Acting as a powerful lens, it magnifies and distorts all galaxies lying behind the cluster core into long arcs. The lensed galaxies are all stretched along the cluster's center and some of them are multiply imaged. Those multiple images usually appear as a pair of images with a third — generally fainter — counter image, as is the case for the very distant object. The lensed galaxies are particularly numerous, as we are looking in between two mass clumps, in a saddle region where the magnification is quite large.
Abell 2218 was used as a gravitational lens to discover the most distant known object in the universe as of 2004. The object, a galaxy some 13 billion years old, is seen from Earth as it would have been just 750 million years after the Big Bang.[3]
The color of the lensed galaxies is a function of their distances and types. The orange arc is an elliptical galaxy at moderate redshift (z=0.7). The blue arcs are star-forming galaxies at intermediate redshift (z=1–2.5). There is a pair of images in the lower part of the picture of the newly discovered star-forming galaxy at about redshift 7.[4]
^Kneib, Jean-Paul (1995). "Dynamics of Abell 2218 from optical and near-IR imagery of arc(let)s and the Rosat/HRI X-ray map". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 303: 27–40. arXiv:astro-ph/9504038. Bibcode:1995A&A...303...27K.
^Squires, G.; Kaiser, N.; Babul, A.; Fahlman, G.; Woods, D.; Neumann, D.; Böhringer, H. (1996). "The dark matter, gas, and galaxy distributions in Abell 2218: A weak gravitational lensing and X-ray analysis". The Astrophysical Journal. 461: 572–586. arXiv:astro-ph/9507008. Bibcode:1996ApJ...461..572S. doi:10.1086/177085. S2CID18973537.
^Lorenz, Suzanne; Peterson, J. R. (2013). "New Techniques in Dark Matter Mapping". American Astronomical Society. 222 (id.103.02): 103.02. Bibcode:2013AAS...22210302L.
