Grietman
A grietman (from Old Frisian greta to accuse, to indict) was a judge and administrator of a local district; this role was partly a forerunner of the current rural mayor in the province of Friesland, and partly the forerunner of a judge. East of the Lauwers river these judges were often referred to as 'redjeva' and west of the Lauwers river as 'grietman'.[1]
The area of jurisdiction was the rural grietenij, a judicial district that comprised several church villages (similar to a modern-day municipality or gemeente). In total, the region of Friesland had 30 such rural districts, outside the cities.[2]
Each of the 30 grietmannen and 11 city mayors formed the Friese Landdag, which was founded in 1504 by the Duke of Saxony, and was a central government for Friesland. The Friese Landdag met in Leeuwarden. Each mayor and grietman had a vote ensuring that the rural population was fairly represented in Friesland.[3] This method of proportional representation, which accounted for both the rural and city populations, was a distinctive and democratic system in Friesland, when compared to the political and legal systems found in Europe during that time period.[3]
The grietman was responsible for administration, justice and maintaining peace and order in the Frisian grietenij. He worked together with a team of village judges and assessors (rechter, mederechter, assessor) who were elected from their midst by the grietman.[2] The grietmannen were also the traditional leaders of the grietenij militias, from the mid-1200's, well before the Saxon occupation in 1498[4] The grietman was responsible for mustering local militia, gathering both armour and weapons (e.g. speets, degen, harnas, bekkeneel), supplies and abled-bodied men aged between 16 and 60.[4]
When dealing with civil disputes or criminal cases (e.g. theft, property, adultery), the grietman would conduct interviews with the perpetrator, victim, and witnesses. After forming judgments, fines and costs related to the proceedings would be imposed.[2] It was necessary for the grietman to keep a clear record of the fines and compositions collected, including who paid them and for what crime. The calculations were made in Holland pounds and stuivers, with 20 stuivers making up one pound.[2] The grietmannen had to account for their income from their administration of justice within their grietenij to the rentmeester-generaal van Friesland (Steward General of Friesland), because the grietman kept half of the fines (boete) and then sent the other half on to the rentmeester-generaal.[5]
The grietman needed to have sufficient influence and military power to conduct interviews, order detentions, and enforce penalties and fines when necessary. This required both political and actual military clout among the local population.[2] For example, the "military potential" of local inhabitants residing in a greitenij were recorded in "Monsterlijsten" (muster lists).[6]
In 1498, Albrecht III, Duke of Saxony made Leeuwarden the seat of the Court of Friesland (Hof van Friesland), a higher court that dealt with government of lands, capital crimes and a court of appeal, which resulted in a shift of power away from the local level.[7] Grietmannen no longer had the power to try capital crimes, such as those involving manslaughter or homicide, at the local level.[5] In these cases, they were only responsible for detaining and questioning suspects of capital crimes and providing relevant information to Leeuwarden for the trial to be held at the Hof van Friesland.[2]
The Municipalities of Thorbecke law (promulgated in 1851) designated the Frisian grietmannen as mayors.[8]
Election of a grietman
Hoofdelingen preferred the position of grietman. Once elected, in principle, a grietman was typically appointed for life. Officially, the position was democratically elected, but it did require certain amount of wealth due to the election and bribing process. The grietman was responsible for the costs of his campaign prior to his election.[9] The province of Friesland also required a tax upon the appointment of a grietman. called "the equivalent."[9]
The law required the voting residents of the villages to come up with nominations; the candidates with the most votes then made it onto a trio from which the College of Deputies, together with the governor, was allowed to choose.[9] But often a lot of wheeling, dealing and money exchanged hands to secure the votes from the vote-bearing inhabitants.
Frisian Nobility in the role of grietman
The role of grietman was officially an elected, democratic position.[2] However it was a favoured position of Frisian nobility (Friese adel, hoofdelingen), because of the power, influence and opportunity to make money that this position offered. Over time, power became increasingly concentrated in the hands of a small number of rich, noble families (Friese adel, or hoofdelingen) over time, such as in the Aylva, Burmania, and Eysinga families, and this trend remained stable for over 100 years, from 1623 to 1795.[3][10]
For example, for a total of 28 grietmannnen across Friesland in the year 1525, 13 grietmannen belonged to the Frisian nobility, 10 were from common Frisian origins and five were of foreign origin.[10] In the year 1675, out of 28 grietmannen, 17 grietmannen belonged to the Frisian nobility, eight were from common Frisian origins and five were foreigners (two of whom were also nobility).[10]
There were also significant percentages where the successive grietman appointments were related to the immediate predecessor (e.g., in a father–son relationship, or father–son-in law) which points to a significant amount of nepotism and something similar to a family dynasty in the grietenijen. These percentages range from 30% to 50%, and are consistent over the years 1600-1795.[10]
References
[edit]- ^ Engelsma, Eise (21 June 2010). De Grote Friese Oorlog. Partijstrijd in de Friese landen : 1413 - 1422 (PDF). p. 9. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g Mol, Hans (January 2022), "Personal Violence in the Frisian Countryside", Communities, Environment and Regulation in the Premodern World, Comparative Rural History of the North Sea Area, vol. 20, Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, pp. 263–288, doi:10.1484/m.corn-eb.5.129381, hdl:20.500.11755/3ae68c70-bbca-497d-9c05-ac57c040b1ae, ISBN 978-2-503-59446-0, retrieved 2023-03-26
- ^ a b c "Systeem van elf steden en dertig grietenijen was uniek in Europa". Leeuwarder Courant. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
- ^ a b Mol, Hans (2022). The Frisian Popular Militias between 1480 and 1560. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-94-6372-367-1. OCLC 1366294100.
- ^ a b Mol, Johannes (2020). Geweld op het Friese platteland 1524-1530. OCLC 1367139456.
- ^ Buylaert, Frederik (2019-06-24). "Hans Mol, De Friese volkslegers tussen 1480 en 1560 (met een editie van de Monsterlijsten van Friesland 1552 en Ameland 1558, door P.L.G. van der Meer en J.A. Mol)". BMGN - Low Countries Historical Review. 134 (2). doi:10.18352/bmgn-lchr.10719. ISSN 2211-2898.
- ^ Hendriks, Albert (2022-09-01). "Leeuwarden". Friesland Holland Travel. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
- ^ "Noordelijk Oostergo. Ferwerderadeel". Digital Library for Dutch Literature (in Dutch). 1981. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
- ^ a b c contributor., Brouwers, Ype, 1949- editor. Broersma, Rudolf J. Genealogysk Jierboek 2015. ISBN 978-94-92176-16-5. OCLC 1112368113.
{{cite book}}:|last=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d A., Faber, J. (1973). Drie eeuwen Friesland : Economische en sociale ontwikkelingen van 1500 tot 1800. De Tille. OCLC 463181727.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)