Pasteurella multocida: Difference between revisions
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==History== |
==History== |
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''Pasteurella multocida'' was first found in 1878 in fowl cholera-infected birds. However, it was not isolated until 1880, by [[Louis Pasteur]] - the man in whose honor ''[[Pasteurella]]'' is named.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pasteur|first=Louis|url=http://www.pasteurbrewing.com/Articles/works-of-louis-pasteur-english/the-attenuation-of-the-causal-agent-of-fowl-cholera.html| |
''Pasteurella multocida'' was first found in 1878 in fowl cholera-infected birds. However, it was not isolated until 1880, by [[Louis Pasteur]] - the man in whose honor ''[[Pasteurella]]'' is named.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pasteur|first=Louis|url=http://www.pasteurbrewing.com/Articles/works-of-louis-pasteur-english/the-attenuation-of-the-causal-agent-of-fowl-cholera.html|title=The Attenuation of the Causal Agent of Fowl Cholera}}</ref> |
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== Disease == |
== Disease == |
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Revision as of 15:25, 13 May 2011
| Pasteurella | |
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| Class: | Gamma Proteobacteria
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| Genus: | Pasteurella
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Pasteurella multocida | |
Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative, non-motile coccobacillus that is penicillin-sensitive and belongs to the Pasteurellaceae family [1]. It can cause a zoonotic infection in humans, which typically is a result of bites or scratches from domestic pets. Many mammals and fowl harbor it as part of their normal respiratory microbiota, displaying asymptomatic colonization.
History
Pasteurella multocida was first found in 1878 in fowl cholera-infected birds. However, it was not isolated until 1880, by Louis Pasteur - the man in whose honor Pasteurella is named.[2]
Disease
- See: Pasteurellosis
P. multocida is the most common cause of infection from animal injuries (pneumonia in cattle and pigs, atrophic rhinitis in pigs and goats, and wound infections after dog/cat-bites.) A high leukocyte and neutrophil count is typically observed, leading to an inflammatory reaction at the infection site (generally a diffuse localized cellulitis).[3] It can also infect other locales, such as the respiratory tract. In more serious cases, a bacteremia can result, causing an osteomyelitis or endocarditis. The bacteria may also cross the blood-brain barrier and cause meningitis.[4]
Virulence, culturing, and metabolism
A bacteriophage encodes the toxin responsible for most P. multocida virulence factors. This toxin activates Rho GTPases, which bind and hydrolyze GTP, and are important in actin stress fiber formation. Formation of stress fibers may aid in the endocytosis of P. multocida. The host cell cycle is also modulated by the toxin, which can act as an intracellular mitogen.[5]
P. multocida will grow at 37 degrees Celsius on blood or chocolate agar, but will not grow on MacConkey agar. Colony growth is accompanied by a characteristic "mousy" odor due to metabolic products.
Being a facultative anaerobe, it is oxidase-positive and catalase-positive, and can also ferment a large number carbohydrates in anaerobic conditions.[6]
Treatment
This bacterium can be effectively treated with beta-lactam antibiotics, which inhibit cell wall synthesis. It can also be treated with fluoroquinolones or tetracyclines; fluoroquinolones inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis and tetracyclines interfere with protein synthesis by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit. Despite poor in vitro susceptibility results, macrolides (binding to the ribosome) also can be applied certainly in the case of pulmonary complications. Because P. multocida is most often acquired as a result of an animal bite (primarily by cats), infections are frequently polymicrobial and involve anaerobic bacteria. As a result, amoxicillin-clavulanate (a beta-lactamase inhibitor/penicillin combination) is seen as the treatment of choice.[7]
References
- ^ Kuhnert P; Christensen H (editors). (2008). Pasteurellaceae: Biology, Genomics and Molecular Aspects. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-34-9 .
{{cite book}}:|author=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Pasteur, Louis. "The Attenuation of the Causal Agent of Fowl Cholera".
- ^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed. ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
{{cite book}}:|author=has generic name (help);|edition=has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Casolari C, Fabio U. Isolation of Pasteurella multocida from Human Clinical Specimens: First Report in Italy. European Journal of Epidemiology. Sept 1988; 4(3):389-90
- ^ [Lacerda HM, Lax AJ, Rozenqurt E. Pasteurella multocida toxin, a potent intracellularly acting mitogen, induces p125FAK and paxillin tyrosine phosphorylation, actin stress fiber formation, and focal contact assembly in Swiss 3T3 cells. J Biol Chem. 5 Jan 1996; 271(1):439-45.
- ^ Casolari C, Fabio U. Isolation of Pasteurella multocida from Human Clinical Specimens: First Report in Italy. European Journal of Epidemiology. Sept 1988; 4(3):389-90
- ^ Red Book: 2006 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases - 27th Ed.