Ballistic photon
Ballistic light, also known as ballistic photons, is photons of light that have traveled through a scattering (turbid) medium in a straight line.
When pulses of laser light pass through a turbid medium such as fog or body tissue, most of the photons are either scattered or absorbed. However, across short distances, a few photons pass through the scattering medium in straight lines. These coherent photons are referred to as ballistic photons. Photons that are slightly scattered, retaining some degree of coherence, are referred to as snake photons.
The aim of ballistic imaging modalities is to efficiently detect ballistic photons that carry useful information, while rejecting non-ballistic photons. To perform this task, specific characteristics of ballistic photons vs. non-ballistic photons are used, such as time of flight through coherence-gated imaging, collimation, wavefront propagation, and polarization.[1] Slightly scattered "quasi-ballistic" photons are often measured as well, to increase the signal 'strength' (i.e., signal-to-noise ratio).
Ballistic photons have many applications, especially in high-resolution medical imaging systems. Ballistic scanners (using ultrafast time gates) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) (using the interferometry principle) are just two popular imaging systems that rely on ballistic photon detection to create diffraction-limited images. Advantages over other existing imaging modalities (e.g., ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging) is that ballistic imaging can achieve a higher resolution in the order of 1 to 10 micro-meters, however it suffers from limited imaging depth.
Due to the exponential reduction of ballistic photons as thickness of the scattering medium increases, the images often have a low number of photons per pixel, resulting in shot noise. Digital image processing and noise reduction are often applied to reduce that noise.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Lihong V. Wang; Hsin-i Wu (26 September 2012). Biomedical Optics: Principles and Imaging. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 3–. ISBN 978-0-470-17700-6.
- K. Yoo and R. R. Alfano, "Time-resolved coherent and incoherent components of forward light scattering in random media", Optics Letters 15, 320–322 (1990).
- L Wang, P P Ho, C Liu, G Zhang, R R Alfano "Ballistic 2-d imaging through scattering walls using an ultrafast optical kerr gate" 1991, August 16th [1]
- K. M. Yoo and R. R. Alfano "Time-resolved coherent and incoherent components of forward light scattering in random media" 1990 [2]
- K. M. Yoo, Feng Liu, and R. R. Alfano "When does the diffusion approximation fail to describe photon transport in random media?" 28 May 1990 [3]
- S. Farsiu, J. Christofferson, B. Eriksson, P. Milanfar, B. Friedlander, A. Shakouri, R. Nowak, "Statistical detection and imaging of objects hidden in turbid media using ballistic photons", Applied Optics, vol. 46, no. 23, pp. 5805–5822, Aug. 2007.