Open Society Foundations|access-date=4 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20150316064043/https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org|archive-date=16 March 2015}}</ref>
|- 
| [[Concordat of 2004|2004 Concordat]] between the Holy See and || {{flag|Portugal}} || 18 May 2004 ||
|- 
| [[Concordat of 2004|2004 Concordat]] between the Holy See and || {{flag|Slovenia}} || 28 May 2004 ||
|- 
| Basic Agreement<ref>[https://archive.today/20240524170241/https://www.webcitation.org/5ko3Kw1dC?url=http://www.geocities.com/martinagar.geo/BosniaErzegovina.htm 2006 Basic Agreement]</ref> between the Holy See and || {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} ||19 Apr 2006  || 25 Oct 2007
|- 
|[[Concordat of 2008|2008 Concordat]] between the Holy See and || {{flag|Brazil}} || 13 Nov 2008 ||
|- 
| [[Concordat of 2009|2009 Concordat]] between the Holy See and || {{flag|Schleswig-Holstein}} || 12 Jan 2009 ||
|- 
| [[Comprehensive Agreement between the Holy See and the State of Palestine|2015 Comprehensive agreement]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bibliotecanonica.net/docsaq/btcaqf.pdf|title=2015 agreement between the Holy See and the State of Palestine|website=bibliotecanonica.net|access-date=4 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506161700/http://bibliotecanonica.net/docsaq/btcaqf.pdf|archive-date=6 May 2017}}</ref> between the Holy See and || {{flagcountry|State of Palestine}} || 26 Jun 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2015/06/26/holy_see,_state_of_palestine_sign_comprehensive_agreement/1154236|title=News from the Vatican - News about the Church - Vatican News|website=en.radiovaticana.va|access-date=4 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042703/http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2015/06/26/holy_see,_state_of_palestine_sign_comprehensive_agreement/1154236|archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> || 2 Jan 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2016/01/02/holy_see,_state_of_palestine_agreement_enters_into_force/1198477|title=News from the Vatican - News about the Church - Vatican News|website=en.radiovaticana.va|access-date=4 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040957/http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2016/01/02/holy_see,_state_of_palestine_agreement_enters_into_force/1198477|archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref>
|- 
| 2016 Framework agreement on matters of mutual interest between the Holy See and || {{flag|Democratic Republic of Congo}} || 20 May 2016 ||
|- 
| 2016 Framework agreement on matters of mutual interest between the Holy See and || {{flag|Central African Republic}} || 8 Sep 2016 ||
|- 
| 2016 Framework agreement regarding the legal status of the Catholic Church between the Holy See and || {{flag|Benin}} || 22 Oct 2016 ||

|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==

*Baker, Michael (2010). "Security and the sacred: examining Canada's legal response to the clash of public safety and religious freedom". ''Touro Law Center: International Law Review'', Vol. 13 (1). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100527144906/http://www.tourolaw.edu/ilr/articles/v13/Michael_Baker.pdf Available online].
*DiMarco, Erica (2009). "The tides of Vatican influence in Italian reproductive matters: from abortion to assisted reproduction". ''Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion'', Vol. 10 (2) Spring. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720041046/http://org.law.rutgers.edu/publications/law-religion/articles/A10S-1DiMarco.pdf Available online].
*Hosack, Kristen A. (2010). "Napoleon Bonaparte's Concordat and the French Revolution". ''Constructing the Past'', Vol. 11 (1), article 5. [http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/constructing/vol11/iss1/5/ Available online]
*Hughes, John Jay (1974). "The Reich Concordat 1933: Capitulation or Compromise?" ''Australian Journal of Politics & History'', 20 (2), pp.&nbsp;164–175.
*Metz, René, "What is Canon Law?" (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1960 [1st Edition])
*Petkoff, Peter (2007). "Legal perspectives and religious perspectives of religious rights under international law in the Vatican Concordats (1963–2004)". ''Law and Justice: The Christian Law Review'', 158, p.&nbsp;30- [http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/ljusclr158&div=7&id=&page= online (payment may be required)].
*Plichtová, Jana and Petrjánošová, Magda (2008). "Freedom of religion, institution of conscientious objection and political practice in post-communist Slovakia". ''Human Affairs'', 18 (1), June, pp.&nbsp;37–51. Available online [https://archive.today/20130128211233/http://versita.metapress.com/content/b6344h1183136422/ here].
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Concordat |volume=6 |pages=832–834 |short=1}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.concordatwatch.eu/showsite.php?org_id=843 Concordat Watch]

{{Foreign relations of the Holy See}}
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[[Category:History of the papacy]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of the Holy See]]
[[Category:Religion and politics]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Holy See|*]]
[[Category:Catholic canonical documents]]
[[Category:Sources of law]]
[[Category:Religious law]]