View source for Old Tagalog

{{Short description|Language spoken in 10th century AD}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Old Tagalog
| region           = [[Philippines]], particularly the present-day regions of [[Calabarzon]] and [[Mimaropa]]
| era              = 10th century AD (developed into Classical Tagalog in {{circa}} 16th century; continued as modern [[tagalog language#Dialects|Southern Tagalog dialects]] spoken in [[aurora (province)|Aurora]],<ref>While Aurora is geographically northern Tagalog area which borders Bulacan & Nueva Ecija, Aurora Tagalog dialect is closely related to Tayabas Tagalog of Quezon mostly by accent & vocabulary.([https://phinder.ph/aurora-philippines/ Discovering Aurora] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131153829/https://phinder.ph/aurora-philippines/ |date=January 31, 2024 }} in phinder.ph, [https://www.reddit.com/r/Philippines/comments/422gng/is_it_true_that_aurora_uses_the_southern_tagalog/ Is it true that Aurora uses the Southern Tagalog dialect?] in Reddit){{Bcn|date=February 2024}}.</ref> Calabarzon, and Mimaropa, most popular is the [[batangas Tagalog|Batangas dialect]].)
| familycolor      = Austronesian
| fam2             = [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
| fam3             = [[Philippine languages|Philippine]]
| fam4             = [[Greater Central Philippine languages|Greater Central Philippine]]
| fam5             = [[Central Philippine languages|Central Philippine]]
| script           = [[Baybayin]]<br/>[[Kawi script|Luzon Kawi]] (before c. 1300)
| isoexception     = historical
| nativename       = ''{{lang|tl|{{big|ᬢᬕ᭄ᬮ|}}|}}''
| pronunciation    = {{IPA|tl|t̪ɐ̞gal̪og|}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Baybayin}}

'''Old Tagalog''', also known as '''Old Filipino''' ({{lang-tl|Lumang Tagalog}}; [[Baybayin]]: pre-virama: {{script|Tglg|ᜎᜓᜋ ᜆᜄᜎᜓ}}, post-virama [krus kudlit]: {{Script|Tglg|ᜎᜓᜋᜅ᜔ ᜆᜄᜎᜓᜄ᜔}}; post-virama [pamudpod]: {{Script|Tglg|ᜎᜓᜋᜅ᜴ ᜆᜄᜎᜓᜄ᜴}}), is the earliest form of the [[Tagalog language]] during the [[History of the Philippines (900–1565)|Classical period]]. It is the primary language of [[Tondo (historical polity)|pre-colonial Tondo]], [[Namayan]] and [[Maynila (historical polity)|Maynila]]. The language originated from the [[Proto-Philippine language]] and evolved to Classical Tagalog, which was the basis for [[Tagalog language|Modern Tagalog]]. Old Tagalog uses the Tagalog script or [[Baybayin]], one of the scripts [[Suyat|indigenous to the Philippines]].

==Etymology==
{{main|Tagalog language}}

The word ''Tagalog'' is derived from the [[endonym]] '''{{script|Tglg|ᜆᜄ ᜁᜎᜓᜄ᜔}}''' or '''{{script|Tglg|ᜆᜄ ᜁᜎᜓ}}''' (''taga-ilog'', "river dweller"), composed of '''{{script|Tglg|ᜆᜄ}}''' (''tagá-'', "native of" or "from") and '''{{script|Tglg|ᜁᜎᜓᜄ᜔}}''' or '''{{script|Tglg|ᜁᜎᜓ}}''' (''ílog'', "river"). Very little is known about the ancient history of the language; [[Linguistics|linguists]] such as [[David Zorc]] and [[Robert Blust]] speculate that the Tagalogs and other Central Philippine ethno-linguistic groups had originated in Northeastern [[Mindanao]] or the [[Eastern Visayas]].<ref>Zorc, David. 1977. ''The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction''. ''Pacific Linguistics'' C.44. Canberra: The Australian National University</ref><ref>Blust, Robert. 1991. ''The Greater Central Philippines hypothesis''. Oceanic Linguistics'' 30:73–129</ref>

==History==
[[File:Baybayin(alibata)traditional form.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The [[Baybayin]] script, used to write in Tagalog prior to the arrival of the Spanish in 16th century.]]

Old Tagalog is one of the [[Central Philippine languages]], which evolved from the [[Proto-Philippine language]], which comes from the Austronesian peoples who settled in the Philippines around 2200 BC.<ref name=mijares2006>{{cite journal|last=Mijares|first=Armand Salvador B.|year=2006|url=http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/article/viewFile/10/9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707050814/http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/article/viewFile/10/9|archive-date=July 7, 2014 |title=The Early Austronesian Migration To Luzon: Perspectives From The Peñablanca Cave Sites|journal=Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association|issue=26|pages=72–78}}</ref>

The early history of the Tagalog language remains relatively obscure, and a number of theories exist as to the exact origins of the Tagalog peoples and their language. Scholars such as [[Robert Blust]] suggest that the Tagalogs originated in northeastern Mindanao or the eastern Visayas.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3623084|jstor=3623084|title=The Greater Central Philippines Hypothesis|last1=Blust|first1=Robert|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|year=1991|volume=30|issue=2|pages=73–129|doi=10.2307/3623084}}</ref> Possible words of Old Tagalog origin are attested in the [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]] from the 10th century, which is largely written in [[History of the Malay language#Old Malay (7th to 14th century)|Old Malay]].<ref>Postma, Antoon. (1992). The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary. ''Philippine Studies'' vol. 40, no. 2:183–203</ref> The first known complete book to be written in Tagalog is the {{lang|es|[[Doctrina Christiana]]}} (Christian Doctrine), printed in 1593. The book also used Baybayin script.<ref>Zorc, David. 1977. ''The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction''. ''Pacific Linguistics'' C.44. Canberra: The Australian National University</ref>

The question has been raised about the origin of some words in the various languages of the Philippines and their possible connection to ancient Buddhist and Hindu culture in the region, as the language is influenced by [[Sanskrit]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Chinese language|Chinese]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vedicempire.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=20&Itemid=26 |title=Indian Origins of Filipino Customs |publisher=Vedic Empire |access-date=2013-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/opinion/view/20091011-229561/The-Indian-in-the-Filipino|title=The Indian in the Filipino - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos|publisher=Globalnation.inquirer.net|access-date=2013-11-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621051322/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/opinion/view/20091011-229561/The-Indian-in-the-Filipino|archive-date=2015-06-21}}</ref>

==Writing system==
{{main|Baybayin}}
Old Tagalog was written in [[Baybayin]], a writing system formerly used in the Philippines which belongs to the [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmic family]] of scripts.

{|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ vowels
! scope="row" | 
| {{script|Tglg| ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | a
| {{script|Tglg|ᜀ}}
|-
! scope="row" | i<br />''e''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜁ}}
|-
! scope="row" | u<br />''o''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜂ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ b
! scope="row" | /b/
| {{script|Tglg|ᜊ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | ba
| {{script|Tglg|ᜊ}}
|-
! scope="row" | bi<br />''be''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜊᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | bu<br />''bo''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜊᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ k
! scope="row" | /k/
| {{script|Tglg|ᜃ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | ka
| {{script|Tglg|ᜃ}}
|-
! scope="row" | ki<br />''ke''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜃᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | ku<br />''ko''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜃᜓᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ d/r
! scope="row" | /d/ /r/
| {{script|Tglg|ᜇ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | da/ra
| {{script|Tglg|ᜇ}}
|-
! scope="row" | di/ri<br />''de/re''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜇᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | du/ru<br />''do/ro''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜇᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ g
! scope="row" | /g/
| {{script|Tglg|ᜄ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | ga
| {{script|Tglg|ᜄ}}
|-
! scope="row" | gi<br />''ge''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜄᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | gu<br />''go''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜄᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ h
! scope="row" | /h/
| {{script|Tglg|ᜑ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | ha
| {{script|Tglg|ᜑ}}
|-
! scope="row" | hi<br />''he''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜑᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | hu<br />''ho''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜑᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ l
! scope="row" | /l/
| {{script|Tglg|ᜎ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | la
| {{script|Tglg|ᜎ}}
|-
! scope="row" | li<br />''le''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜎᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | lu<br />''lo''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜎᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ m
! scope="row" | /m/
| {{script|Tglg|ᜋ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | ma
| {{script|Tglg|ᜋ}}
|-
! scope="row" | mi<br />''me''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜋᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | mu<br />''mo''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜋᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ n
! scope="row" | /n/
| {{script|Tglg|ᜈ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | na
| {{script|Tglg|ᜈ}}
|-
! scope="row" | ni<br />''ne''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜈᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | nu<br />''no''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜈᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ ng
! scope="row" | /ŋ/
| {{script|Tglg|ᜅ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | nga
| {{script|Tglg|ᜅ}}
|-
! scope="row" | ngi<br />''nge''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜅᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | ngu<br />''ngo''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜅᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ p
! scope="row" | /p/
| {{script|Tglg|ᜉ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | pa
| {{script|Tglg|ᜉ}}
|-
! scope="row" | pi<br />''pe''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜉᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | pu<br />''po''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜉᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ s
! scope="row" | /s/
| {{script|Tglg|ᜐ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | sa
| {{script|Tglg|ᜐ}}
|-
! scope="row" | si<br />''se''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜐᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | su<br />''so''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜐᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ t
! scope="row" | /t/
| {{script|Tglg|ᜆ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | ta
| {{script|Tglg|ᜆ}}
|-
! scope="row" | ti<br />''te''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜆᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | tu<br />''to''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜆᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ w
! scope="row" | /w/
| {{script|Tglg|ᜏ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | wa
| {{script|Tglg|ᜏ}}
|-
! scope="row" | wi<br />''we''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜏᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | wu<br />''wo''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜏᜓ}}
|}

|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ y
! scope="row" | /j/
| {{script|Tglg|ᜌ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | ya
| {{script|Tglg|ᜌ}}
|-
! scope="row" | yi<br />''ye''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜌᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | yu<br />''yo''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜌᜓ}}
|}

|}

==Phonology==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Old Tagalog Vowels
! scope="col" | Height
! scope="col" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! scope="col" | [[Central vowel|Central]]
! scope="col" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! scope="row" | '''[[Close vowel|Close]]'''
| '''i''' {{IPA|/i/}}
| 
| '''u''' {{IPA|/u/}}
|-
! scope="row" | '''[[Open vowel|Open]]'''
| 
| '''a''' {{IPA|/a/}}
| 
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Table of consonant phonemes of Old Tagalog<ref>{{cite book |last=Zorc |first=David |year=1993 |chapter=The Prehistory and Origin of the Tagalog People |editor=Øyvind Dahl |title=Language - a doorway between human cultures : tributes to Dr. Otto Chr. Dahl on his ninetieth birthday |location=Oslo |publisher=Novus |pages=201–211}}</ref>
!
! scope="col" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! scope="col" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! scope="col" | [[Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
! scope="col" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA|m}}
| {{IPA|n}}
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|-
! scope="row" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
| {{IPA|p}} {{IPA|b}}
| {{IPA|t}} {{IPA|d}}
| {{IPA|k}} {{IPA|ɡ}}
| {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
| {{IPA|s}}
| 
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|h}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|w
| {{IPA|l}}
| j
|}

==See also==
* [[Proto-Philippine language]]
* [[Filipino language]]
* [[Dambana]]
* [[Baybayin]]
* [[Filipino alphabet]]
* [[Languages of the Philippines]]
* [[Suyat]]
* [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]] (LCI)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary category}}
* [https://archive.org/details/ahandbookandgra00mackgoog A Handbook and Grammar of the Tagalog Language], by W.E.W. MacKinlay, 1905.
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16119/16119-h/16119-h.htm Online E-book of ''Doctrina Christiana'' in Old Tagalog and Old Spanish], the first book published in the Philippines. Manila. 1593
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=EsN5hC_76VEC Online E-book of Arte de la Lengua Tagala y Manual Tagalog] by Sebastián de Totanes published in Binondo, Manila in 1865

{{Philippine languages}}
{{Languages of the Philippines}}
{{Language histories}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tagalog Language}}
[[Category:Tagalog language]]
[[Category:Subject–verb–object languages]]
[[Category:Verb–object–subject languages]]
[[Category:Verb–subject–object languages]]
[[Category:Medieval languages]]
[[Category:Languages of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 10th century]]