German keyboard layout

The German keyboard layout is family of QWERTZ keyboard layouts commonly used in Austria and Germany. It is based on one defined in a former edition (October 1988) of the German standard DIN 2137–2. The current edition DIN 2137-1:2012-06 standardizes it as the first (basic) one of three layouts, calling it "T1" (Tastaturbelegung 1, "keyboard layout 1").

The German layout differs from the English (US and UK) layouts in four major ways:

The positions of the "Z" and "Y" keys are switched. In English, the letter "y" is very common and the letter "z" is relatively rare, whereas in German the letter "z" is very common and the letter "y" is very uncommon.^[1] The German layout places "z" in a position where it can be struck by the index finger, rather than by the weaker little finger.
Part of the keyboard is adapted to include umlauted vowels (ä, ö, ü) and the sharp s (ß). (Some newer types of German keyboards offer the fixed assignment Alt+++H → ẞ for its capitalized version.)
Some of special key inscriptions are changed to a graphical symbol (e.g. ⇪ Caps Lock is an upward arrow, ← Backspace a leftward arrow). Most of the other abbreviations are replaced by German abbreviations (thus e.g. "Ctrl" is translated to its German equivalent "Strg", for Steuerung). "Esc" remains as such. (See § Key labels.)
Like many other non-American keyboards, German keyboards change the right Alt key into an Alt Gr key to access a third level of key assignments. This is necessary because the umlauts and some other special characters leave no room to have all the special symbols of ASCII, needed by programmers among others, available on the first or second (shifted) levels without unduly increasing the size of the keyboard.

General information

Computer keyboard with German keyboard layout T2 according to DIN 2137-1:2012-06

German keyboard layout "T1" according to DIN 2137-1:2012-06

German keyboard layout "T2" according to DIN 2137-1:2012-06.
**Clickable image:** Click on any symbol to open the Wikipedia article on that symbol.

The characters ², ³, {, [, ], }, \, @, |, µ, ~, and € are accessed by holding the AltGr key and tapping the other key. The Alt key on the left will not access these additional characters. Alternatively Strg+Alt and pressing the respective key also produce the alternative characters in many environments, in order to support keyboards that only have one left Alt key.^[2]

The accent keys ^, ´, ` are dead keys: press and release an accent key, then press a letter key to produce accented characters (ô, á, ù, etc.; the current DIN 2137-1:2012-06 extends this for e.g. ń, ś etc.). If the entered combination is not encoded in Unicode by a single code point (precomposed character), most current implementations cause the display of a free-standing (spacing) version of the accent followed by the unaccented base letter. For users with insufficient typing skills this behaviour (which is explicitly not compliant with the current DIN 2137-1:2012-06) leads to mistype a spacing accent instead of an apostrophe (e.g., it´s instead of correctly it's).^[3]

Note that the semicolon and colon are accessed by using the ⇧ Shift key.

The "T1" layout lacks some important characters like the German-style quotation marks („“ and ‚‘). As a consequence, these are seldom used in internet communication and usually replaced by " and '.

The "T2" layout newly defined in DIN 2137-1:2012-06 was designed to overcome such restrictions, but firstly to enable typing of other languages written in the Latin script. Therefore, it contains several additional diacritical marks and punctuation characters, including the full set of German, English, and French-style quotation marks in addition to the typographic apostrophe, the prime, the double prime, and the ʻokina.

The image shows characters to be entered using AltGr in the lower left corner of each key depiction (characters not contained in the "T1" layout are marked red). Diacritical marks are marked by a flat rectangle which also indicates the position of the diacritical mark relative to the base letter.

The characters shown at the right border of a keytop are accessed by first pressing a dead key sequence of AltGr plus the × multiplication sign. This X-like symbol may be thought of as an "extra" dead key or "extra" accent type, used to access "miscellaneous" letters that do not have a specific accent type like diaeresis or circumflex. Symbols on the right border shown in green have both upper-case and lower-case forms; the corresponding capital letter is available by pressing the Shift key simultaneously with the symbol key. For instance, to type the lower-case æ ligature, hold the AltGr key and type ×, then release both keys and type the (unshifted) A key. To type the upper-case Æ ligature, hold the AltGr key and type ×, then release both keys, hold Shift and type the (shifted) A key. An active Caps Lock can be used instead of the Shift key to obtain the Æ ligature and similar letters.

In addition, DIN 2137-1:2012-06 defines a layout "T3", which is a superset of "T2" incorporating the whole "secondary group" as defined in ISO/IEC 9995-3:2010. Thus, it enables to write several minority languages (e.g. Sami) and transliterations, but is more difficult to comprehend than the "T2" layout, and therefore not expected to be accepted by a broad audience beyond experts who need this functionality.

Key labels

Contrary to many other languages, German keyboards are usually not labeled in English (in fact, DIN 2137-1:2012-06 requires either the symbol according to ISO/IEC 9995-7 or the German abbreviation is to be used, with "Esc" as an exception). The abbreviations used on German keyboards are:

German label	English equivalent
Steuerung (Strg)	`Ctrl` (Control)
Alternative Grafik (Alt Gr)	`Alt Gr`
Einfügen (Einfg)	`Insert` (Ins)
Entfernen (Entf)	`Delete` (Del)
Bild auf/Bild nach oben (Bild↑)	`Page Up` (PgUp)
Bild ab/Bild nach unten (Bild↓)	`Page Down` (PgDn)
Position eins (Pos1)	`Home` ("Position one")
Ende (Ende)	`End` (end)
Drucken / Systemabfrage (Druck/S-Abf)	`Print Screen`
Rollen	`Scroll Lock` ("to roll")
Pause/Unterbrechen (Pause/Untbr)	`Pause`

On some keyboards – including the original IBM PC/AT (and later) German keyboards – the asterisk (*) key on the numeric keypad is instead labeled with the multiplication sign (×), and the divide-key is labeled with the division sign (÷) instead of slash (/). However, those keys still generate the asterisk and slash characters, not the multiplication and division signs.

Caps lock

The behaviour of ⇪ Caps Lock according to former editions of the DIN 2137 standard is inherited from mechanical typewriters: Pressing it once shifts all keys including numbers and special characters until the ⇪ Caps Lock key is pressed again. Holding ⇧ Shift while ⇪ Caps Lock is active unshifts all keys. The current DIN 2137-1:2012-06 simply requests the presence of a "capitals lock" key (which is the name used in the ISO/IEC 9995 series), without any description of its function.

In IT, an alternative behaviour is often preferred, usually described as "IBM", which is the same as ⇪ Caps Lock on English keyboards – only letters are shifted, and hitting ⇪ Caps Lock again releases it.

Both ⇧ Shift and ⇪ Caps Lock lack any textual labels, despite bearing names that are used in texts like manuals. The ⇪ Caps Lock key is called Feststellttaste (locking key) and simply labeled with a large down-arrow (on newer designs pointing to an uppercase A letter). ⇧ Shift is called Umschalttaste (switching key) and labeled with a large up-arrow.

OS-specific layouts

Linux

Most Linux distributions include a keymap for German in Germany that extends the T1 layout with a set of characters and dead keys similar, but not identical to the "Outdated common secondary group" of ISO/IEC 9995-3:2002.

History

Keyboard of an *Adler* typewriter *Modell No. 7*, produced about 1899–1920 in Frankfurt

Keyboard of a mechanical typewriter *Olympia SM3*, produced 1954 by Olympia-Werke, Germany.

Keyboard of a mechanical typewriter *Olympia SM9*, produced 1964 by Olympia-Werke, Germany. This layout was defined by DIN 2112 (1956, with revisions 1967 and 1976). The location of the punctuation marks on the upper numerical row is different from modern computer keyboards. The key with `∷ four dots` is the margin release.^[4] The arrow key under `TAB` is the `↣ Backspace` key,^[5] which is pointing in the direction the paper would move rather than the way a cursor would move (as on a modern computer keyboard).

Detail of a keyboard of a German IBM Portable PC 5155, produced about 1984–85

Notes and references

^ Y bis y-Achse : Deutsch als Fremdsprache | PONS
^ Marc Durdin (June 24, 2008). "Robust key message handling in Windows". Retrieved 2020-05-17.
^ Markus Kuhn: Apostrophe and acute accent confusion, 2001.
^ "That's the margin release. When you near the margin on the right side of the page, a little bell will ring to let you know that you're about five to seven characters away from the margin stop. If you end up hitting the margin anyway, and you still have a letter or two to type, you can press the key with the four dots to override the hard margin for the current line, and squeeze in those extra letters." "monday search term safari LXXVIII". 2009-12-07. Retrieved 2013-05-29.
^ "Online Typewriter Manual 1". Archived from the original on 2013-07-23. Retrieved 2013-05-29.

[1] Y bis y-Achse : Deutsch als Fremdsprache | PONS

[2] Marc Durdin (June 24, 2008). "Robust key message handling in Windows". Retrieved 2020-05-17.

[3] Markus Kuhn: Apostrophe and acute accent confusion, 2001.

[4] "That's the margin release. When you near the margin on the right side of the page, a little bell will ring to let you know that you're about five to seven characters away from the margin stop. If you end up hitting the margin anyway, and you still have a letter or two to type, you can press the key with the four dots to override the hard margin for the current line, and squeeze in those extra letters." "monday search term safari LXXVIII". 2009-12-07. Retrieved 2013-05-29.

[5] "Online Typewriter Manual 1". Archived from the original on 2013-07-23. Retrieved 2013-05-29.

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