Jump to content

Umbilical cord prolapse: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
JTPOB (talk | contribs)
144 edits
m First paragraph states: "Umbilical cord prolapse is when, during labor, the umbilical cord comes out of the uterus with or before the presenting part of the baby."; poor grammar "is when"; changed to "occurs when"
JTPOB (talk | contribs)
144 edits
m Second paragraph, fourth sentence states: "decrease in babies heart rate during labor"; incorrect grammar, since "baby" is singular, as only one "baby" can be born at a time; changed "babies" (plural) to "baby's" (possessive)
Line 26: Line 26:


<!-- Cause and diagnosis -->
<!-- Cause and diagnosis -->
The greatest risk factor is having had more than two previous children with the current baby in an abnormal position within the uterus.<ref name=Say2018>{{cite journal |last1=Sayed Ahmed |first1=WA |last2=Hamdy |first2=MA |title=Optimal management of umbilical cord prolapse. |journal=International Journal of Women's Health |date=2018 |volume=10 |pages=459–465 |doi=10.2147/IJWH.S130879 |pmid=30174462|pmc=6109652 }}</ref> Other risks include a [[Premature birth|premature]] or small baby, [[twin pregnancy]], and [[too much amniotic fluid]].<ref name=GLOWM2017/><ref name=Say2018/> Whether [[amniotomy|medical rupture of the amniotic sac]] is a risk is controversial.<ref name=GLOWM2017/><ref name=Say2018/> The diagnosis should be suspected if there is a sudden decrease in the babies heart rate during labor.<ref name=Hol2013/> Seeing or feeling the cord confirms the diagnosis.<ref name=Hol2013/>
The greatest risk factor is having had more than two previous children with the current baby in an abnormal position within the uterus.<ref name=Say2018>{{cite journal |last1=Sayed Ahmed |first1=WA |last2=Hamdy |first2=MA |title=Optimal management of umbilical cord prolapse. |journal=International Journal of Women's Health |date=2018 |volume=10 |pages=459–465 |doi=10.2147/IJWH.S130879 |pmid=30174462|pmc=6109652 }}</ref> Other risks include a [[Premature birth|premature]] or small baby, [[twin pregnancy]], and [[too much amniotic fluid]].<ref name=GLOWM2017/><ref name=Say2018/> Whether [[amniotomy|medical rupture of the amniotic sac]] is a risk is controversial.<ref name=GLOWM2017/><ref name=Say2018/> The diagnosis should be suspected if there is a sudden decrease in the baby's heart rate during labor.<ref name=Hol2013/> Seeing or feeling the cord confirms the diagnosis.<ref name=Hol2013/>


<!-- Treatment and prognosis -->
<!-- Treatment and prognosis -->

Revision as of 18:04, 4 July 2019

Umbilical cord prolapse
Cord prolapse, as depicted in 1792
SpecialtyObstetrics
Risk factorsAbnormal position of the baby, prematurity, twin pregnancy, multiple prior pregnancies[1][2]
Diagnostic methodSuspected based on a sudden decrease in babies heart rate during labor, confirmed by seeing or feeling the cord in the vagina[3]
Differential diagnosisAbruptio placentae[1]
TreatmentRapid delivery, usually by cesarean section.[3]
PrognosisRisk of death of the baby 10%[1]
Frequency< 1% of pregnancies[3]

Umbilical cord prolapse occurs when, during labor, the umbilical cord comes out of the uterus with or before the presenting part of the baby.[1] The concern with cord prolapse is that pressure on the cord from the baby will compromise blood flow to the baby.[1]

The greatest risk factor is having had more than two previous children with the current baby in an abnormal position within the uterus.[2] Other risks include a premature or small baby, twin pregnancy, and too much amniotic fluid.[1][2] Whether medical rupture of the amniotic sac is a risk is controversial.[1][2] The diagnosis should be suspected if there is a sudden decrease in the baby's heart rate during labor.[3] Seeing or feeling the cord confirms the diagnosis.[3]

Management focuses on quick delivery, usually by cesarean section.[3] Filling the bladder or pushing up the baby by hand is recommended until this can take place.[3] The knee-chest position, or if this is not possible Trendelenburg position may be used.[1] With appropriate management, the majority of cases have good outcomes.[3]

Umbilical cord prolapse occurs in about 1 in 500 pregnancies.[1] The risk of death of the baby is about 10%.[1] However, much of this risk is due to congenital anomalies or prematurity.[1] It is considered an emergency.[3]

Signs and symptoms

The first sign of umbilical cord prolapse is usually a sudden and severe decrease in fetal heart rate that does not immediately resolve. On a fetal heart tracing, this would usually look like moderate to severe variable decelerations.[4] Occasionally, the cord can be seen or felt on vaginal examination, particularly with overt cord prolapse.

Risk factors

Risk factors that are associated with umbilical cord prolapse tend to make it difficult for the fetus from appropriately engaging and filling the maternal pelvis or are related to abnormalities of the umbilical cord. The two major categories of risk factors are spontaneous and iatrogenic (those that result from medical intervention).

  • spontaneous factors:
    • fetal malpresentation:[5] abnormal fetal lie tends to result in space below the fetus in the maternal pelvis, which can then be occupied by the cord.
    • polyhydramnios, or an abnormally high amount of amniotic fluid[5]
    • prematurity: likely related to increased chance of malpresentation and relative polyhydramnios.[5]
    • low birth weight:[6] usually described as <2500g at birth, though some studies will use <1500g. Cause is likely similar to those for prematurity.
    • multiple gestation, or being pregnant with more than one fetus at a given time:[6] more likely to occur in the fetus that is not born first.
    • spontaneous rupture of membranes:[7] about half of prolapses occur within 5 minutes of membrane rupture, two-thirds within 1 hour, 95% within 24 hours.
  • treatment associated factors:

Diagnosis

Umbilical cord prolapse should always be considered a possibility when there is a sudden decrease in fetal heart rate or variable decelerations, particularly after the rupture of membranes. With overt prolapses, the diagnosis can be confirmed if the cord can be palpated on vaginal examination. Without overt prolapse, the diagnosis can only be confirmed after a cesarean section, though even then it will not always be evident at time of procedure.[9]

Classification

There are three types of umbilical prolapse that can occur:[9]

  • overt umbilical cord prolapse: descent of the umbilical cord past the presenting fetal part. In this case, the cord is through the cervix and into or beyond the vagina. Overt umbilical cord prolapse requires rupture of membranes. This is the most common type of cord prolapse.
  • occult umbilical prolapse: descent of the umbilical cord alongside the presenting fetal part, but has not advanced past the presenting fetal part. Occult umbilical prolapse can occur with both intact or ruptured membranes.
  • funic (cord) presentation: presence of the umbilical cord between the presenting fetal part and fetal membranes. In this case, the cord has not passed the opening of the cervix. In funic presentation, the membranes are not yet ruptured.

Management

The knee-chest position is typically recommended[1]

The gold standard for treatment of umbilical cord prolapse in the setting of a viable pregnancy typically involves immediate delivery by the quickest and safest route possible. This usually requires cesarean section, especially if the woman is in early labor. Occasionally, vaginal delivery will be attempted if clinical judgment determines that is a safer or quicker method.[9]

Other interventions during management of cord prolapse are typically used to decrease the chance of complications while preparations for delivery are being made. These interventions are focused on reducing pressure on the cord to prevent fetal complications from cord compression. The following maneuvers are among those used in clinical practice:

If the mother is far from delivery, funic reduction (manually placing the cord back into the uterine cavity) has been attempted,[12] with successful cases reported.[13]

Outcomes

The primary concern with umbilical cord prolapse is inadequate blood supply, and thus oxygen, to the fetus if the cord becomes compressed. The cord can become compressed either due to mechanical pressure (usually from the presenting fetal part) or from sudden contraction of the vessels due to decreased temperatures in the vagina in comparison to the uterus.[9] This can lead to death of the fetus or other complications.

Historically, the rate of fetal death in the setting of cord prolapse has been as high 40%.[14] However, these estimates occurred in the context of home or births outside of the hospital. When considering cord prolapses that have occurred in inpatient labor and delivery settings, the rate drops to as low as 0-3%,[9] though the mortality rate remains higher than for fetuses without cord prolapse. The reduction in mortality for hospital births is likely due to the ready availability of immediate cesarean section.

Many other fetal outcomes have been studied, including Apgar score (a quick assessment of a newborn's health status) at 5 minutes and length of hospitalization after delivery. While both measures are worse for newborns delivered after cord prolapse,[5] it is unclear what effect this has in the long-term. Relatively large studies that have tried to quantify long-term effects of cord prolapse on children found that less than 1% (1 in 120 studied) suffered a major neurologic handicap,[7] and less than 1% (110 in 16,675) had diagnosed cerebral palsy.[15]

Epidemiology

Rates of umbilical cord prolapse ranges from 0.1-0.6% of all pregnancies.[9][14] This rate has remained stable over time. A recent study estimates 77% of cord prolapses occur in singleton pregnancies (where there is only one fetus). In twin pregnancies, cord prolapses occur more frequently in the second twin to be delivered, with 9% in the first twin and 14% in the second twin.[7]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Lore, Marybeth (March 2017). "Umbilical Cord Prolapse and Other Cord Emergencies". The Global Library of Women's Medicine. doi:10.3843/GLOWM.10136.
  2. ^ a b c d Sayed Ahmed, WA; Hamdy, MA (2018). "Optimal management of umbilical cord prolapse". International Journal of Women's Health. 10: 459–465. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S130879. PMC 6109652. PMID 30174462.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Holbrook, BD; Phelan, ST (March 2013). "Umbilical cord prolapse". Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 40 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2012.11.002. PMID 23466132.
  4. ^ Tejani, NA; Mann, LI; Sanghavi, M; Bhakthavathsalan, A; Weiss, RR (February 1977). "The association of umbilical cord complications and variable decelerations with acid-base findings". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 49 (2): 159–62. PMID 13333.
  5. ^ a b c d Kahana, B; Sheiner, E; Levy, A; Lazer, S; Mazor, M (February 2004). "Umbilical cord prolapse and perinatal outcomes". International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 84 (2): 127–32. doi:10.1016/s0020-7292(03)00333-3. PMID 14871514.
  6. ^ a b Critchlow, CW; Leet, TL; Benedetti, TJ; Daling, JR (February 1994). "Risk factors and infant outcomes associated with umbilical cord prolapse: a population-based case-control study among births in Washington State". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 170 (2): 613–8. doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(94)70238-1. PMID 8116723.
  7. ^ a b c d Murphy, DJ; MacKenzie, IZ (October 1995). "The mortality and morbidity associated with umbilical cord prolapse". British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 102 (10): 826–30. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1995.tb10850.x. PMID 7547741.
  8. ^ a b c Usta, IM; Mercer, BM; Sibai, BM (1999). "Current obstetrical practice and umbilical cord prolapse". American Journal of Perinatology. 16 (9): 479–84. doi:10.1055/s-1999-6809. PMID 10774764.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Lin, MG (April 2006). "Umbilical cord prolapse". Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 61 (4): 269–77. doi:10.1097/01.ogx.0000208802.20908.c6. PMID 16551378.
  10. ^ Duval, C; Lemoine, JP; Ba, S; Demory, JE (March 1987). "[Prolapse of the umbilical cord. 79 cases]". Revue Francaise de Gynecologie et d'Obstetrique. 82 (3): 163–7. PMID 3589354.
  11. ^ Katz, Z; Shoham, Z; Lancet, M; Blickstein, I; Mogilner, BM; Zalel, Y (August 1988). "Management of labor with umbilical cord prolapse: a 5-year study". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 72 (2): 278–81. PMID 3393364.
  12. ^ al.], ed. by Kate Grady ... [et (2007). Managing obstetric emergencies and trauma : the MOET course manual (2nd ed.). London: RCOG Press. ISBN 978-1904752-219. {{cite book}}: |first1= has generic name (help)
  13. ^ Barrett, JM (September 1991). "Funic reduction for the management of umbilical cord prolapse". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 165 (3): 654–7. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(91)90303-9. PMID 1892193.
  14. ^ a b Koonings, PP; Paul, RH; Campbell, K (July 1990). "Umbilical cord prolapse. A contemporary look". The Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 35 (7): 690–2. PMID 2376856.
  15. ^ Gilbert, WM; Jacoby, BN; Xing, G; Danielsen, B; Smith, LH (October 2010). "Adverse obstetric events are associated with significant risk of cerebral palsy". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 203 (4): 328.e1–5. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2010.05.013. PMC 2947602. PMID 20598283.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umbilical_cord_prolapse&oldid=904808926"
pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy