Hazara genocide (19th century)
| Hazara genocide | |
|---|---|
| Location | Hazarajat, Afghanistan |
| Date | 1888–1893 |
| Target | Hazaras |
Attack type | Ethnic cleansing, Genocide, slavery[1] |
| Victims | 320,000 Hazara families killed or enslaved and 80,000 of them displaced[1] Over 60% of the Hazara population of Hazarajat were killed and some displaced.[2] |
| Perpetrators | Afghan army under Abdur Rahman joined by Sunni volunteers from various tribes |
| Motive | Ethnic prejudice, Anti-Shi'ism, and Colonization[3] |
The Hazara genocide occurred in the aftermath of the Second Anglo-Afghan War when the Afghanistan Emirate signed the Treaty of Gandamak. Afghan Amir Abdur Rahman set out to bring the Turkistan, Hazaristan, and Kafiristan regions under his control. He launched several campaigns in the Hazarajat due to resistance to oppression from the Hazaras, culminating in the Battle of Uruzgan and he conducted a widespread genocidal campaign against its population.[4]
The Hazaras are a Shia Muslim minority in predominantly Sunni Muslim countries. This religious difference has contributed to their historic marginalization and made them targets of sectarian violence. Over 60 percent of the total Hazara population was massacred with some being displaced and exiled by migrating to Quetta (Pakistan) and Mashhad (Iran) and other adjoining areas. The Hazara land was distributed among loyalist villagers of nearby non-Hazaras.[5][6][7] The repression after the uprising has been called the most significant case of genocide or ethnic cleansing in the history of modern Afghanistan.[3][8][2][9][5][10][11][2]
First uprising
[edit]The first Hazara uprising against Abdur Rahman took place between 1888 and 1890. When Abdur Rahman's cousin, Mohammad Eshaq, revolted against him, tribal leaders of the Sheikh Ali Hazaras joined the revolt. The revolt was short-lived and crushed as the Emir extended his control over large parts of Hazarajat. Leaders of the Sheikh Ali Hazaras had allies in two groups, Shia and Sunni. Abdur Rahman took advantage of the situation, pitting Sunni Hazara against the Shia Hazara, and made pacts among the Hazara.
After all of Sheikh Ali Hazaras' chiefs were sent to Kabul, opposition within the leadership of Sawar Khan and Syed Jafar Khan continued against the government troops, but at last, were defeated. Taxes were imposed and Afghan administrators were sent to occupied places, where they subjugated the people with abuses.[12] People were disarmed, villages were looted, local tribal chiefs were imprisoned or executed, and the better lands were confiscated and given to Kochi people (nomads).[13]
Second uprising
[edit]The second uprising occurred in the Spring of 1892. According to Sayed Askar Mousavi, the cause of the uprising was an assault on the wife of a Hazara chieftain by Afghan soldiers. The families of both the man and his wife killed the soldiers involved and attacked the local garrison.[12] Several other tribal chiefs who supported Abdur Rahman now turned against him and joined the rebellion, which rapidly spread through the entire Hazarajat. In response to the rebellion, the Emir declared a "jihad" against the Shias[14] and raised an army of up to 40,000 soldiers, 10,000 mounted troops, and 100,000 armed civilians (most of whom were the Pashtun nomads).[12] He also brought in British military advisers to train his army.[13]
The large army defeated the rebellion at its center, in Oruzgan, by 1892 and the local population was massacred with some being displaced.
"thousands of Hazara men, and women were sold in the cities of Kabul and Qandahar, while numerous towers of human heads were made from the defeated rebels as a warning to others who might challenge the rule of the Amir".[12]
— S. A. Mousavi
Abdur Rahman ordered that all weapons of the Hazara be confiscated and for Sunni Mullahs to impose a Sunni interpretation of Islam.[3]
Third uprising
[edit]
The third uprising of Hazara was in response to excessive taxation,[15][16] starting in early 1893. This revolt took the government forces by surprise and the Hazara managed to take most of Hazarajat back. During the revolt the Hazaras arrested or killed the governor of Gizu;[17] the governor of Uruzgan tried to plead to the Hazaras that the Amir would listen to their demands.[17] The provincial forces responded to the revolt with military force; in this response the Hakim of Gizu reported to the governor general of Balochistan that General Mir Atta Khan at Gizu committed "great excesses" in Gizu.[18] Hazaras also managed to commit great success in the First Battle Of Uruzgan, where Hazara forces managed to defeat 2 waves of Afghan attacks in Uruzgan [19]
After the revolt unfolded; Hazara tribal leaders like Muhammad, Karbala-i-Raza and others were arrested after trying to flee.[20] Abdur Rahman kept various Hazara chiefs as hostages in Kabul; yet eventually sent them back to Uruzgan;[21] after the revolt was crushed they were then sent back to Kabul again.[22] After months of fighting, the uprising Hazaras were eventually defeated due to a shortage of food; in response to such food shortages Abdur Rahman ordered grain be sent from Herat to Uruzgan.[23] Small pockets of resistance continued to the end of the year as government troops committed atrocities against civilians and deported entire villages.[13] The governor of Balochistan reported to the foreign department of India that he believed Abdur Rahman was intending to exterminate the Hazaras.[24] Massive forced displacements, especially in Oruzgan and Daychopan, continued as lands were confiscated and populations were expelled or fled. Out of 132,000 families, 10,000 to 15,000 Hazara families fled the country to northern Afghanistan, Mashhad (Iran), and Quetta (Pakistan), and 7,000 to 10,000 Hazaras submitted to Abdur Rahman, and the rest fought until they were defeated.[3][12] However according to other sources the number of Hazara families displaced alone were much higher than these figures at 400,000 with 80% of those being displaced having been killed or enslaved.[1] There is a famous story of 40 Hazara girls in Uruzgan committing suicide to escape sex slavery during the persecution.[25] 9,000 Hazara women were enslaved in Kabul alone.[2] 30 mule loads;[26] or roughly over 400 decapitated Hazara heads[N 1] were allegedly sent to Kabul. The Sultan Ahmad Hazara tribe of Uruzgan was in particular severely persecuted.[3] The Beshud Hazara tribe too faced the brunt of Amir's crackdown in particular as well.[3]
It is estimated that more than sixty percent[29] of the Hazara population were massacred and some displaced and exiled during Abdur Rahman's campaign against them. Hazara farmers were often forced to give up their property to Pashtuns and as a result, many Hazara families had to leave seasonally to the major cities in Afghanistan, Iran, or Pakistan to find jobs and a source of income. Quetta in Pakistan is home to the third largest settlements of Hazara outside Afghanistan. Sayed Askar Mousavi, estimates that more than half of the entire population of Hazarajat was driven out of their villages,[12] including many who were massacred. Encyclopædia Iranica claims: "It is difficult to verify such an estimate, but the memory of the conquest of the Hazārajāt by ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān Khan certainly remains vivid among the Hazāras themselves, and has heavily influenced their relations with the Afghan state throughout the 20th century."[12] In 1894 802 Hazara leaders who survived the rebellion were killed or exiled after being captured.[3]
Others claim that Hazaras began leaving their hometown of Hazarajat due to poverty and in search of employment mostly in the 20th century.[30] Most of these Hazaras immigrated to neighboring Balochistan, where they were provided permanent settlement by the government of British India.[31] Others settled in and around Mashad, in the Khorasan Province of Iran.[30]
Legacy
[edit]The Hazara diaspora mourns the deaths of the victims of the Hazara uprisings of the 1890s on September 25 (called the "Hazara Black Day") and it wants the International community to recognize the subjugation of the Hazaras as a genocide.[32]
See also
[edit]| Part of a series on |
| Hazaras |
|---|
 |
|
 WikiProject Category  Commons |
- Persecution of Hazaras
- Persecution of Hazara people in Quetta
- 1998 Mazar-i-Sharif massacre
- Anti-Hazara sentiment
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c Ali Ehsassi, Fayçal El-Khoury. "ENDURING AND OVERCOMING: THE STRUGGLE OF THE HAZARAS IN AFGHANISTAN" (PDF). 44th PARLIAMENT, 1st SESSION. Retrieved 23 December 2024.
- ^ a b c d Hakimi, Mehdi J. (25 July 2023). "The Afghan State and the Hazara Genocide". Harvard Human Rights Journal. 37. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g Ibrahimi, Niamatullah (2017). The Hazaras and the Afghan State Rebellion, Exclusion and the Struggle for Recognition. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9781849049818.
- ^ "THE AMEER CAPTURES URZAGHAN". The New York Times. 2 October 1892. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
- ^ a b دلجو, عباس (2014). تاریخ باستانی هزارهها. کابل: انتشارات امیری. ISBN 978-9936801509.
- ^ کاتب, فیضمحمد (1913). سراجالتواریخ. کابل: مطبعه دارالسلطنته.
- ^ "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica".
- ^ Zamani, Ezzatullah (September 2019). "The 'Genocide of the Hazaras' in Afghanistan from 1884 to 1905 and subsequent genocidal campaigns and target killings against them in the 21st century".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Ibrahimi, Niamatullah (1 October 2017). The Hazaras and the Afghan State: Rebellion, Exclusion and the Struggle for Recognition. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1-84904-981-8.
- ^ Zamani, Ezzatullah (1 January 2019). "The 'Genocide of the Hazaras' in Afghanistan from 1884 to 1905 and subsequent genocidal campaigns and target killings against them in the 21st century". Genocide of the Hazaras of Afghanistan.
- ^ Mohammadi, Ishaq (6 May 2022). "Hazara Genocide in Afghanistan (1892-1901)". Bolaq. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g Alessandro Monsutti (15 December 2003). "HAZĀRA ii. HISTORY". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ^ a b c Mousavi, Sayed Askar (1998) [1997]. The Hazaras of Afghanistan: An Historical, Cultural, Economic and Political Study. Richmond, NY: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-17386-5.
- ^ "Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Afghanistan : Hazaras". Refworld. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
- ^ News.D.No.48 F. No.124 F.C.,dated Sibi, 27 January 1893. From-Major-General Sir James Browne, K.C.S.I.,C.B.,R.E.,Agent to the governor-general in Baluchistan, To-The Secretary to the Government of India, Foreign Department. News-Letter No 3,
- ^ News.D.No.128 F. No.1537, dated Quetta, 24 March 1893. From-Major-General Sir James Browne, K.C.S.I.,C.B.,R.E.,Agent to the governor-general in Balochistan, To-The Secretary to the Government of India, Foreign Department. News-letter No.11, By Khan Bahadur Mirza Muhammad Takki Khan, 17 March 1893.
- ^ a b News.D.No.186 F. No.2257, Quetta, 28 April 1893, From-Major-General Sir James Browne, K.C.S.I.,C.B.,R.E.,Agent to the governor-general in Baluchistan, To-The Secretary to the Government of India, Foreign Department. News-letter No.16, By Khan Bahadur Mirza Muhammad Takki Khan, 21 April 1893.
- ^ News.D.No.29 F. No.26 F.C.,dated Camp Jacobabad, 14 January 1893. From-Major-General Sir James Browne, C.B.,K.C.S.I., R.E.,Agent to the governor-general in Baluchistan, To-The Secretary to the Government of India, Foreign Department. News-letter No.1, By Khan Bahadur Mirza Muhammad Taki Khan, 6 January 1893.
- ^ Poladi, Hasan (1944). The Hazaras. Stockton, California: Mughal Publishing. p. 216. ISBN 0-929824-00-8.
- ^ News. D.No.85 F. No.300 F.C., dated Sibi, 25 February 1893. From-Major-General Sir James Browne, K.C.S.I.,C.B.,R.E., Agent to the governor-general in Baluchistan, To-The Secretary to the Government of India, Foreign Department. News-letter No.6., By Khan Bahadur Mirza Muhammad Takki Khan, 10 February 1893.
- ^ News.D.No. 242. F. No.2909,dated Quetta, 5 June 1893. From-Major-General Sir James Browne, K.C.S.I.,C.B.,R.E.,Agent to the governor-general in Baluchistan, To-The Secretary to the Government of India, Foreign Department. News-letter No.21, By Khan Bahadur, Mirza Muhammad Takki Khan, 27 May 1893.
- ^ News. D.No.390 F. No.921. F.C., dated Ziarat, 11 September 1893. From-Major-General Sir James Browne, K.C.S.I.,C.B.,R.E.,Agent to the governor-general in Baluchistan, To-The Secretary to the Government of India, Foreign Department. News-letter. No.34, By Khan Bahadur Mirza Muhammad Takki Khan, 26 August 1893.
- ^ Diaries.D.No 62, No. 177 F.C., dated Sibi, 6 February 1893. From-Major-General Sir James Browne, K.C.S.I., C.B., R.E., Agent to the governor-general in Baluchistan, To-The Secretary to the Government of India, Foreign Department. News-letter No.4, By Khan Bahadur Mirza Muhammad Takki Khan, 27 January 1893,
- ^ News.D.No.243 F. No.2903, dated Quetta, 5 June 1893. From-Major-General Sir James Browne, K.C.S.I.,C.B.,R.E.,Agent to the governor-general in Baluchistan, To-The Secretary to the Government of India, Foreign Department. News-letter No.20, By Khan Bahadur Mirza Muhammad Taki Khan, 19 May 1893.
- ^ "Chehl Dukhtaro". Hazara.net. April 2013. Archived from the original on 7 November 2019.
- ^ Gier, Nicholas F. "THE GENOCIDE OF THE HAZARAS Descendants of Genghis Khan Fight for Survival in Afghanistan and Pakistan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 November 2019.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Mule". Encyclopedia.com.
- ^ Brain, Marshall. "How much does the human head actually way?". Brainstuff.
- ^ Bussi, Pierluigi (19 January 2017). "IL GENOCIDIO DEGLI HAZARA". Kim International Magazine. Archived from the original on 31 October 2019.
- ^ a b "HAZĀRA". Arash Khazeni, Alessandro Monsutti, Charles M. Kieffer. United States: Encyclopædia Iranica. 15 December 2003. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
- ^ "Who are the Hazara". Pak Tribune. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
- ^ Hazara International (23 September 2021). "Hazara Genocide Memorial". Hazara International. Retrieved 20 December 2021.