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Eastern Area Command (RAAF)

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Eastern Area Command
Map of Australia showing state borders, with RAAF area command boundaries superimposed
RAAF area commands, November 1942. Eastern Area's boundaries remained in place until it re-formed as Home Command in October 1953, beginning the supersession of the area command system.
Active1942–53
AllegianceAustralia
BranchRoyal Australian Air Force
RoleAir defence
Aerial reconnaissance
Protection of adjacent sea lanes
Garrison/HQSydney (1942–49)
Glenbrook (1949–53)
EngagementsWorld War II
Commanders
Notable
commanders		William Anderson (1942–43)
Alan Charlesworth (1943–44, 1946)
Leon Lachal (1945, 1946–47)
Frank Lukis (1945–46)
Frank Bladin (1947–48)
John McCauley (1949–53)

Eastern Area Command was one of several geographically based commands raised by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) during World War II. It was formed in May 1942, and controlled units located in New South Wales and southern Queensland. Headquartered in Sydney, Eastern Area Command's responsibilities included air defence, aerial reconnaissance and protection of the sea lanes within its boundaries. Its flying units operated fighters, reconnaissance bombers, and dive bombers, and concentrated on convoy escort, maritime patrol and anti-submarine warfare. The size of the area was such that the RAAF twice considered splitting it, but nothing came of this.

The area command continued to function after the war, its headquarters transferring from Sydney to Glenbrook, in the Blue Mountains, in 1949. By this time, most of the RAAF's operational units—including fighter, bomber, and transport wings—were based within Eastern Area's boundaries, and the officer in command was responsible for air defence across all of Australia. In October 1953, the RAAF began reorganising its command-and-control system from one based on geography to one based on function; Eastern Area was re-formed as Home Command, which was renamed Operational Command in 1959, and Air Command in 1987.

History

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World War II

[edit]
Map of Australia showing state borders, with RAAF area command boundaries superimposed
Area commands as planned in February 1940

Prior to World War II, the Royal Australian Air Force was small enough for all its elements to be directly controlled by RAAF Headquarters in Melbourne. When war broke out, the RAAF began to decentralise its command structure, commensurate with expected increases in manpower and units.[1][2] Between March 1940 and May 1941, Australia and Papua were divided into four geographically based command-and-control zones: Central Area, Southern Area, Western Area, and Northern Area.[3] The roles of the area commands were air defence, protection of adjacent sea lanes, and aerial reconnaissance. Each was led by an Air Officer Commanding (AOC) who controlled the administration and operations of all air bases and units within his boundary.[2][3]

Central Area was disbanded in August 1941, and its responsibilities were divided between Southern Area, Northern Area, and the newly formed No. 2 (Training) Group.[4] The outbreak of the Pacific War resulted in Northern Area being split in January 1942 into North-Western and North-Eastern Areas, to counter separate Japanese threats to Northern Australia and New Guinea.[1][5] Southern Area was also considered appropriate for division owing to its size, so the Australian Air Board proposed assigning responsibility for operational and maintenance units within New South Wales to a new area command, Eastern Area, which would also assume control of units in southern Queensland from North-Eastern Area.[6]

Headquartered in the Sydney suburb of Edgecliff, Eastern Area Command was formed on 15 May 1942 under the leadership of Air Vice Marshal Bill Anderson. Staff numbered 114, including forty-five officers.[7] Training units in New South Wales remained part of No. 2 (Training) Group. No. 5 (Maintenance) Group was formed in Sydney on 1 June, and took responsibility for all maintenance units initially controlled by Eastern Area Command.[6][8] In September, the Allied Air Forces commander in the South West Pacific Area, Major General George Kenney, formed the majority of his US flying units into the Fifth Air Force, and most of their Australian counterparts into RAAF Command, led by Air Vice Marshal Bill Bostock.[9][10] Bostock exercised control of Australian air operations through the area commands, although RAAF Headquarters continued to hold overarching administrative authority, meaning Bostock and his area commanders were ultimately dependent on the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Vice Marshal George Jones, for supplies and equipment.[11]

Head-and-shoulders portrait of moustachioed man in light-coloured military uniform with ribbons and pilot's wings on chest
Air Vice Marshal Anderson (pictured in 1940), inaugural AOC Eastern Area

Of geographical necessity, the RAAF's two northerly area commands were mainly responsible for bombing and air defence, while the other commands focussed on maritime patrol and anti-submarine warfare.[11] In response to an increase in the number of Japanese submarines operating in Australian waters, the RAAF conducted intensive patrols along the east coast during January and February 1943. This included more than 400 patrol, anti-submarine, and convoy escort missions by Eastern Area aircraft in January.[12] The submarine threat against Allied shipping was considered serious enough to warrant basing more RAAF squadrons in southern commands than in the north, diverting resources from forward areas like New Guinea. By April, Eastern Area was operating seven combat units: No. 5 Squadron, flying army cooperation missions with CAC Wirraways out of Kingaroy, Queensland; No. 23 Squadron, flying dive-bombing missions with Wirraways from Lowood, Queensland; No. 24 Squadron, flying dive-bombing missions with Wirraways from Bankstown, New South Wales; No. 32 Squadron, flying reconnaissance and bombing missions with Lockheed Hudsons from Camden, New South Wales; No. 71 Squadron, flying maritime reconnaissance and anti-submarine missions with Avro Ansons from Lowood; No. 73 Squadron, flying maritime reconnaissance and anti-submarine missions with Ansons from Nowra, New South Wales; and No. 83 Squadron, flying fighter missions with Wirraways from Strathpine, Queensland.[13] Nos. 71 and 73 Squadrons were reserve formations hastily raised to augment the anti-submarine effort, crewed by staff and students from operational training units.[14][15]

Japanese submarine activity off the east coast peaked during April and May 1943, leading to a further expansion of the RAAF's convoy escort and patrol efforts.[16] As part of the measures undertaken to increase air coverage during this period, transit flights were ordered to overfly shipping lanes whenever possible.[17] At the end of April, Eastern Area headquarters staff numbered 630, including 105 officers.[18] Bristol Beauforts of No. 32 Squadron were credited with damaging a Japanese submarine on 19 June, but neither the RAAF nor the Royal Australian Navy was able to destroy any enemy submarines in coastal waters during 1943.[19] The efforts of the two services within the region Eastern Area covered were hampered by poor liaison and command arrangements, as well as the RAAF placing a relatively low priority on protecting merchant shipping.[20]

Anderson handed over command of Eastern Area to Air Commodore John Summers in July 1943.[21][22] Group Captain Alister Murdoch became senior air staff officer (SASO).[23] On 22 October, Avro Lancaster Q-for-Queenie, piloted by Flight Lieutenant Peter Isaacson, "buzzed" the Eastern Area headquarters building in Edgecliff before flying under the Sydney Harbour Bridge, flouting regulations and becoming the largest aircraft to pull such a stunt.[24] The same month, the Air Board proposed carving a new area command out of Eastern Area, which by then was considered too large to be controlled by one headquarters and therefore ripe for division. The new command, to be known as Central Area, would have been responsible for training and operational units in southern Queensland; the War Cabinet deferred its decision on the proposal. The concept was raised again in August 1944, and this time Central Area Command was to control maintenance units, as well as training and operations, in southern Queensland; again, nothing came of the proposal.[25]

Air Commodore Alan Charlesworth was appointed AOC Eastern Area in December 1943.[21] Japanese submarine activity had decreased in the months prior to Charlesworth taking command, and he was concerned that Allied ships were becoming complacent. He observed "a general slackening off in procedure; ships are seldom where they should be, and a minority of merchant ships identify themselves to aircraft". The RAAF's patrols had also settled into a predictable pattern that an observant submarine captain could easily avoid.[26][27] Charlesworth relinquished command in September 1944 to take over North-Western Area.[28][29] In December, aircraft from Eastern Area took part in the search for the German submarine U-862, but could not prevent it sinking the Liberty ship Robert J. Walker on Christmas; a Beaufort of No. 15 Squadron, based at Camden, located the wreck. No. 32 Squadron lost a Beaufort with its crew shortly after takeoff from Lowood during the search for U-862, which was called off in January 1945.[30][31] That month, Air Commodore Leon Lachal became AOC Eastern Area, and held command for the duration of the Pacific War.[28]

Portrait of man in dark military uniform with forage cap
Leon Lachal (pictured in 1940), AOC Eastern Area twice in 1945–47

Post-war activity and reorganisation

[edit]

On 2 September 1945, following the end of the Pacific War, South West Pacific Area was dissolved and the Air Board again assumed full control of all its operational elements.[32] According to the official history of the post-war Air Force, the AOC Eastern Area was considered "Australia's senior operational airman" and delegated by the Chief of the Air Staff with day-to-day responsibility for the nation's air defence.[33] Most of the RAAF's bases and aircraft employed in operations were situated within Eastern Area's sphere of control in New South Wales and southern Queensland.[34] Air Commodore Frank Lukis succeeded Lachal as AOC in December 1945. By the end of the month, headquarters staff numbered 1,122, including 104 officers.[35] No. 82 (Bomber) Wing came under the control of Eastern Area Command in April 1946, when it moved to RAAF Station Amberley, Queensland; initially operating B-24 Liberators, the wing re-equipped with Avro Lincolns soon after.[36][37] By this time Eastern Area headquarters occupied seven mansions in Point Piper, Sydney; it subsequently relocated to Bradfield Park.[38][39] Lukis retired from the Air Force in May, and Charlesworth took over command.[40][41]

In July–August 1946, Eastern Area Command oversaw the establishment of No. 86 (Transport) Wing, operating C-47 Dakotas, at RAAF Station Schofields, New South Wales, displacing No. 78 (Fighter) Wing, which moved to RAAF Station Williamtown, and began operating P-51 Mustangs.[42] The following month, Air Vice Marshal Jones proposed reducing the five mainland area commands (North-Western, North-Eastern, Eastern, Southern, and Western Areas) to three: Northern Area, covering Queensland and the Northern Territory; Eastern Area, covering New South Wales; and Southern Area, covering Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania. The proposal was part of a much larger plan to restructure the post-war RAAF; the Federal government rejected the plan and the wartime area command boundaries largely remained in place.[43][44] Lachal succeeded Charlesworth as AOC Eastern Area in October, and held command until his retirement from the Air Force in July 1947.[45][46]

Half portrait of man in dark military uniform with peaked cap
Air Vice Marshal McCauley, the last AOC Eastern Area, c. October 1953

Lachal's successor as AOC Eastern Area, Air Vice Marshal Frank Bladin, was responsible for preparing the transfer of its headquarters from Bradfield Park to the former Lapstone Hotel at Glenbrook in the Lower Blue Mountains, a process that was completed in 1949.[47][48] As well as commanding a view of the surrounding countryside, the property was within five kilometres (three miles) of the City of Penrith and thirty kilometres (twenty miles) of RAAF Station Richmond, and incorporated a disused railway tunnel that offered, according to government correspondence, "complete protection from Atom Bomb attack". An adjoining property, "Briarcliffe", was purchased soon afterwards to augment the new headquarters' accommodation facilities.[48] Bladin completed his term as AOC Eastern Area in October 1948.[47] Air Vice Marshal John McCauley was appointed AOC in March the following year.[49] McCauley commanded Eastern Area during the early years of the Malayan Emergency, and oversaw the deployment of No. 90 (Composite) Wing to administer RAAF units stationed there—a Lincoln squadron detached from No. 82 Wing and a Dakota squadron from No. 86 Wing.[50][51] Having re-equipped with de Havilland Vampire jets, No. 78 Wing departed Williamtown for garrison duties with the RAF on Malta in July 1952.[52][53] In May 1953, Eastern Area's SASO, Group Captain Frank Headlam, announced that the Air Force was planning to re-equip No. 82 Wing with English Electric Canberra jet bombers, and also procure CAC Sabre swept-wing jet fighters.[54]

The Federal government retired Air Marshal Jones in 1952 and replaced him with Air Marshal Donald Hardman, RAF, who proceeded to re-organise the RAAF command-and-control system along functional lines, establishing Home (operational), Training, and Maintenance Commands in October 1953. The first was re-formed from Eastern Area Command as it was considered the RAAF's de facto operational organisation. The second was re-formed from Southern Area Command, as it was the hub of training services, controlling those in New South Wales and Queensland as well as Victoria and South Australia. The third and last functional command was formed from the extant Maintenance Group headquarters in Melbourne. The transition to a functional system was completed in February 1954, when the three new commands assumed control of operations, training and maintenance from Western, North-Western, and North-Eastern Areas.[55][56]

Aftermath

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The functional commands established in 1953–54 were revised in 1959. Home Command was renamed Operational Command, and Training and Maintenance Commands merged to become Support Command.[57] Operational Command was renamed Air Command in 1987, and three years later Support Command split into Logistics Command and Training Command.[58] Throughout the evolution from Home to Operational to Air Command, the headquarters remained at Glenbrook in the Blue Mountains.[48] In 1997, logistics management became the responsibility of Support Command (Air Force), the RAAF component of the Defence-wide Support Command Australia (later subsumed by the Defence Materiel Organisation).[59][60][61] Training Command was re-formed as Air Force Training Group, a force element group under Air Command, in 2006.[62] Air Command was then the sole command-level organisation in the RAAF.[63]

Orders of battle

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April 1943

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As at April 1943, Eastern Area controlled the following flying squadrons:[13]

May 1944

[edit]

As at May 1944, Eastern Area controlled the following flying squadrons:[64]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 111–112
  2. ^ a b "Organising for War: The RAAF Air Campaigns in the Pacific" (PDF). Pathfinder. No. 121. Air Power Development Centre. October 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
  3. ^ a b Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 91–92
  4. ^ Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, p. 112
  5. ^ Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, p. 311
  6. ^ a b Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force! Volume One, pp. xxi, 134–135
  7. ^ Eastern Area Headquarters, Operations Record Book, p. 1
  8. ^ Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force! Volume Two, p. 212
  9. ^ Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 585–588
  10. ^ Odgers, Air War Against Japan, pp. 4–6
  11. ^ a b Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 144–145
  12. ^ Stevens, A Critical Vulnerability, pp. 221–222
  13. ^ a b Odgers, Air War Against Japan, p. 141
  14. ^ Odgers, Air War Against Japan, p. 140
  15. ^ Wilson, The Eagle and the Albatross, pp. 73–74
  16. ^ Stevens, A Critical Vulnerability, p. 237
  17. ^ Odgers, Air War Against Japan, p. 148
  18. ^ Eastern Area Headquarters, Operations Record Book, p. 319
  19. ^ Odgers, Air War Against Japan, pp. 152–153
  20. ^ Stevens, A Critical Vulnerability, p. 241
  21. ^ a b Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force! Volume One, p. 303
  22. ^ "Summers, John Hamilton". World War 2 Nominal Roll. Archived from the original on 30 December 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
  23. ^ Dennis et al, The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History, p. 412
  24. ^ "Lancaster bomber made illegal pass under Sydney Harbour Bridge". Air Power Development Centre. Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  25. ^ Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force! Volume One, pp. 214–217, 227–228
  26. ^ Odgers, Air War Against Japan, p. 349
  27. ^ Stevens, A Critical Vulnerability, p. 258
  28. ^ a b Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force! Volume One, p. 304
  29. ^ "New Air Member for Personnel". The Sydney Morning Herald. 13 September 1944. p. 3. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
  30. ^ Stevens, A Critical Vulnerability, pp. 269–272
  31. ^ Odgers, Air War Against Japan, pp. 350–351
  32. ^ Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force! Volume One, p. 262
  33. ^ Stephens, Going Solo, p. 344
  34. ^ Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 72–73
  35. ^ Eastern Area Headquarters, Operations Record Book, pp. 1101, 1105
  36. ^ Bennett, Highest Traditions, pp. 250–251
  37. ^ "Order of Battle – Air Force – Headquarters". Department of Veterans' Affairs. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
  38. ^ "RAAF units for Bradfield". The Sydney Morning Herald. 27 May 1946. p. 4. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  39. ^ "RAAF to leave Point Piper". The Sydney Morning Herald. 12 June 1946. p. 4. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  40. ^ "Lukis, Francis William Fellowes". World War 2 Nominal Roll. Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
  41. ^ "All Air Force cottages seized". The Sydney Morning Herald. 1 June 1946. p. 5. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
  42. ^ No. 78 Wing Headquarters (1943–59). Operations Record Book. RAAF Unit History sheets. National Archives of Australia. pp. 106–108. Retrieved 8 April 2016.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  43. ^ Helson, The Private Air Marshal, pp. 321–325
  44. ^ Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 68, 462
  45. ^ "Air chief on tour of inspection". The Newcastle Herald. 25 October 1946. p. 2. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
  46. ^ "Lachal, Leon Victor". World War 2 Nominal Roll. Archived from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
  47. ^ a b Dalkin, R.N. "Bladin, Francis Masson (1898–1978)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  48. ^ a b c Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 69–71
  49. ^ Clark, Chris. "McCauley, Sir John Patrick Joseph (1899–1989)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  50. ^ Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 246–247
  51. ^ "RAAF wing takes over a new important job". The Examiner. Launceston, Tasmania: National Library of Australia. 20 April 1951. p. 2. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  52. ^ Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 202–203
  53. ^ "DHA Vampire". RAAF Museum. Archived from the original on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  54. ^ "Re-equipping bomber wing". The Canberra Times. Canberra: National Library of Australia. 20 May 1953. p. 4. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  55. ^ "Sir Donald Hardman's Reorganisation of the RAAF" (PDF). Pathfinder. No. 106. Air Power Development Centre. March 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
  56. ^ Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 73–76, 462–463
  57. ^ Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 76–77
  58. ^ Dennis et al, The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History, pp. 150–151
  59. ^ Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, p. 307
  60. ^ "Program 6: Support Command" (PDF). Defence Annual Report 1997–98. Department of Defence. 1998. p. 224. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  61. ^ Horner, Making the Australian Defence Force, pp. 278–279
  62. ^ "Air Force Training Group". Royal Australian Air Force. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  63. ^ "Air Command". Royal Australian Air Force. Archived from the original on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  64. ^ Gogler, We Never Disappoint, p. 105

References

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