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Boeing F-15EX Eagle II

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F-15EX Eagle II
An F-15EX Eagle II from the 40th Flight Test Squadron flies above Northern California, May 2021.
Role Multirole strike fighter
National origin United States
Manufacturer Boeing Defense, Space & Security
First flight 20 February 2013 (Advanced Eagle)
2 February 2021 (F-15EX)
Introduction July 2024 (F-15EX)
Status In service
Primary user United States Air Force
Produced 2011–present (Advanced Eagle)
Number built 128 (all Advanced Eagles)[N 1]
8 (F-15EX)
Developed from McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle

The Boeing F-15EX Eagle II is an American all-weather multirole strike fighter derived from the McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle. The aircraft resulted from the U.S. Department of Defense's Cost Assessment and Program Evaluation (OSD CAPE) study in 2018 to recapitalize the aging F-15C/D fleet due to inadequate numbers of F-22s, delays in the F-35 program, and maintaining diversity in the U.S. fighter industrial base through Boeing's St. Louis division (former McDonnell Douglas). The F-15EX is expected to replace the F-15C/D in performing homeland and air defense missions and also serve as an affordable platform for employing large stand-off weapons to augment the frontline F-22 and F-35. The aircraft was first delivered in 2021 and entered operational service in July 2024.

The F-15EX is a member of the F-15 Advanced Eagle family of aircraft, a further development of the F-15E design that began with the F-15SA (Saudi Advanced) which first flew in 2013 and continued with the F-15QA (Qatari Advanced) which first flew in 2020. The Advanced Eagle in the F-15EX configuration represents the current baseline in F-15 production.[4]

Development

[edit]

In the 2010s, the United States Air Force (USAF) was facing an incoming shortfall of its fighter fleet size in the 2020s due to deferred and downscaled modernization plans from budget cuts following the end of the Cold War in 1991, and the focus on asymmetric counterinsurgency warfare after the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks. The USAF's procurement requirement of 381 production F-22s to replace its fleet of air superiority F-15A to D fighters was curtailed to just 187 in 2009. In order to retain adequate numbers of air superiority fighters, the service planned to extend the service of 179 F-15C/Ds to the 2030s, well beyond its original retirement date. Also referred to as F-15 2040C upgrade or "Golden Eagle", these jets would have upgraded avionics, including active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar, infrared search and track (IRST), and a new electronic warfare suite called the Eagle Passive/Active Warning Survivability System (EPAWSS). Some of these upgrades would be shared with the F-15E fleet, such as EPAWSS whose development contract was awarded in 2015 to Boeing and BAE Systems.[5] However, by the mid-2010s, the F-15C/D fleet was aging beyond the point of economic sustainability and would not be serviceable by the 2030s, while the F-35 program was facing delays, resulting in a requirement to recapitalize the fighter shortfall as the legacy F-15s retire by the mid-2020s. Restarting F-22 production was considered cost prohibitive due to the high non-recurring startup costs of rebuilding the production line and sourcing replacement parts vendors.[6][7]

Meanwhile, Boeing had been developing upgrades for the F-15E for export customers and a substantial update to the air vehicle design resulted in the F-15 Advanced Eagle family;[8] the F-15SA (Saudi Advanced) was the initial variant which first flew in 20 February 2013, followed by the F-15QA (Qatari Advanced) ordered in 2017.[9] In 2018, following a series of OSD CAPE studies indicating that a mix of fourth- and fifth-generation fighters would allow the USAF to more affordably recapitalize its fighter fleet, the USAF and Boeing began discussing the F-15X or Advanced F-15, a proposed single-seat variant based on the F-15QA to replace USAF F-15C/Ds.[10] Eventually, both single- and two-seat variants were proposed, called F-15CX and F-15EX respectively, with identical capabilities; the USAF opted for the EX since only two-seat F-15 models remained in production, and in 2019, eight aircraft were included in the FY 2020 budget request.[11] This would enable the use of the existing F-15 production line with minimal non-recurring startup costs to quickly bring additional fighters into service and also was a way to support Boeing's St. Louis division in order to maintain diversity in the U.S. fighter industrial base.[12] The F-15EX improvements included the AESA radar, IRST, and EPAWSS from the existing F-15 upgrade programs while combining the benefits of the F-15QA such as the revised structure with a service life of 20,000 hours, new cockpit and flight controls, and the proposed AMBER (Advanced Missile and Bomb Ejector Rack) system to enable the carriage of up to 22 air-to-air missiles.[13]

An F-15EX on the assembly line, July 2020

Although it is not expected to be as survivable against the latest air defenses as the fifth-generation F-22 and F-35, the F-15EX can supplement the former in air superiority missions by performing homeland and airbase defense, enforcing no-fly zones against limited air defenses, and deploying outsized standoff weapons in support of stealth fighters at the frontline.[14] In July 2020, the U.S. Defense Department ordered eight F-15EXs over three years for $1.2 billion.[15][16] The F-15EX made its maiden flight on 2 February 2021.[17][18]

On 7 April 2021, its official name Eagle II was announced.[19] The FY2021 defense appropriations bill funded F-15EX procurement at $1.23 billion for 12 aircraft, bringing total orders to 20 aircraft with 144 total planned.[20] By May 2022, the USAF reduced its orders to 80.[21] The first operational F-15EXs are not to receive conformal fuel tanks.[22] The Air Force's proposed budget for fiscal 2024 includes funds to buy 24 more F-15EXs,[23] which would bring the planned fleet up to 104 aircraft.[23]

Design

[edit]
For the base design that the F-15 Advanced Eagle was developed from, see McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle.
An F-15EX Eagle II from the 40th Flight Test Squadron, March 2021

The F-15EX is a variant of the F-15 Advanced Eagle family of aircraft, a further development of the F-15E Strike Eagle design beginning with the F-15SA for the Royal Saudi Air Force. The Advanced Eagle consolidated several upgrades to the F-15E developed for export customers, including full integration of the General Electric F110-GE-129 and the AN/ALQ-239 Digital Electronic Warfare System (DEWS) that replaced the legacy TEWS, and introduced a revised wing structure for increased service life, an enhanced cockpit originally proposed for the F-15SE Silent Eagle and digital fly-by-wire control system that replaced the original hybrid electronic/mechanical system and enables the activation of two additional wing pylons;[24] the fly-by-wire eliminated flutter modes causing stability issues that resulted in the two outboard wing pylons being deactivated in earlier F-15 variants.[25] Starting from the F-15QA for the Qatari Emiri Air Force, the Advanced Eagle introduced a further revised wing structure that increased service life to 20,000 hours, the new Advanced Display Core Processor II (ADCP II) mission computer, and a new cockpit with a 10 in × 19 in (25 cm × 48 cm) large area display (LAD) each for the pilot and weapon systems officer (WSO). Based on the F-15QA, the F-15EX incorporates the Raytheon AN/APG-82(V)1 AESA radar, BAE Systems AN/ALQ-250 EPAWSS in lieu of DEWS from which EPAWSS draws heavily from, and the Lockheed Martin Legion Pod with AN/ASG-34(V)1 IRST21 sensor; in contrast to some other Advanced Eagle variants, the F-15EX does not have the BAE Systems AN/AAR-57 Common Missile Warning System (CMWS), although the blisters for these sensors were retained in order to minimize production changes and maintain the same aerodynamic profile for the fly-by-wire system.[26][27]

While not as survivable as the stealthy F-22 or F-35, the F-15EX nevertheless incorporates advanced integrated avionics and protective countermeasures systems to improve the pilot's situational awareness and increase survivability. The F-15EX's APG-82(V)1 radar, initially designated APG-63(V)4, combines the AESA antenna of the APG-63(V)3 with the processor of the APG-79(V) found on the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet as well as a new cooling system and Radio Frequency Tunable Filters (RFTF) to enable simultaneous radar and electronic warfare functions while integrated with the AN/ALQ-250 EPAWSS electronic warfare suite. Leveraging the work and experience from AN/ALQ-239 DEWS, the EPAWSS is a digital system that provides all-aspect radar warning receiver function and threat geolocation; it is also integrated with the AN/ALE-47 chaff/flare countermeasures dispenser system. Both the pilot and WSO can use the Digital Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System (D-JHMCS) to cue weapons at high angles off boresight. The Legion Pod's ASG-34(V)1 IRST21 sensor provides the F-15EX with a passive means of threat detection, especially against low-observable threats in the radio-frequency spectrum; the F-15SA and F-15QA mounts the AN/AAS-42 "Tiger Eyes", the precursor to the IRST21 sensor, on the targeting pod pylon. While the aircraft can be operated by a single pilot for basic air superiority missions, the back seat is fully missionized to support a WSO for complex missions and can potentially support the manned-unmanned teaming coordination with uncrewed collaborative combat aircraft.[28] Although employed primarily as an air superiority fighter to replace the F-15C/D and complement the F-22, the F-15EX can employ the LANTIRN and Sniper XR pods like its F-15E precursor to perform ground attack. The avionics has an open systems architecture to facilitate potential future upgrades.[27]

The F-15EX's large payload capacity enables a high level of flexibility. In a typical air superiority or escort configuration, the Advanced Eagle can carry twelve air-to-air missiles, either the AIM-120 AMRAAM or AIM-9 Sidewinder short-range missiles; the AGM-88 HARM can also be carried. Using proposed expanded racks and CFT weapons stations, it can potentially carry sixteen AIM-120; four AIM-9; and two AGM-88 HARMs, although this has not been tested or funded. For precision strike, it can carry sixteen GBU-39 Small Diameter Bombs; four AMRAAMs; one 2,000 lb Joint Direct Attack Munition; two HARMs; and two fuel drop tanks.[25] The F-15EX can carry multiple large standoff munitions such as the AGM-158 JASSM, or outsized munitions like the AGM-183 ARRW to bring additional firepower behind the frontline F-22 and F-35.

While the Advanced Eagle's strengthened structure makes it heavier than earlier F-15 variants, the digital fly-by-wire control system and the increased dynamic thrust envelope of the F110-129 engines provide it with substantially improved maneuverability and handling characteristics over legacy F-15s and enables the pilot to maneuver aggressively with no angle-of-attack limits. The fly-by-wire also makes the aircraft much more departure-resistant and tolerant of asymmetric loads.[29][30]

Operational history

[edit]
The first F-15EX delivery at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida

The first F-15EX was delivered in March 2021 and flown to Eglin Air Force Base in Florida. A fleet of six aircraft formed the test force to support development and operational flight testing. The first two aircraft conducted weapons separation tests and participated in Northern Edge and Combat Hammer in May and August 2023. The third aircraft was equipped with additional communications equipment, a redesigned forward fuselage specifically for USAF requirements, and was the first equipped with EPAWSS. The F-15EX test program is able to save time and money because many systems such as the fly-by-wire and cockpit displays were already tested on the F-15SA and F-15QA with export customer funding by Saudi Arabia and Qatar.[31][32] The F-15EX's Integrated Test & Evaluation Phase 1, which consisted of weapons trials, integration with fifth-generation fighters, and mission systems testing, was completed in August 2023; Phase 2 was cancelled due to planned aircraft upgrades of later lots and a follow-on operational test & evaluation (FOT&E) is planned.[33][34]

An F-15EX (upper, right) in formation with an F-15E (center) and F-15C (lower, left) while on delivery to Eglin AFB, 2021

In August 2020, the USAF announced plans to replace F-15Cs of Air National Guard units in Florida and Oregon with F-15EXs.[35][36] On 18 April 2023, the USAF announced that the California and Louisiana Air National Guards would replace their F-15C/D fleets with the F-15EX.[37] On 25 May 2023, it was announced that the 173rd Fighter Wing at Kingsley Field ANGB, Oregon, would become a Formal Training Unit (FTU) for the F-35A rather than the F-15EX. Basic F-15 training, for both the F-15E and F-15EX, will instead take place at Seymour Johnson AFB, North Carolina, from 2026 onwards.[38]

On 5 June 2024, Oregon's 142nd Wing received its first F-15EX with the fighter landing at Portland Air National Guard Base, while the second arrived a month later. Initial operational capability was declared on 10 July 2024.[39][32][40]

Israel

[edit]

The Israeli Air Force ordered 25 F-15IA fighters based on the F-15EX and plans to upgrade 25 F-15Is to the F-15IA standard as of 2023.[41] In 2024, the number of new-built F-15IAs was increased to 50.[42][43][44]

Saudi Arabia

[edit]

In addition to the 84 F-15SA purchased in 2011, Boeing discussed the sale of 54 F-15EXs to Saudi Arabia during the 2024 World Defense Show in Riyadh.[45] If the deal goes ahead, Saudi Arabia will look to upgrade their fleet of F-15SAs to the same standard as the EX.[46]

Potential operators

[edit]

Egypt

[edit]

A U.S. agreement to sell F-15 Advanced Eagles to Egypt for the Egyptian Air Force was announced in March 2022. A contract needs to be finalized after price and delivery date are determined.[47]

Indonesia

[edit]

In February 2022, the U.S. State Department approved the sale of up to 36 F-15IDs and related equipment to Indonesia.[48] As of 21 November 2022, Indonesia's planned purchase of F-15s is in advanced stages and awaiting final sign-off from the government, as stated by the Indonesian Minister of Defense. Speaking after meeting his U.S. counterpart Lloyd Austin in Jakarta, Prabowo Subianto said that Boeing had agreed to the financial offer proposed and he is confident the package is affordable.[49] In June 2023 during a Ministry of Defense press conference it was stated that the contract for the F-15 aircraft is still in the discussion stage with the U.S. government.[50] On 21 August 2023, Boeing and the Indonesian government signed a Memorandum of Understanding for the purchase of 24 F-15EX fighters.[51]

Poland

[edit]

At the Polish International Defence Industry Exhibition (MSPO) in September 2023, Boeing pitched the F-15EX to Poland.[52] However, there were no specifics on price or delivery.[53]

Thailand

[edit]

The Royal Thai Air Force is seeking multirole fighters to replace the F-16A/Bs it has in service. On 31 December 2021, the RTAF Commander-in-chief announced that the Air Force proposes to buy 8 to 12 F-35 Lightning IIs in 2023. On 12 January 2022, the council of ministers approved the first batch of four F-35As.[54] On 22 May 2023, a Royal Thai Air Force source stated that the United States Department of Defense implied it will turn down Thailand's bid to buy F-35As, and instead offer F-16 Block 70 and F-15EX Eagle II fighters.[55]

Variants

[edit]
For description of earlier F-15 Advanced Eagle variants, see McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle § F-15 Advanced Eagle variants.
Qatar Emiri Air Force F-15QA Ababil QA538 at RIAT 2024
F-15SA
The F-15SA (Saudi Advanced) is the initial Advanced Eagle variant for Royal Saudi Air Force and the baseline from which the F-15EX would be developed from. The F-15SA has the older AN/APG-63(V)3 radar, AN/ALQ-239 Digital Electronic Warfare System (DEWS), AN/AAR-57 Common Missile Warning System (CMWS), and AN/AAS-42 "Tiger Eyes" IRST mounted on the targeting pod pylon.[56]
F-15QA "Ababil"
The F-15QA (Qatari Advanced) is the direct predecessor of the F-15EX, further development of the Advanced Eagle for Qatari Emiri Air Force with the introduction of the improved cockpit with large area display (LAD) and ADCP II mission computer. The F-15QA has AN/APG-82(V)1 radar, DEWS, CMWS, and AN/AAS-42 IRST. In June 2017, Qatar signed a deal to buy 36 F-15QAs for US$12 billion (~$14.7 billion in 2023) which included weapons, support, equipment, and training, with up to 72 approved by the U.S. State Department.[57][58][59] On 22 June 2021, Boeing announced that it will integrate an Elbit Systems anti-jamming systems into the F-15QA, allowing it to fly into heavy electromagnetic interference environment uninterrupted.[60]
F-15EX
Two-seat variant for the U.S. Air Force. The F-15EX has AN/APG-82(V)1, AN/ALQ-250 EPAWSS, Legion Pod with AN/ASG-34(V)1 IRST21 sensor, but no CMWS.
F-15IA
The F-15IA (Israel Advanced) is a variant for the Israeli Air Force based on the F-15EX.[44]

Proposed variants

[edit]
F-15CX
Proposed single-seat variant for the U.S. Air Force with equivalent capability as the F-15EX. Not procured due to single-seat Eagles no longer being produced.[11]
F-15GA
Boeing offered 90 F-15GA (German Advanced) fighters to Germany as replacements for its Tornado IDSs and ECRs.[61] Luftwaffe chose 35 F-35A Lightning II and 15 Eurofighter Typhoon (ECR EW variant) instead.[62]
F-15IDN
The F-15IDN (formerly F-15ID) is a proposed export version of the F-15EX for the Indonesian Air Force.[51]

Operators

[edit]
 Qatar
 Saudi Arabia
 United States

Accidents and losses

[edit]
Main article: List of F-15 losses

Specifications (F-15EX)

[edit]
The F110-129 engines mounted on the F-15EX with exhaust petals attached

Data from Air and Space Forces Magazine,[72] General Electric[73][74]

General characteristics

Performance

  • Maximum speed: Mach 2.5, 1,650 mph (2,655 km/h) at high altitude[N 2]
    • Mach 1.2, 800 kn (921 mph; 1,482 km/h) at low altitude[N 3]
  • Combat range: 687 nmi (791 mi, 1,272 km)
  • Ferry range: 2,100 nmi (2,400 mi, 3,900 km) with conformal fuel tanks and three external fuel tanks
  • Service ceiling: 60,000 ft (18,000 m)
  • g limits: +9
  • Rate of climb: 50,000 ft/min (250 m/s) +
  • Thrust/weight: 0.93

Armament

Avionics

See also

[edit]

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Number built: F-15SA= 84,[1] F-15QA= 36,[2] F-15EX= 8;[3] total= 126.
  2. ^ Mach 2.0, 1,320 mph (2,124 km/h) at high altitude with CFTs.
  3. ^ 700 kn (806 mph; 1,296 km/h) at low altitude with CFTs.

Citations

[edit]
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