Iskolat

Main articles: History of Latvia and Diplomatic history of World War I § Three Baltic states

Iskolat
1917–1918
Flag
Motto: Workers of the world, unite!
Anthem: The Internationale
Status	Autonomy
Capital	Cēsis Valka (Later)
Common languages	Latvian Russian Latgalian
Chairman of Iskolat
• 1917	Oto Kārkliņš
• 1918	Fricis Roziņš
History
• Founded	30 July 1917
• Second Congress	22 December
• Part of Soviet Russia	31 December
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk	3 March 1918
Preceded by Succeeded by Governorate of Livonia Courland Governorate Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic
Today part of	Latvia

Iskolat (Russian: Исколат, Latvian: Iskolats), or formally the Executive Committee of the Soviet of Workers, Soldiers, and the Landless in Latvia, was the governing body in the territory of Latvia that was under control of the pro-Communist Red Latvian Riflemen in 1917–1918.

History

During the Russian Revolution Iskolat was established in Riga on 29–30 July 1917 O.S. (August 11 – 12, 1917, N.S.), at the initiative of the Central Committee of the Social Democratic Party, then controlled by the Bolsheviks with the purpose of carrying out the Bolshevik coup within the territory of Latvia not occupied by Germany. When Germans occupied Riga, Iskolat moved to Cēsis and later to Valka, where it took power over the Valka district, disbanding the organs established by the Russian Provisional Government.

On December 17, 1917 the Congress of Soviets of Latvia convened in Valmiera and elected Oto Kārkliņš as the chairman of Iskolat, who was later replaced by Fricis Roziņš in 1918.

Iskolat fled to Moscow after German forces occupied Latvia in February 1918 and was disbanded in March 1918.

Soviet historiography considered Iskolat to have been the first Soviet government of sovereign Latvia between December 1917 and February 1918, but historian Andrew Ezergailis has shown that autonomy or independence for the "Iskolat Republic" was never the goal for the Latvian Bolsheviks, who were led by the federalist ideologue Pēteris Stučka (Swain 1999: 668–9).

See also

• Latvian Provisional National Council
• Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic

References

• "Iskolat", Great Soviet Encyclopedia
• Zile, Zigurds L. (1977). "Legal Thought and the Formation of Law and Legal Institutions in the Socialist Soviet Republic of Latvia, 1917–1920" (PDF). Journal of Baltic Studies. 8 (3): 195–204. doi:10.1080/01629777700000191. Retrieved 2007-07-10.
• Ezergailis, Andrew (1983). The Latvian Impact on the Bolshevik Revolution: The First Phase: September 1917 to April 1918. East European Monographs no. 144. Boulder: East European Monographs. ISBN 978-0-88033-035-0. OCLC 61541087.
• Swain, Geoffrey (1999). "The Disillusioning of the Revolution's Praetorian Guard: The Latvian Riflemen, Summer–Autumn 1918" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 51 (4): 667–686. doi:10.1080/09668139998840. Retrieved 2007-07-10.