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Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip

Coordinates: 31°27′00″N 34°24′00″E / 31.45000°N 34.40000°E / 31.45000; 34.40000
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Bombing of Gaza
Part of Israel–Hamas war

El-Remal in Gaza City following an Israeli airstrike, 10 October 2023
Date7 October 2023 – present
Location
Gaza Strip, Palestine
31°27′00″N 34°24′00″E / 31.45000°N 34.40000°E / 31.45000; 34.40000
Belligerents
 Israel Hamas
Strength
  • No airforce
Casualties and losses
Up to 28,100 people killed[2]

The Bombing of Gaza is a months-long aerial bombardment campaign on the Gaza Strip by the Israel Air Force during the Israel-Hamas War. During the bombing, Israeli airstrikes targeted Palestinian mosques, schools, hospitals, refugee camps, and civilian infrastructure. The campaign was compared to other major historical bombing campaigns, including the bombings of Dresden and Tokyo during World War II.

Israel faced accusations of war crimes due to the large number of of civilian casualties and the large percentage of civilian infrastructure destroyed. In its defense, Israel stated that it utilized a wide-scale evacuation notification system, and claimed that its targets were used by Hamas. By December 2023, researchers at Oregon University and the Open University of Israel estimated that as much as 80 percent of buildings in the northern Gaza Strip had been damaged or destroyed.

Background

Israel's bombing campaign of the Gaza Strip began within hours of Hamas fighters and their allied militants entering into Israel.[3] In prior conflicts — such as the 2014 Gaza War — Israel damaged or destroyed tens of thousands of buildings.[4] Rebuilding costs in prior conflicts have estimated to range in the billions of dollars.[5] 67 Israeli soldiers, 5 Israeli civilians (including one child)[6]

The attacks

Medical facilities

Further information: Attacks on health facilities during the Israel–Hamas war

On 22 October, Israeli airplanes bombed the areas around the Al Shifa and Al Quds hospitals on a night described as the "bloodiest" of the conflict so far.[7][8] On 29 October, the IDF bombed the area around the Al-Quds hospital.[9] On 30 October, Israel bombed the Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital.[10] On 3 November, the Health Ministry stated 136 paramedics had been killed, and 25 ambulance vehicles had been destroyed.[11] On the same day, Israel bombed a medical convoy outside of al-Shifa hospital.[12] The IDF claimed the ambulance was being used by Hamas, leading Queen's University professor Ardi Imseis to state Israel needed to prove its claim.[13] On 6 November, at least eight people died in airstrikes on the Nasser Medical Complex.[14]

Places of worship

On 19 October, an Israeli airstrike hit the Church of Saint Porphyrius, where 500 people were sheltering.[15] On 8 November, Israel bombed and destroyed the Khalid bin al-Walid Mosque.[16]

Refugee camps

Main article: Refugee camp airstrikes in the Israel–Hamas war
Victim of Israeli airstrike in Jabalia.

On 23 October, airstrikes killed 436 people in the al-Shati camp and southern Khan Younis in just one night.[17][18] By 28 October, the Israeli Air Force bombed residential buildings in Jabalia refugee camp without any prior warning, killing an estimated 50 people per hour.[19] On 31 October, an airstrike on the Jabalia refugee camp was described as a "massive massacre."[20] On 13 November, an Israeli airstrike on the Jabalia refugee camp killed thirty people, with Gaza's civil defence team unable to rescue injured people from the rubble due to a lack of equipment.[21]

Schools

Main article: School airstrikes in the Israel–Hamas war

An airstrike at a UNRWA school killed at least six people.[22][23] On 18 October, the Ahmed Abdel Aziz School in Khan Yunis was hit.[24] On 3 November, the IDF bombed the Osama Ben Zaid school.[25][26] On 4 November, Israel bombed the al-Fakhoora School, killing at least fifteen people.[27] On 5 November, Israel bombed and destroyed Al-Azhar University.[28]

On 17 November, dozens were reported killed after an airstrike on al-Falah School in the Zeitoun neighborhood, south of Gaza City.[29] A strike on the Al-Fakhoora school reportedly killed at least 50.[30] Deaf, blind, and intellectually handicapped individuals were at particular risk of death by airstrikes.[31] On 13 December, a UNRWA school in Beit Hanoun was destroyed by an Israeli airstrike.[32]

Infrastructure

On 16 October, Israeli airstrikes destroyed a UNRWA humanitarian aid supply depot.[33][34] The same day, airstrikes destroyed the headquarters of the Palestinian Civil Defence, the agency responsible for emergency response services, including firefighting and search and rescue.[35] Journalists reported Israel was targeting solar panels and personal generators.[36] On 15 November, Gaza's last remaining flour mill was hit by an Israeli airstrike.[37]

On 12 November, Israel used earthquake bombs on an apartment complex in Khan Younis, killing at least thirteen people.[38] 26 people were killed in an airstrike of a residential building in southern Gaza on 18 November.[39] By 28 November, the UN estimated 60 percent of all housing in Gaza had been destroyed.[40] Numerous casualties were reported in an airstrike on a residential building near Nasser Medical Complex in Khan Younis, with hospital staff reporting having to bury 40 bodies on the hospital grounds.[41]

Safe zones

See also: Gaza Strip evacuations § Strikes on safe zones

On 17 October, Israel conducted intensive airstrikes in southern Gaza, in areas it told residents to seek refuge.[42] Israel "pounded" areas in south Gaza it had declared as "safe zones", raising fears amongst residents that nowhere was safe.[43] On 20 October, Israeli continued to bombard south Gaza, and IDF spokesman Nir Dinar said, "There are no safe zones".[44][45] Following Israel's evacuation orders for Palestinians to flee northern Gaza, the IDF intensified its attacks on southern Gaza.[46]

Analyses by CNN, The New York Times, and Sky News all found that Israel had bombed areas it had previously told civilians to evacuate to. The Sky News investigation also concluded that Israel's evacuation orders had been "chaotic and contradictory",[47] NYT found that Israel had dropped 2,000-pound bombs in those areas,[48] while CNN stated it had verified at least three locations Israel bombed after telling civilians it was safe to go there.[49]

On 5 January 2024, evacuees fleeing Israeli attacks in central Gaza stated the situation there was "hell on Earth."[50] One survivor of an Israeli airstrike wrote, "Even though that air strike did not kill us, it destroyed something inside us."[51] On 12 January, the UN Secretary-General for Human Rights stated that at least 319 internally displaced persons were killed and 1,135 injured by Israeli airstrikes while sheltering in UN shelters.[52]

Missing persons

On 15 October, more than 1,000 people were reported missing beneath rubble.[53] On 27 October, the World Health Organization stated more than 1,000 unidentified people were buried under rubble.[54] On 3 December, the Palestinian Civil Defence stated the situation "beyond dire" as the organization was unable to rescue many people buried under rubble.[55] Individuals were rescued by aid workers after reportedly surviving several days buried underneath rubble.[56]

Timeline

October 2023

  • 15 October: In the war's first week, Israel dropped more than 6,000 bombs on Gaza.[57]
  • 16 October: Airstrikes had killed 2,750 people, including more than 700 children, and wounded nearly 10,000.[58]
  • 18 October: The death toll in Gaza had risen to 3,478.[59]
  • 21 October: Israel intensified its airstrikes in advance of an expected ground invasion.[60][61]
  • 26 October: Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu stated Israel had "already eliminated thousands of terrorists – and this is only the beginning".[62]

November 2023

  • 20 November: Satellite imagery showed half of northern Gaza had been destroyed by Israeli airstrikes.[63]
  • 24 November: Israel intensified strikes across Gaza before the temporary November ceasefire.[64]
  • 26 November: Israel had dropped an estimated 40,000 tons of explosives on Gaza since the start of the war.[65]

December 2023

  • 1 December: In the hours following the end of the temporary truce between Israel and Hamas, 109 people were killed by Israeli airstrikes.[66]
  • 2 December: The IDF stated it had struck at least 400 locations in Gaza since the pause had ended, including 50 in Khan Younis in southern Gaza.[67]
  • 3 December: 700 were reported killed in the preceding twenty-four hours.[68]
  • 8 December: 350 people were killed in the preceding twenty-four hours.[69]
  • 9 December: the Palestinian Civil Defence stated it only had one operational rescue vehicle left in the entirety of northern Gaza.[70]

January 2024

  • 6 January: More than 85% of Palestinians in Gaza, or around 1.9 million people, were internally displaced.[71]
  • 14 January: Israel’s offensive had either damaged or destroyed 70–80% of all buildings in northern Gaza.[72][73]
  • 30 January: At least half of all buildings in the entirety of Gaza had been destroyed or damaged.[74]

February 2024

  • 1 February: The New York Times estimated that at least half of Gaza's buildings had been damaged or destroyed.[75]
  • 2 February: UNOSAT, the UN's satellite centre, found that 69,147 structures, or approximately 30 percent of Gaza's total buildings, had been damaged or destroyed by Israeli airstrikes, shelling, and demolitions.[76]
  • 6 February: Israeli bombing campaigns intensified in central Gaza, as displaced people in Rafah grew fearful of an impending Israeli attack on the city.[77][78]

Rebuilding

The Financial Times estimated it would cost billions to rebuild Gaza.[79] Mohammed Mustafa, the chief economist of the Palestine Investment Fund, estimated rebuilding Gaza's homes alone would cost around $15 billion USD.[80]

Analysis

Israel's airstrikes were described as a carpet bombing and "indiscriminate".[81][82] On 19 October, U.S. officials reported alarm at Israeli comments about the "inevitability of civilian casualties", after it used the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as historical comparisons for their Gaza campaign.[83] The Financial Times described northern Gaza as a "bombed-out wasteland."[84] Palestinians feared northern Gaza was becoming uninhabitable.[85]

Robert Pape stated, "Gaza will also go down as a place name denoting one of history’s heaviest conventional bombing campaigns."[86] The destruction of Gaza in the Israel-Hamas War was termed a topocide by scholars.[87] An US intelligence report found half of the bombs dropped on Gaza had been unguided bombs.[88]

Experts stated the bombing campaign against Gaza had been the deadliest and most destructive in modern history, with Corey Scher of the CUNY Graduate Center stating, "Gaza is now a different color from space."[89] The Wall Street Journal described the Israeli bombing in Gaza as the "most devastating urban warfare in the modern record".[90] On 6 January 2024, UN humanitarian chief Martin Griffiths stated that Gaza had "simply become uninhabitable".[91] Experts have argued that international law should be amended to consider domicide a war crime.[92]

War crimes

Main article: War crimes in the Israel–Hamas war

A group of UN special rapporteurs asserted that Israel's airstrikes are indiscriminate, stating that the airstrikes are "absolutely prohibited under international law and amounts to a war crime".[93] Israeli army spokesperson Daniel Hagari said that "the emphasis is on damage and not on accuracy".[94] A +972 Magazine investigation found the IDF had expanded authorization for bombing non-military targets.[95] Research conducted by Dr. Yagil Levy at the Open University of Israel confirmed the +972 report, stating Israel was "deliberately targeting residential blocks to cause mass civilian casualties".[96]

During two airstrikes on 10 October and 22 October, the IDF used Joint Direct Attack Munitions in attacks described by Amnesty International as "either direct attacks on civilians" or "indiscriminate attacks".[97][98] On 12 January 2024, the spokesperson for the Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights stated Israel's attacks were failing to account for distinction, proportionality and precautions, thus leaving Israeli exposed to liability for war crimes.[99]

In February 2024, the IDF bombed and destroyed the Belgium government's Gaza development office.[100] In response, Belgium recalled the Israeli ambassador and condemned the "destruction of civilian infrastructure" as a violation of international law.[101][a]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Two weeks after the bombing, the Belgian Minister of Development Cooperation Caroline Gennez stated Israel had still not responded to a request for an investigation.[102]

References

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