Fuxian Lake
| Fuxian Lake | |
|---|---|
 Fuxian Lake and Luchong Scenic Resort | |
  Fuxian Lake | |
| Location | Yunnan Province |
| Coordinates | 24°30′08″N 102°53′20″E / 24.50225°N 102.888888889°E |
| Primary inflows | Liangwang River, Dongda River, Jianshan River |
| Primary outflows | Haikou River |
| Basin countries | China |
| Max. length | 31.5 km (20 mi) |
| Max. width | 11.5 km (7 mi) |
| Surface area | 211 km2 (100 sq mi) |
| Average depth | 89.6 m (294 ft) |
| Max. depth | 155 m (509 ft) |
| Water volume | 18,900×106 m3 (670×109 cu ft) |
| Surface elevation | 1,721 m (5,646 ft) |
| Islands | Gushan |
| Settlements | Chengjiang |
| References | [1] |
Fuxian Lake (Chinese: 抚仙湖; pinyin: Fǔxiān Hú) is a body of water in Yunnan Province, China. It stretches through Chengjiang, Jiangchuan and Huaning Counties, spanning an area of 212 square kilometers. It is the third-largest lake in Yunnan, after Dian Lake and Erhai Lake, and the deepest, at 155 meters. It is the third-deepest fresh water lake in China, after Tianchi and Kanas Lake.[1]
Climate
[edit]Fuxian Lake has humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cwa) with humid summers and mild dry winters.[2]
| Climate data for Fuxian Lake | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 16.7 (62.1) |
18.7 (65.7) |
22.6 (72.7) |
25.1 (77.2) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.4 (79.5) |
25.6 (78.1) |
25.9 (78.6) |
24.6 (76.3) |
21.2 (70.2) |
18.7 (65.7) |
16.7 (62.1) |
22.4 (72.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 10.3 (50.5) |
12.1 (53.8) |
15.5 (59.9) |
18.6 (65.5) |
21.0 (69.8) |
22.3 (72.1) |
21.8 (71.2) |
21.6 (70.9) |
20.2 (68.4) |
17.0 (62.6) |
13.7 (56.7) |
10.8 (51.4) |
17.1 (62.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.9 (39.0) |
5.5 (41.9) |
8.5 (47.3) |
12.2 (54.0) |
15.7 (60.3) |
18.2 (64.8) |
18.0 (64.4) |
17.4 (63.3) |
15.9 (60.6) |
12.8 (55.0) |
8.8 (47.8) |
4.8 (40.6) |
11.8 (53.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 12 (0.5) |
17 (0.7) |
19 (0.7) |
27 (1.1) |
93 (3.7) |
165 (6.5) |
200 (7.9) |
195 (7.7) |
113 (4.4) |
78 (3.1) |
41 (1.6) |
14 (0.6) |
974 (38.5) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org | |||||||||||||
Flora and fauna
[edit]Fuxian Lake is known for its unique fauna, including many endemic species. However, its relative isolation makes it vulnerable to biological invasions and pollution.[3][4]
Together with other Yunnan lakes (Dian, Qilu, Yangzong, Xingyun, and Yilong), Fuxian is recognized as an ecoregion.[5] It is one of three major lakes in the province with a high number of endemic species, the others being Dian (Dianchi) and Erhai.[6] There are 24 native fish species and subspecies in Fuxian Lake, including 11 endemics.[6] The situation for most of these is precarious: besides being threatened by the introduction of 26 species of exotic fish, they have also fallen victim to habitat degradation, water pollution, and overfishing.[6][7] The endemic fish are all cyprinids or stone loaches.[6]
| Species | IUCN assessment | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| Poropuntius chonglingchungi | Critically endangered[8] | Possibly extinct (last seen in the 1990s)[6] |
| Cyprinus fuxianensis | Critically endangered[9] | Possibly extinct (last seen in the 1990s)[6] |
| Schizothorax lepidothorax | Endangered[10] | Possibly extinct (last seen in the 1990s)[6] |
| Sinocyclocheilus tingi | Endangered[11] | Still survives, but strong decline[11] |
| Tor yunnanensis | Endangered[12] | Possibly extinct (last seen in the 1990s)[12] |
| Anabarilius grahami | Not assessed | Still survives, but nearing extinction[4] |
| Discogobio longibarbatus | Not assessed | Possibly extinct (last seen in the 1990s)[6] |
| Percocypris regani | Not assessed | Still survives.[6] Recent evidence suggests it should be considered a species (Percocypris regani) instead of a subspecies (Percocypris pingi regani)[13] |
| Triplophysa fuxianensis | Not assessed | Still survives[6] |
| Yunnanilus chuia | Not assessed | Possibly extinct (last seen in the 1990s)[6] |
| Yunnanilus obtusirostrisa | Not assessed | Possibly extinct (last seen in the 1990s)[6] |
The extinction of endemic fish species, together with some native hydrophytes, accelerated in the first decade of the 21st century.[6]
The fungus Dyrithiopsis lakefuxianensis, growing on submerged wood, has been collected from Fuxian Lake and described as a newly discovered species, as indicated by its scientific name.[14] The prehistoric Fuxianhuia from the early-Cambrian, significant in discussions of early arthropod evolution, is also named after the lake, where it was discovered in 1987.
Lost city
[edit]In 2001 People's Daily reported that earthenware and stonework covering an area of approximately 2.4–2.7 square kilometers had been discovered beneath the lake. It is speculated that the settlement slid into the lake during an earthquake. Yunnan Museum archaeologist Zhang Zengqi linked the ruins with a city called Yunyuan that once stood by the side of the lake,[15] but this theory has been overturned by later analysis.[16]
In 2006, China Central Television made an additional survey. Carbon dating in 2007 found shells attached to relics to be roughly 1,750 years old. In October 2014 additional research was made on the site by a multidisciplinary team. Portions were mapped and 42 handmade stone artifacts were recovered from a depth of seven meters.[17][18]
Panorama
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Sumin, Wang; Hongshen, Dou (1998). Lakes in China. Beijing: Science Press. p. 374. ISBN 7-03-006706-1.
- ^ "Fuxian climate: Average Temperatures, weather by month, Fuxian weather averages - Climate-Data.org". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 2018-08-29.
- ^ Cui, Y. D.; Liu, X. Q.; Wang, H. Z. (2008). "Macrozoobenthic community of Fuxian Lake, the deepest lake of southwest China". Limnologica - Ecology and Management of Inland Waters. 38 (2): 116–125. doi:10.1016/j.limno.2007.10.003.
- ^ a b Qin, J.; Xu, J.; Xie, P. (2007). "Diet overlap between the endemic fish Anabarilius grahami (Cyprinidae) and the exotic noodlefish Neosalanx taihuensis (Salangidae) in Lake Fuxian, China". Journal of Freshwater Ecology. 22 (3): 365–370. doi:10.1080/02705060.2007.9664165. S2CID 84874731.
- ^ Freshwater Ecoregions of the World: Yunnan Lakes. Archived 2017-01-16 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 15 February 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Wang, Wang, Li, Du, Yang, Lassoie, and Hassan (2013). Six decades of changes in vascular hydrophyte and fish species in three plateau lakes in Yunnan, China. Biodivers. Conserv. 22: 3197–3221. doi: 10.1007/s10531-013-0579-0
- ^ Yang, J.X. and Y.R. Chen, editors (1995). The biology and resource utilization of the fishes of Fuxian Lake, Yunnan. Yunnan Science and Technology Press, Kunming, China. ISBN 9787541607677
- ^ Zhao, H. (2011). "Poropuntius chonglingchungi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T166192A6189259. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T166192A6189259.en. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
- ^ Devi, R.; Boguskaya, N. (2009). "Cyprinus fuxianensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T166157A6184730. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T166157A6184730.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Schizothorax lepidothorax". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T19993A9129962. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T19993A9129962.en. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
- ^ a b Cui, K. & Chen, X.-Y. (2011). "Sinocyclocheilus tingi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T166116A6177364. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T166116A6177364.en. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
- ^ a b Chen, X.-Y. (2011). "Folifer yunnanensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T21992A9345434. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T21992A9345434.en. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
- ^ Wang, Yang, and Chen (2013). Phylogeny and Biogeography of Percocypris (Cyprinidae, Teleostei). PLoS ONE 8(6): e61827. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061827
- ^ Jeewon, R.; L. Cai; E. C. Y Liew; K. Q Zhang; K. D Hyde (2003-09-01). "Dyrithiopsis lakefuxianensis gen. et sp. nov. from Fuxian Lake, Yunnan, China, and notes on the taxonomic confusion surrounding Dyrithium". Mycologia. 95 (5): 911–920. doi:10.2307/3762019. hdl:10722/53354. JSTOR 3762019. PMID 21148998.
- ^ "Ancient Buildings Found in Fuxian Lake". 2001-06-04. Archived from the original on June 29, 2001. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
- ^ "Mysterious Fuxian Lake's secrets told". China Daily. 2007-08-17. Archived from the original on December 9, 2007. Retrieved 2024-05-23.
- ^ "New underwater archeological discoveries made at Fuxian". 23 October 2014. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
- ^ "云南抚仙湖发现水下史前遗址构件(组图)". 16 October 2014.
Natural lakes in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau | |
|---|---|
