Eritrean diaspora
The Eritrean diaspora comprises about half of population living in the country, becoming the most diasporic nation.[1] In addition, one third of Eritreans live abroad.[2] In 2022, 37,357 Eritreans fled to Sudan, Egypt and Libya to seek asylum, estimated around 1% of its population.[3] Since 2001, 700,000 people have left the country as a result of political repression under Isais Afwerki.[4] In 2015, approximately 40,000 Eritrean arrived in Europe via the Mediterranean. Eritrea has become a small country with a large number pf refugees in Africa and elsewhere.[5][6]
History
[edit]Many Eritreans scattered from their homes during the Eritrean War of Independence (1961–1991).[7] In the mid-1950s, one-third of Eritreans lived abroad and emigration has increased largely due to political instability in the country and surrounding region. Emperor Haile Selassie decreed Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church to be a state religion, which excluded Eritrean Muslims, leading up to the formation of the Eritrean Liberation Movement (ELM) in 1958.[8][9] In 1961, those exiled Muslims established the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) in Cairo.[10][11] Gradually, the Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF) established itself as a rival of the ELF, which dissolved in 1982 during the Ethiopian Civil War. During the era, the Derg government used strategic bombing in Eritrea that caused an exodus to Sudan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and other countries in the Arab world. Many were Eritrean Muslims, while Eritrean Christians, whose number increased in the 1980s, tried to claim asylum in Europe and North America.[12][13][14]
Between approximately 20,000 and 30,000 Eritrean Muslims left the country during the British Military Administration from 1941 to 1952 and the Ethiopian-Eritrean federation from 1952 to 1962.[15][16] The population increased from half a million in the 1960s to one million in the 1970s. In Sudan, 600,000 Eritreans were registered in 1994, excluding citizens living in urban areas supported by the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR). Following Eritrean independence in 1993, under President Isaias Afwerki and the People’s Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ), the Eritrean population turned diasporic due to constant conflicts and civil war.[17] Although emigration decreased in the early years of the independence struggle, a mass exodus began in 2002 shortly after the Eritrean-Ethiopian War (1998–2000).[18][19]
The Eritrean diaspora may comprise as much as one third of Eritrean nationals, although exact population figures are not available for Eritrea, with one million fleeing to foreign countries during the independence struggle.[20][21] In the 1970s, the EPLF formed a transnational organization to absorb Eritrean exiles in order to aid the EPLF during the civil war.[22] One third of Eritreans live in exile because of government coercion, intimidation, and manipulation of patriotism to maintain financial flows from the diaspora through a rehabilitation tax and by delegating welfare responsibilities to its citizens abroad. Over one million Eritreans live in the Arab states and in Europe, where they do not reside as a result of political asylum, but instead work for contracts to become permanent residents.[23][24] About 150,000 Eritreans are located in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States as labor migrants, as the Arab countries support the ELF to fight against Ethiopia.[25][26][27]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Eritrea's Chosen Trauma and the Legacy of the Martyrs: The Impact of Postmemory on Political Identity Formation of Second-Generation Diaspora Eritreans". ecpr.eu. Retrieved 2024-04-07.
- ^ Müller, Tanja R.; Belloni, Milena (2021-03-04). "Transnational Lived Citizenship – The Case of the Eritrean Diaspora". Africa Spectrum. 56 (1): 3–18. doi:10.1177/00020397211005472. ISSN 0002-0397.
- ^ "America Team for Displaced Eritreans » Refugee Stats". Retrieved 2024-04-07.
- ^ "Eritrea's strife goes global as diasporas, including those in Canada, clash at cultural festivals". The Globe and Mail. 2024-01-18. Retrieved 2024-04-07.
- ^ "Eritrean Refugees: The Pawns of European Interests". www.giga-hamburg.de. Retrieved 2024-04-07.
- ^ Ghebrekidan, Alem Abraha (2005). "Remittances as development tools in the Eritrean economy". hdl:10413/1927.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Conrad, Bettina (2006-03-01). ""A culture of War and a Culture of Exile"". Revue européenne des migrations internationales. 22 (1): 59–85. doi:10.4000/remi.2712. ISSN 0765-0752.
- ^ "Eritrea and Ethiopia The Federal Experience" (PDF).
- ^ "Eritrea and Ethiopia - The Federal Experience" (PDF). 7 April 2024.
- ^ "UNHCR Web Archive". webarchive.archive.unhcr.org. Retrieved 2024-04-07.
- ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Chronology for Afars in Eritrea". Refworld. Retrieved 2024-04-07.
- ^ Miran, Jonathan (2005). "A Historical Overview of Islam in Eritrea". Die Welt des Islams. 45 (2): 177–215. doi:10.1163/1570060054307534. ISSN 0043-2539. JSTOR 1571280.
- ^ "IV. Current context to human rights violations in Eritrea" (PDF). 7 April 2024.
- ^ Weiner, Myron (1996). "Bad Neighbors, Bad Neighborhoods: An Inquiry into the Causes of Refugee Flows". International Security. 21 (1): 5–42. doi:10.2307/2539107. ISSN 0162-2889. JSTOR 2539107.
- ^ Hirt, Nicole; Mohammad, Abdulkader Saleh (2018-01-29). "The Lack of Political Space of the Eritrean Diaspora in the Arab Gulf and Sudan: Torn Between an Autocratic Home and Authoritarian Hosts". Mashriq & Mahjar: Journal of Middle East & North African Migration Studies. 5 (1): 104–129. doi:10.24847/55i2018.162. ISSN 2169-4435.
- ^ Halliday, Fred (1971-06-01). "The Fighting in Eritrea". New Left Review (I/67): 57–67.
- ^ Woldemikael, Tekle M. (2013). "Introduction to Special Issue: Postliberation Eritrea". Africa Today. 60 (2): v–xix. doi:10.2979/africatoday.60.2.v. ISSN 0001-9887. JSTOR 10.2979/africatoday.60.2.v.
- ^ "The Horn of Africa War: Mass Expulsions and the Nationality Issue". Refworld. Retrieved 2024-04-07.
- ^ "Migration in Ethiopia: History, Current Trends and Future" (PDF). 7 April 2024.
- ^ "The Eritrean Diaspora Opposition Movements" (PDF). 7 April 2024.
- ^ Hirt, N. (2015-01-01). "The Eritrean diaspora and its impact on regime stability: Responses to UN sanctions". African Affairs. 114 (454): 115–135. doi:10.1093/afraf/adu061. ISSN 0001-9909.
- ^ Hirt, Nicole (20 November 2014). "The Eritrean diaspora and its impact on regime stability: Responses to UN sanctions". African Affairs. 114 (454): 115–135. doi:10.1093/afraf/adu061. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
- ^ Hirt, Nicole; Mohammad, Abdulkader Saleh (2018). "The lack of political space of the Eritrean diaspora in the Arab Gulf and Sudan: torn between an autocratic home and authoritarian hosts". Mashriq & Mahjar: Journal of Middle East & North African Migration Studies. 5 (1): 101–126. doi:10.24847/55i2018.162. ISSN 2169-4435.
- ^ "Refugees and Migrants from Eritrea to the Arab World". 7 April 2024.
- ^ Lysa, Charlotte (10 November 2022). "Governing Refugees in Saudi Arabia (1948–2022)". Refugee Survey Quarterly. 42 (1): 1–28. doi:10.1093/rsq/hdac027. hdl:10852/101025. Retrieved 2024-04-07.
- ^ "Funding Needed to Assist Over 100,000 Ethiopian Migrants Returning from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia". International Organization for Migration. Retrieved 2024-04-07.
- ^ "CHOICELESS DEPARTURES AND INVOLUNTARY IMMOBILITY: FORCED MIGRATION FROM THE GULF STATES TO AFRICA" (PDF). 7 April 2024.