Christianity in Norway
Christianity is the largest religion in Norway and it has historically been called a Christian country. A majority of the population are members of the Church of Norway with 64.9% of the population officially belonging to the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Norway in 2021.[1] At numerous times in history, Norway sent more missionaries per capita than any other country. This changed considerably from the 1960s. In 2004, only 12% of the population attended church services each month.[2] The Church of Norway receives a fixed sum from the Government not based on membership numbers. Other religious organisations receive approximately the same amount per member.[3][4]
In 1993, there were 4,981 churches and chapels in Norway.[5]
Christianization
[edit]
The conversion of Norway to Christianity began well before 1000 AD. The raids on Ireland, Britain and the Frankish kingdoms had brought the Vikings in touch with Christianity.[6] Haakon the Good of Norway who had grown up in England tried to introduce Christianity in the tenth century, but had met resistance from pagan leaders and soon abandoned the idea.[7][8]
Anglo-Saxon missionaries from England and Germany engaged in converting Norwegians to Christianity, but with limited success. However, they succeeded in converting Olaf I of Norway to Christianity.[8][7] Olaf II of Norway (later Saint Olaf) had more success in his efforts to convert the population, and he is credited with Christianising Norway.[9]
The Christians in Norway often established churches or other holy sites at places that had previously been sacred under the Norse religion.[10] The spread of conversion can be measured by burial sites as Pagans were buried with grave goods while Christians were not.[10] Christianity had become well established in Norway by the middle of the 11th century and had become dominant by the middle of the 12th century. Stave churches were built of wood without the use of nails in the 13th century.
By county
[edit]| County |
Christians[11][12] |
|---|---|
 Sogn og Fjordane |
90.4% |
 Møre og Romsdal |
90.2% |
 Nordland |
89.9% |
 Oppland |
89.6% |
 Finnmark |
89.2% |
 Hedmark |
89.1% |
 Trøndelag |
88.9% |
 Troms |
88.8% |
 Aust-Agder |
87.5% |
 Telemark |
86.6% |
 Vest-Agder |
85.6% |
 Rogaland |
85.4% |
 Vestfold |
84.8% |
 Østfold |
84.6% |
 Norway |
84.2% |
 Buskerud |
83.0% |
 Akershus |
81.4% |
 Oslo |
65.8% |
The above numbers reflect the percentage of the population that are members of a church, typically from being baptized as infants. According to study collected on a sample of 706 Less than half of these define themselves as Christian.[13]
Compared with other countries and states
[edit]Church attendance
[edit]As of the early 21st century, Norway has one of the lowest church attendance rates in the world. Below is a table that compares Norway with other governmental divisions in regular church attendance for the early 21st century (2004–2006). In contrast to 250,000 regular churchgoers in the whole of Norway in 2004, 43,500 attend Lakewood Church in the United States each week, and 23,000 attend Hillsong Church in Australia each week.
The U.S. state of Alabama has a population roughly equal to that of Norway, but church attendance in Alabama is as much as 11 times higher than in Norway.
| Country / State | Regular church attendance (%) | Regular church attendance (number) |
|---|---|---|
 Alabama
|
58%[14] | 2,700,000 |
 Poland
|
56.7%[15] | 21,600,000 |
 Texas
|
49%[14] | 12,140,000 |
 United States average
|
42%[14] | 120,000,000 |
 California
|
32%[14] | 11,830,000 |
 Canada
|
25% | 7,800,000 |
 Vermont
|
24%[14] | 140,000 |
 France
|
15% | 9,800,000 |
 United Kingdom
|
10%[16] | 6,000,000 |
 Australia
|
7.5%[17] | 1,500,000 |
| Norway
|
5%[18] | 250,000 |
Public opinion
[edit]World Values Survey
[edit]| Religious Affiliation/Identification | 1982 | 1990 | 1996 | 2005 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percent belonging to a religious denomination | 95.9% | 90.2% | 90.7% | – |
| Percent identifying as a religious person | 48% | 47.5% | 46.9% | 41.3% |
| Percent raised religious | – | 45.7% | 41.4% | – |
| Religious Behaviors | 1982 | 1990 | 1996 | 2005 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percent attending religious services at least once a month | 15.4% | 12.7% | 12.5% | 10.8% |
| Percent that meditate or pray | 61.6% | 64.4% | – | 33.2% |
| Percent active in a church or religious organization | – | – | 8.3% | 8.3% |
| Religious Beliefs | 1982 | 1990 | 1996 | 2005 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percent believing in God | 75.5% | 65% | 68.8% | – |
| Percent believing in heaven | 51.9% | 43.8% | 46.7% | – |
| Percent believing in hell | 23.5% | 19.2% | 19.7% | – |
| Percent believing in life after death | 50.7% | 44.7% | 47.3% | – |
| Percent believing that there are clear guidelines on good and evil | 31.4% | 31.6% | 29.1% | – |
| Percent believing that politicians who do not believe in God are unfit for public office | – | – | – | 3.8% |
| Percent believing that religious leaders should not influence people's vote | – | – | – | 8.9% |
| Percent believing that things would be better if there are more people with strong religious beliefs | – | – | – | 6.2% |
| Percent believing church gives answers to people's spiritual needs | 64.3% | 55% | – | 48.2% |
| Percent believing church gives answers on family life problems | 36.5% | 29.1% | – | 16.1% |
| Percent believing churches give answers to moral problems | 47.5% | 40.9% | – | 28.7% |
| Percent believing churches give answers to social problems | – | 18.5% | – | 11.7% |
| Percent believing that religious leaders should influence the government | – | – | – | 79.4% |
| Percent believing that people have a soul | 59% | 54.4% | 59.6% | – |
| Percent believing in the concept of sin | 59.2% | 44.2% | 45.4% | – |
| Percent believing religious services are important for deaths | – | 81.1% | – | – |
| Percent believing religious services are important for births | – | 66.3% | – | – |
| Percent believing religious services are important for marriages | – | 70.4% | – | – |
| Percent believing in a personal God | 39.2% | 29.8% | – | – |
| Percent believing in re-incarnation | 38.4% | 15.2% | – | – |
| Percent believing in the devil's existence | 30.2% | 24% | 28% | – |
| Percent that think that religious faith is an important quality in children | – | – | – | 8.6% |
| Percent that agree: We depend too much on science and not enough on faith | – | – | – | 25.8% |
| Percent that do not trust people of other religions | – | – | – | 20.4% |
| Percent that often think about meaning and purpose of life | – | – | – | 20.2% |
| Religious Experiences | 1982 | 1990 | 1996 | 2005 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percent finding comfort and strength from religion | 48.5% | 35.6% | 39.5% | – |
| Attitudes | 1982 | 1990 | 1996 | 2005 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percent considering religion important | – | 40.3% | 38.2% | 32.8% |
| Percent considering that God is not at all important in their life | 19.6% | 24.8% | 22.1% | 27.9% |
| Percent confident in religious organizations | 49.6% | 44.6% | 53.5% | 50.5% |
Other
[edit]| Born again Christian[19] | 1997 | 2010 |
|---|---|---|
| Percent who report Born-again Christian | 19% | 26% |
| People who report Born-again Christian | 835,000 | 1,263,000 |
Denominations
[edit]Statistics Norway
[edit]| Religion (on 31 December 2019)[1][20] | Members | Percent | Growth (2014–2019) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Christianity | 4,059,366 | 75.63% | -2.0% |
| Church of Norway | 3,686,715 | 68.68% | −4.1% |
| Catholic Church | 165,254[21] | 3.08% | 72.8% |
| Pentecostal congregations | 40,725 | 0.76% | 4.0% |
| Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy | 28,544 | 0.53% | 63.3% |
| Evangelical Lutheran Free Church | 19,313 | 0.36% | −1.0% |
| Jehovah's Witnesses | 12,661 | 0.24% | 2.9% |
| Baptists | 10,823 | 0.20% | 5.1% |
| The Methodist Church in Norway | 10,000 | 0.19% | −5.4% |
| Other Christianity | 85,331 | 1.59% | −6.8% |
| Total[22] | 5,367,850 | 100.0% | 3.9% |
The Association of Religion Data Archives
[edit]| Denomination | Percent[23] |
|---|---|
| Christian | 92.0% |
| Agnostic | 3.5% |
| Muslim | 2.8% |
| Buddhist | 0.7% |
| Atheist | 0.6% |
| Baháʼí | 0.1% |
| Neo-pagan | 0.1% |
Operation World 2001
[edit]| Denomination | Percent[citation needed] |
|---|---|
| Christianity | 93.7% |
| Protestant | 89.4% |
| Other Christian | 2.0% |
| Independent | 1.2% |
| Catholic | 0.8% |
| Non-religious | 5.0% |
| Islam | 1.0% |
| Buddhism | 0.2% |
| Christianity by country |
|---|
 |
 Christianity portal |
Protestantism
[edit]Lutheranism
[edit]Church of Norway
[edit]The Church of Norway (Den norske kirke in Bokmål or Den norske kyrkja in Nynorsk) is the state church of Norway. The church confesses the Lutheran Christian faith. It has as its foundation the Christian Bible, the Apostles' Creed, Nicene Creed, Athanasian Creed, Luther's Small Catechism and the Augsburg Confession. The Church is a member of the Porvoo Communion with 12 other churches, among them the Anglican Churches of Europe. It has also signed some other ecumenical texts, including the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification with the Catholic Church and the Joint statement on the occasion of the Joint Catholic-Lutheran Commemoration of the Reformation in the city of Lund, Sweden in 2016.
The constitutional head of the Church is the King of Norway, who is obliged to profess the Lutheran faith. The Church of Norway is subject to legislation, including its budgets, passed by the Norwegian parliament, the Storting, and its central administrative functions are carried out by the Royal Ministry of Culture and Church Affairs.
The Church has a congregational and episcopal structure, with 1,284 parishes, 106 deaneries and 11 dioceses, namely:
- Diocese of Oslo, seated in Oslo, also covers Asker Municipality and Bærum Municipality (Bishop Ole Christian Kvarme)
- Diocese of Borg, seated in Fredrikstad covering Akershus and Østfold counties (Bishop Helga Haugland Byfuglien)
- Diocese of Hamar, seated in Hamar covering Innlandet county (Bishop Solveig Fiske)
- Diocese of Tunsberg, seated in Tønsberg covering Buskerud and Vestfold counties (Bishop Jan Otto Myrseth)
- Diocese of Agder og Telemark, seated in Kristiansand covering Agder and Telemark counties (Bishop Olav Skjevesland)
- Diocese of Stavanger, seated in Stavanger covering Rogaland county (Bishop Erling Pettersen)
- Diocese of Bjørgvin, seated in Bergen covering Vestland county (Bishop Halvor Nordhaug)
- Diocese of Møre, seated in Molde covering Møre og Romsdal county (Bishop Ingeborg Midttømme)
- Diocese of Nidaros, seated in Trondheim, covering Trøndelag county (Bishop Tor Singsaas)
- Diocese of Sør-Hålogaland, seated in Bodø, covering Nordland county (Bishop Tor Berger Jørgensen)
- Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland, seated in Tromsø, covering Troms and Finnmark counties (Bishop Per Oskar Kjølaas)
| As of 2008[24] | Percent | |
|---|---|---|
| Members | 3,874,823 | 81.8% |
| Participation in worship services, Sundays and holidays | 5,069,341 | |
| Baptism | 42,599 | |
| Confirmation | 41,655 | |
| Consecration | 10,536 | |
| Funeral | 38,832 |
The following membership numbers are from Statistics Norway's data from 2016 to 2020:[25]
Evangelical Lutheran Free Church of Norway
[edit]The Evangelical Lutheran Free Church of Norway (Den Evangelisk Lutherske frikyrkja i Noreg in Norwegian) or the Free Church as it is commonly known, is a nationwide Lutheran free church in Norway consisting of 81 congregations with 19,313 members in 2020, up from 18,908 in 2016.[26] It was founded in 1877 in Moss. It should not be confused with the Church of Norway, though both churches are members of the Lutheran World Federation. The Free Church is financially independent.
The Swedish Church in Norway
[edit]13,108 members in 2020, down from 21,689 in 2016.
Mission Covenant Church of Norway
[edit]11,223 members in 2020, up from 10,598 in 2016.
Brunstad Christian Church
[edit](previously known as Den Kristelige Menighet, 'the Christian Church')
8,726 members in 2020, up from 8,177 in 2016.
The Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Congregation
[edit]2,180 members in 2020, down from 4,117 in 2016.
Free Evangelical Congregations
[edit]3,127 members in 2020, down from 3,318 in 2016.
Christian Centres
[edit]2,968 members in 2020, down from 3,001 in 2016.
The Evangelical Lutheran Church Community
[edit]3,139 members in 2020, down from 3,177 in 2016.
The Icelandic Evangelical Lutheran Congregation in Norway
[edit]6,008 members in 2020, down from 6,830 in 2016.
The Christian Community
[edit]2,428 members in 2020, down from 2,550 in 2016.
Other Protestant
[edit]Pentecostal Congregations
[edit]40,725 members in 2020, up from 39,431 in 2016.
The Norwegian Baptist Union
[edit]10,823 in 2020, up from 10,367 in 2016.
Adventists
[edit]4,642 in 2020, down from 4,778 in 2016.
Anglicanism
[edit]The Methodist Church in Norway
[edit]10,000 in 2020, down from 10,531 in 2016.
Catholic Church
[edit]
The Catholic Church in Norway is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope and the Curia in Rome. Per 1 January 2020 the church had 165,254 registered members.[25] The number has more than doubled since 2010 from approximately 67,000 members, mainly due to high immigration.[27] There may be approximately 170,000–200,000 people of Catholic background in the country, most of them immigrants.[28][needs update]
The country is divided into three Church districts – the Diocese of Oslo and the prelatures of Trondheim and Tromsø and 32 parishes. The Bishop of Oslo participates in the Scandinavian Bishops Conference. The Catholic Church in Norway is as old as the kingdom itself, dating from approximately 900 A.D., with the first Christian monarchs, Haakon I from 934.
At first, the bulk of Catholic immigrants came from Germany, the Netherlands, and France. Immigration from Chile, the Philippines, and from a wide range of other countries began in the 1970s. This development has further increased in the last few years with economic immigrants from Poland and Lithuania. Ethnic Norwegian Catholics are now greatly outnumbered by the immigrants, although the former tend to be far more observant and conservative, being a self-selected group largely of ex-Lutheran converts.[citation needed]
Orthodoxy
[edit]Eastern Orthodoxy
[edit]28,544 in 2020, up from 20,202 in 2016. The Orthodox Church has experienced a 235% increase in membership from 2010 to 2020.[27]
Oriental Orthodoxy
[edit]Other Christian
[edit]Restorationism
[edit]Jehovah's Witnesses
[edit]Jehovah's Witnesses is the largest nontrinitarian religious organization in Norway, with a membership of 12,661 in 2020, up from 12,413 in 2016.[25] A branch office is located in Ytre Enebakk. In 2022, the group lost its legal status as a religion over their exclusionary policies, although they are not banned within Norway.[29]
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
[edit]The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Norwegian: Jesu Kristi kirke av siste dagers hellige) is a restorationist free church. There are about 4,500 members in Norway, with history going back to 1851. There are 19 congregations, called wards and branches in Norway.[30] A temple, to be built in Oslo, was announced on 4 April 2021 by church president Russell M. Nelson.[31][32]
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Church of Norway Archived 25 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine Statistics Norway 17 May 2020
- ^ "Norsk samfunnsvitenskapelig datatjeneste – Få nordmenn i kirken, men ikke færre enn før". Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Finansiering av religion og livssyn". Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
- ^ "Hvor mange aktive kristne finnes i Norge?". Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
- ^ Bagge & Nordeide 2007, p. 129-130.
- ^ a b Winroth 2012, p. 115.
- ^ a b Bagge & Nordeide 2007, p. 135.
- ^ Sawyer & Sawyer 2010, p. 215.
- ^ a b Bagge & Nordeide 2007, p. 133.
- ^ Statistics Norway – Church of Norway.
- ^ Statistics Norway – Members of religious and life stance communities outside the Church of Norway, by religion/life stance. County. 2006–2010 Archived 2 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Flertallet av kirkemedlemmene er ikke kristne". 22 March 2016. Archived from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
- ^ a b c d e "San Diego Times, May 2, 2006, from 2006 Gallup survey". Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2010.
- ^ "Polish lead EU in Sunday church attendance". Archived from the original on 16 November 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
- ^ "'One in 10' attends church weekly". BBC News. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved 29 May 2010.
- ^ [1] Archived 10 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine NCLS releases latest estimates of church attendance, National Church Life Survey, Media release,
- ^ "NorgeIDAG – Hvor mange aktive kristne finnes i Norge?". Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
- ^ "Sterk økning i personlige kristne". Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
- ^ Members of Christian communities outside the Church of Norway. Archived 5 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine Statistics Norway 8 December 2020
- ^ In 2015 the bishop of the Diocese of Oslo, Bernt Ivar Eidsvig, and his financial manager were charged with fraud for adding up to 65,000 extra names to the Catholic membership list over the previous several years.Gaffey, Conor (2 July 2015). "Catholic Church accused of defrauding Norway of €5.7m". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 28 May 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
- ^ Population Archived 16 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine Statistics Norway
- ^ "The Association of Religion Data Archives". Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
- ^ "Kirkedatabasen". Archived from the original on 16 January 2010. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
- ^ a b c "06339: Medlemmer i kristne trussamfunn som mottek offentleg stønad og som er utanfor Den norske kyrkja, etter trussamfunn 2006 – 2020". PX-Web SSB (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
- ^ "Statistics Norway". Archived from the original on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2010.
- ^ a b "Meir enn dobla medlemstal i den romersk-katolske kyrkja på ti år". ssb.no (in Norwegian). 8 December 2020. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
- ^ Andreas Slettholm: Nå er det flere katolikker enn muslimer i Norge Archived 5 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine Aftenposten, 3 December 2012
- ^ Mehta, Hemant (31 January 2022). "Norway will no longer fund the Jehovah's Witnesses". OnlySky Media. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
- ^ "Statistics and Church Facts | Total Church Membership". newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
- ^ "Location of the Oslo Norway Temple announced". news-uk.churchofjesuschrist.org. 7 June 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
- ^ "Oslo Norway Temple | ChurchofJesusChristTemples.org". Temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
Sources
[edit]- Bagge, Sverre; Nordeide, Sæbjørg Walaker (2007). "The kingdom of Norway". In Berend, Nora (ed.). Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy: Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus', c.900–1200. Cambridge University Press. pp. 121–166. ISBN 978-0-521-87616-2.
- Sawyer, Birgit; Sawyer, Peter (2010). Medieval Scandinavia: From Conversion to Reformation, circa 800–1500. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-1739-5.
- Winroth, Anders (2012). The Conversion of Scandinavia: Vikings, Merchants, and Missionaries in the Remaking of Northern Europe. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17026-9.