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Joseph's Tomb
Joseph's Tomb in Nablus
Map showing the West Bank
Map showing the West Bank
Shown within the West Bank
LocationNablus, West Bank
Coordinates32°12′48″N 35°17′06″E / 32.21328°N 35.28506°E / 32.21328; 35.28506
Typetomb
History
Materiallocal stone
Associated withJoseph (son of Jacob) (?)
Site notes
Conditionreconstructed
Public accesslimited

Joseph's Tomb (Hebrew: קבר יוסף, Qever Yosef; Arabic: قبر يوسف, Qabr Yūsuf) is a funerary monument located in Balata village at the eastern entrance to the valley that separates Mounts Gerizim and Ebal, 300 metres northwest of Jacob's Well, on the outskirts of the West Bank city of Nablus.[1] It has been venerated throughout the ages by Samaritans, for whom it is the second holiest site; by Jews; by Christians; and by Muslims, some of whom view it as the location of a local sheikh, Yusef al-Dwaik[2][3][4][5][6][7] or Dawiqat, who died in the 18th century.

The site is near Tell Balata, the site of Shakmu in the Late Bronze Age and later biblical Shechem.[5][8] One biblical tradition identifies the general area of Shechem as the resting-place of the biblical patriarch Joseph and his two sons Ephraim and Manasseh. Multiple locations over the years have been viewed as the legendary burial place of Joseph.[9] Post-biblical records regarding the location of Joseph's Tomb somewhere around this area date from the beginning of the 4th century CE. The present structure, a small rectangular room with a cenotaph, is the result of an 1868 rebuilding action, and does not contain any architectural elements older than that.[10][11] While some scholars, such as Kenneth Kitchen and James K. Hoffmeier affirm the essential historicity of the biblical account of Joseph, others, such as Donald B. Redford, argue that the story itself has "no basis in fact".[12]

There is no archaeological evidence establishing the tomb as Joseph's,[13] and modern scholarship has yet to determine whether or not the present cenotaph is to be identified with the ancient biblical gravesite.[14] The lack of Jewish or Christian sources prior to the 5th century that mention the tomb indicates that prior to the 4th century it was a Samaritan site. Samaritan sources tell of struggles between Samaritans and Christians who wished to remove Joseph's bones.[15]

At key points in its long history, a site thought to be Joseph's Tomb in this area witnessed intense sectarian conflict. Samaritans and Christians disputing access and title to the site in the early Byzantine period often engaged in violent clashes.[15][16][17] After Israel captured the West Bank in 1967, Muslims were prohibited from worship at the shrine and it was gradually turned into a Jewish prayer room. Interreligious friction and conflict from competing Jewish and Muslim claims over the tomb became frequent. Though it fell under the jurisdiction of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) following the signing of the Oslo Accords, it remained under IDF guard with Muslims prohibited from praying there.[18][19] At the beginning of the Al-Aqsa Intifada in 2000, just after being handed over to the PNA, it was looted and razed by rioting Palestinians.[20][21] Following the reoccupation of Nablus during Israel's Operation Defensive Shield in 2002, Jewish groups returned there intermittently.[22] Between 2009 and 2010 the structure was refurbished, with a new cupola installed, and visits by Jewish worshippers have resumed.[23] The tomb was vandalized by Palestinian rioters in 2015 and again in 2022.[24][25]

Early traditions

Joseph's Tomb (labelled En Nabi Yusuf) in a 1940s Survey of Palestine map of Balata village. The map also shows Jacob's Well (Bir Ya'qub) and Tell Balata (labelled "Ruins")

Biblical source and early religious traditions

The Torah provides four details regarding the traditions surrounding Joseph's remains. The account in Genesis relates that, before his death, he had his brothers swear they would carry his bones out of Egypt to Canaan.[26] He is then said to have been embalmed then placed in a coffin in Egypt.[27] In Exodus,[28] we are told that Moses fulfilled the pledge by taking Joseph's bones with him when he left Egypt. In Joshua, Joseph's bones are said to have been brought from Egypt by the Children of Israel[29] and interred in Shechem.

The bones of Joseph, which the Children of Israel brought up out of Egypt, were buried in Shechem in a parcel of land Jacob bought from the sons of Hamor, father of Shechem, for a hundred pieces of silver (qeśîṭâ).Joshua 24:32.[30]

The Bible does not identify a specific site in Shechem where his bones were laid to rest.[31] The Genesis Rabba, a Jewish text written c. 400–450 CE, states that a burial site in Shechem is one of three for which the nations of the world cannot ridicule Israel and say "you have stolen them," it having been purchased by Jacob.[32] The rabbis also suggest that Joseph instructed his brothers to bury him in Shechem since it was from there he was taken and sold into slavery.[33][34] Other Jewish sources have him buried either in Safed, or, according to an aggadic tradition, have him interred at Hebron according to his own wishes.[31] The ambiguity is reflected in Islamic tradition which points to Nablus as being the authentic site, though some early Islamic geographers identified the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron as housing his tomb.[35] The Qur'an itself does not mention details of Joseph's burial. Ali of Herat (1119), Yaqut (1229) and Ibn Battuta (1369) all conserve both the Nablus and Hebron traditions. Later Muslim chroniclers also mention a third site purporting to be the authentic tomb, near Beit Ijza.[36] The Hebron tradition is also reflected in some medieval Christian sources, such as the account by Srewulf (CE 1102) who says that "the bones of Joseph were buried more humbly than the rest, as it were at the extremity of the castle".[37]

Modern scholarship on the narrative of Joseph's bones

Though the traditional biblical date for the narrative of Joseph's life and death places him in Egypt in the middle of the Twelfth Dynasty,[38] roughly comparable to the Hyksos invasion of Egypt, contemporary scholarship no longer accepts such a remote dating.[39] The figure of Joseph itself is often taken to be a "personification of a tribe", rather than an historic person.[40]

According to the Bible, Joseph was embalmed and buried in a coffin in Egypt, after having his people swear to carry his bones away.[41] Later midrash identify his first entombment in a royal mausoleum, or as cast into the Nile. Moses is said to have gathered the bones and taken them with him during the Exodus from Egypt,[42] using magic to raise the coffin,[43] a tradition repeated by Josephus, who specifies that they were buried in Canaan at that time.[44] Regarding his burial in Canaan, from Joshua it is evident that the portion Joseph received was an allotment near Shechem, not the town itself.[45]

The majority of contemporary scholars believe the historicity of the events in the Joseph story cannot be demonstrated.[46][47] In the wake of scholars like Hermann Gunkel, Hugo Gressmann and Gerhard von Rad, who identified the story of Joseph as primarily a literary composition,[48] it is now widely considered to belong to the genre of romance,[49][50] or the novella.[51][52][53] As a novella it is read as reworking legends and myths, many of them, especially the motifs of his reburial in Canaan, associated with the Egyptian god Osiris,[54] though some compare the burial of his bones at Shechem with the disposal of Dionysus's bones at Delphi.[55][56][57] The reworked legends and folklore were probably inserted into the developing textual tradition of the Bible between the 8th and 6th centuries BCE. Most scholars[58] place its composition in a genre that flourished in the Persian period of the Exile.[59][60][61][62][63]

For Schenke, the tradition of Joseph's burial at Shechem can only be understood as a secondary, Israelitic historical interpretation woven around a more ancient Canaanite shrine in that area.[64] Wright has indeed argued that "the patriarch Joseph was not an Israelite hero who became Egyptianised, but an Egyptian divinity who was Hebraised."[65]

Schenke's hypothesis

Hans-Martin Schenke, starting from an analysis of John 4:4–6, in which Jesus encounters a Samaritan woman at the town of Sychar, made an extensive analysis of the ancient sources, together with an examination of the site. The curiosity of the Gospel text for scholars lies in the mention of an otherwise unattested town in the field, and the failure of the text to refer to Joseph's Tomb, despite mentioning the field Jacob allotted to Joseph, and Jacob's well.[66] In Schenke's view, from the beginning of the Hellenistic period down to the 1st century CE, when the author of John's gospel was presumably writing, the grave commemorating Joseph stood by Jacob's Well. This grave was shifted, together with the sacred tree and Jacob's field, sometime between that date and the earliest testimony we have in the Bordeaux itinerary in 333 CE, which locates it elsewhere, by Shechem/Tel Balāṭa.[67]

History of the identification and use of the site

Pilgrim accounts

Black and white drawing showing a three dimensional cube flanked by two castle-type cylindrical towers each topped with cones
Drawing from the itinerary of Rabbi Uri of Biel, c. 1564. (Annotation: "Joseph the Righteous")

The Itinerarium Burdigalense (333 CE) notes: "At the foot of the mountain itself, is a place called Sichem. Here is a tomb in which Joseph is laid, in the parcel of ground which Jacob his father gave to him."[68] Eusebius of Caesarea in the 4th-century records in his Onomasticon: "Suchem, city of Jacob now deserted. The place is pointed out in the suburb of Neapolis. There the tomb of Joseph is pointed out nearby."[69][70] Jerome, writing of Saint Paula's sojourn in Palestine writes that "turning off the way [from Jacob's well], she saw the tombs of the twelve patriarchs".[71] Jerome himself, together with the Byzantine monk George Syncellus, who had lived many years in Palestine, wrote that all twelve patriarchs, Joseph included, were buried at Sychem.[72]

Both Theodosius I and Theodosius II ordered a search for Joseph's bones, much to the utter dismay of the Samaritan community.[73] An imperial commission was dispatched to retrieve the bones of the Patriarchs around 415, and on failing to obtain them at Hebron, sought to at least secure Joseph's bones from Shechem. No gravestone marked the exact site, possibly because the Samaritans had removed one to avoid Christian interference. The officials had to excavate the general area where graves abound and, on finding an intact marble sepulchre beneath an empty coffin, concluded that it must contain Joseph's bones, and sent the sarcophagus to Byzantium, where it was incorporated into Hagia Sophia.[74][75] Jerome reports that apparently the Christians had intended to remove Joseph's bones to their city, but a column of fire rose skyward from the tomb scaring them away. The Samaritans subsequently covered the tomb with earth rendering it inaccessible.[76][77]

Christian pilgrim and archdeacon Theodosius (518–520) in his De situ terrae sanctae mentions that "close to Jacob's Well are the remains of Joseph the Holy".[78] The Madaba Mosaic Map (6th century) designates a site somewhat problematically with the legend – "Joseph's" (τὸ τοῦ Ὶωσήφ) – where the usual adjective 'holy' (hagios) accompanying mentions of saints and their shrines is lacking.[79]

Crusader and medieval sources generally are, according to Hans-Martin Schenke, highly misleading regarding exactly where the tomb was situated. He concluded that in the Middle Ages, as earlier, various groups (Jews, Samaritans, Christians and Muslims) at different periods identified different things in different places all as Joseph's tomb.[80] Sometimes Balata, with its spring, seems indicated, as in the following two examples, which identify the tomb not as a structure, but as something by a spring and under a tree. It was evidently a site for Muslim pilgrimage at that time.[10]

In 1173 the Persian traveler al-Harawi paid homage at the tomb,[10] and wrote:

There is also near Nâblus the spring of Al Khudr (Elias), and the field of Yûsuf as Sadik (Joseph); further, Joseph is buried at the foot of the tree at this place.[81]

Around the year 1225, Yaqut al-Hamawi wrote:

There is here a spring called ‘Ain al Khudr. Yûsuf (Joseph) as Sadik – peace be on him! – was buried here, and his tomb is well known, lying under the tree.[82]

as did Benjamin of Tudela—who wrote that the Samaritans in Nablus were in possession of it.[83] William of Malmesbury describes it as overlaid with white marble, next to the mausolea of his brothers.[10] Menachem ben Peretz of Hebron (1215) writes that in Shechem he saw the tomb of Joseph son of Jacob with two marble pillars next to it—one at its head and another at its foot—and a low stone wall surrounding it.[citation needed] Ishtori Haparchi (1322) places the tombstone of Joseph 450 meters north of Balāta, while Alexander de Ariosti (1463) and Francesco Suriano (1485) associate it with the church over Jacob's well. Samuel bar Simson (1210), Jacob of Paris (1258), and Johannes Poloner (1422) locate it by Nablus. Gabriel Muffel of Nuremberg discerns a tomb to Joseph in a monument to the west of Nablus, halfway between that city and Sebaste.[84] Mandeville (1322) and Maundrell (1697), among others, also mention its existence, although it is debatable as to whether any of these reports refer to the currently recognised location.[85] Samuel ben Samson (1210) appears to place the tomb at Shiloh.[86][87] Mandeville (1322) locates it 'nigh beside' Nablus as does Maundrell (1697), but the indications are vague. Maundrell describes his sepulchre as located in a small mosque just by Nablus, which does not fit the present location.[85]

Although the Koran does not mention details of Joseph's burial, Islamic tradition points to Nablus as being the authentic site. However, some early Islamic geographers identified the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron as housing his tomb. While Ali of Herat (1119), Yaqut (1229) and Ibn Battuta (1369) all report the Hebron traditions, they also mention the existence of a tomb of Joseph at Nablus. Later Muslim chroniclers even mention a third site purporting to be the authentic tomb, near Beit Ijza.[36]

19th-century accounts

William Cooke Taylor (1838) describes the biblical parcel of ground Jacob gave to Joseph as situated on plain of Mukhna, and identifies the tomb as an oriental weli structure at the entrance to the valley of Nablus, to the right near the base of Mt Ebal. The sarcophagus, he suggests, lies underneath or somewhere else in the vicinity of this plain, and comments:

The present monument ... is a place of resort, not only for Jews and Christians, but Mohammedans and Samaritans; all of whom concur in the belief that it stands on the vertiable spot where the patriarch was buried.[88]

In 1839, the Jewish traveller Loewe based his identification of the tomb as near Jacob's Well by a topographical argument. Scripture, he argued, calls the place neither an emek (valley) nor a shephelah (plain), but a 'portion of field' (chelkat hasadeh), and concluded: "in the whole of Palestine there is not such another plot to be found, a dead level, without the least hollow or swelling in a circuit of two hours."[85] In 1839, it was recorded that Jews frequently visited the tomb and that many inscriptions in Hebrew were visible on the walls.[89] The site was "kept very neat and in good repair by the bounty of Jews who visited it".[90]

Photograph showing 4 lines of Hebrew text in black letters on a white ground
Hebrew inscription recording the repairs of 1749:
"With the good sign. The LORD endureth forever. My help cometh from the LORD who made heaven and earth. Joseph is a fruitful bough. Behold a renewed majestic building ... Blessed be the LORD who has put it into the heart of Elijah, the son of Meir, our rabbi, to build again the house of Joseph in the month Sivan, in the year 5509" (AM)

John Wilson (1847) writes that the tomb lies about two or three hundred yards to the north of Jacob's Well, across the valley. He describes it as "a small solid erection in the form of a wagon roof, over what is supposed to be the patriarch's grave, with a small pillar or altar at each of its extremities, sometimes called the tombs of Ephraim and Manasseh, and the middle of an enclosure without a covering. Many visitors names, in the Hebrew and Samaritan characters, are written on the walls of this enclosure." One of the inscriptions is said to intimate the tomb's repair by a Jew from Egypt, Elijah son of Meir, around 1749.[91] Wilson adds that "The Jews of Nablus take upon themselves the duty of keeping the tomb in order. They applied to us for a subscription to aid in making some repairs and we complied with their request".[92] These Hebrew and Samaritan inscriptions were still visible on the white plastered walls as late as 1980, as were small lamps in an internal recess, probably donated by Jews during the 18th and 19th centuries.[93]

Jewish illustration depicting the tomb (19th-century)
Black-and-white photograph showing an open-air scene of ruins with a white, peaked centotaph in between two short white columns
Photograph, 1868

Rabbi Joseph Schwarz (1850) who had lived in Palestine for 16 years, identified the village of Abulnita, "about 2 English miles east of Shechem", as the site "where Joseph lies buried".[94] Western travellers to Palestine in the 19th century described their impressions of the site in travelogues. John Ross Browne (1853) writes: "We also visited the reputed site of Joseph's Tomb. A rude stone building covers the pretended sepulcher; but the best authorities deny that there was any evidence that Joseph was buried here."[95] Howard Crosby also visited the site during 1851. He designated it, "the so-called tomb of Joseph", describing it as "a plain white Santon's tomb, or Wely, such as is everywhere seen in Mohammedan countries, excepting that this one is roofless, and consequently lacks the usual white dome. In the interior, a vine grows from a corner, and spreads upon a trellis over the tomb, forming a pleasant bower."[96] Louis Félicien Joseph Caignart de Saulcy and Edouard de Warren (1853) describe it as "a small Mussulman oually (weli, i.e. chapel) ... said to be the tomb of Joseph", noting it was just to the east of what the Arabs called Bir-Yakub, Jacob's Well.[97] Hackett noted in 1857 that the tomb is placed diagonally to the walls, instead of parallel, and found "the walls of the interior covered with the names of pilgrims, representing almost every land and language; though the Hebrew character was the most prominent one".[98] Thomson noted in 1883 that "the entire building is fast crumbling to ruin, presenting a most melancholy spectacle". Being exposed to the weather, "it has no pall or votive offering of any kind, nor any marks of respect such as are seen at the sepulchres of the most insignificant Muslim saints."[99] During the late 19th century, sources report the Jewish custom of burning small articles such as gold lace, shawls or handkerchiefs, in the two low pillars at either end of the tomb. This was done in "memory of the patriarch who sleeps beneath".[100][101][102][103]

Detailed survey by Conder, 1878–89

A stone bench is built into the east wall, on which three Jews were seated at the time of our second visit, book in hand, swinging backwards and forwards as they crooned out a nasal chant–a prayer no doubt appropriate to the place.

Claude R. Conder, 1878.[104]
A black-and-white photograph showing a low stone wall enclosing a courtyard in front of a low building with an entry through a pointed arch with a small dome behind
Early 1900s

Claude R. Conder provides a detailed description of the site in his works Tent Work in Palestine (1878), Survey of Western Palestine (1881) and Palestine (1889).

The enclosure

It is located on the road-side from Balata to ‘Askar, at the end of a row of fine fig trees. The open courtyard surrounding the tomb measures about 18 foot (5.5 m) square. The plastered, whitewashed walls, about 1 foot (0.30 m) thick, are in good repair and stand 10 foot (3.0 m) high. Entrance to the courtyard is from the north through the ruin of a little square domed building. There are two Hebrew inscriptions on the south wall. An additional English inscription notes that the structure was entirely rebuilt at the expense of the English consul at Damascus by early 1868.

The tomb itself measures 6 foot (1.8 m) long and stands 4 foot (1.2 m) high. It consisted of a long narrow plastered block with an arched roof, having a pointed cross section. The tomb is not in line with the walls of the courtyard, which have a bearing of 202°, nor is it in the middle of the enclosure, being nearest to the west wall. Two short plastered pedestals with shallow cup-shaped hollows at their tops stand at the head and foot of the tomb. The hollows are blackened by fire due to the Jewish custom of burning offerings of shawls, silks or gold lace on the pillar altars. Both Jews and Samaritans burn oil lamps and incense in the pillar cavity.

Conder also questions the fact that the tomb points north to south, inconsistent with Muslim tombs north of Mecca. This fact did not however diminish Muslim veneration of the shrine:[105][106]

The tomb points approximately north and south, thus being at right angles to the direction of Moslem tombs north of Mecca. How the Mohammedans explain this disregard of orientation in so respected a Prophet as "our Lord Joseph", I have never heard; perhaps the rule is held to be only established since the time of Mohammed. The veneration in which the shrine is held by the Moslem peasantry is, at all events, not diminished by this fact.

Competing dedications, alternative shrines

1864 plan of Nablus showing Joseph's Tomb (1), Ancient tomb (5), Imad ed Din (7) and Amud (8)

In the course of pin-pointing the location of the tomb, the Reverend H.B. Hackett in Sir William Smith's A dictionary of the Bible (1863) mentions the existence of two tombs bearing an association to Joseph in Nablus. In addition to the one close to the well, (location of Conder's survey), he describes another exclusively Muslim tomb in the vicinity, about a quarter of a mile up the valley on the slope of Mt. Gerizim. He is not able to conclude which of the tombs is that of the biblical Joseph, but cites Arthur Penrhyn Stanley (1856) that at the Muslim tomb "a later Joseph is also commemorated at the sanctuary."[2] Stanley himself writes that the little mosque on Gerizim's north-eastern slopes is known by various names including Allon Moreh (Oak of Moreh), Aron Moreh (Ark of Moreh) and Sheykh al-Amad (شيخ العَمَد shaykh al-‘amad, "Saint of the Pillar") which he suggests commemorate biblical traditions.[107] Stanley also quotes Buckingham, who mentions that the Samaritans maintain that the alternative tomb belongs to a certain Rabbi Joseph of Nablus.[108] John Mills (1864) writes that claims of the tomb belonging to Rabbi Joseph of Nablus are unfounded,[109] the structure being called by the Samaritans "The Pillar" in commemoration of the pillar set up by Joshua.[110] Mills rather identifies the supposed rabbi's tomb with a mosque named after a Muslim saint, Sheikh el-Amud ("Saint of the Pillar"), but further claims that the association is "only a modern invention of the Mohammedans".[110] A book published in 1894, also questions the existence of a tomb to Rabbi Joseph of Nablus, calling it "a Mohammedan legend, imposed upon inquisitive travellers by unscrupulous guides" since "the present Samaritans known of no Joseph's tomb but the generally accepted one".[111]

A sepia-toned photograph showing a man wearing a turban, his left arm cradling a thin staff, and standing behind and with his right hand upon a centotaph draped with fabric on which is an inscription in Arabic script
"This is God's prophet, our master Joseph, peace be upon him", 1917. The text is stated on the top part with large letter in Arabic: "Hadhā nabiyy-’Allah sayyidinā Yūsuf ʿalayhi ’s-salām" (هٰذا نَبِيّ الله سَيِّدِنَا يُوسُف عَلَيهِ ٱلْسَّلَام)

By the 1860s, many Jews and Muslims had come to see the limestone structure as housing the tomb of the biblical Joseph, and it was referred to in Arabic as "Qabr en-Nabi Yūsuf" ("Tomb of the Prophet Joseph").[78] A decorative cloth photographed in 1917, draped over the tomb itself, asserted this perception. Palestinians are also said to regard the site as the burial place of Yūsuf Dawiqat, an 18th-century Islamic sheikh.[31][112][113][18] It has been claimed that this tradition is an innovation in response to Israeli control of the site since the 1970s.[114][31]

1967–2000

Before 1967, the tomb was still located in a field in the village of Balata on the outskirts of Nablus. Local residents apparently believed the structure entombed a 19th-century cleric who was reputed to have healed the sick by reciting Koranic verses. Although the building did not function as a mosque, it was used by childless couples who would pray there for children, and young boys would take their first ritual haircut inside.[115] After the capture of Nablus and the rest of the Palestinian territories in the 1967 Six-Day War, Jewish settlers began to frequent the site, and by 1975, Muslims were prohibited from visiting the site.[18][78] After a settler was stabbed in Nablus in 1983, other settlers demonstrated by taking over Joseph's tomb for three days in a bid to force the government's hand into using an iron fist.[116] In the mid-1980s a yeshiva named Od Yosef Chai, (Joseph Still Lives), affiliated with some of the more militant Jewish settlements, and headed by Yitzhak Ginsburg,[117][118][119] was built at the site beside an Israel Defense Forces (IDF) military outpost, apparently on the model of settler success in establishing a presence at the Tomb of the Patriarchs in Hebron.[120] All Muslims including those living nearby were forcefully denied access.[121] An initial attempt in 1994 to transform the site into a Jewish religious centre failed.[122] Shulamit Aloni, minister for culture and education in the Rabin government, outraged religious activists at the time by asserting, on the basis of archeological evidence, that the site was only 200 years old, and the tomb that of Sheikh Yūsuf (Dawiqat), a Sufi holy man who died in the 18th century.[123] Her views were challenged by Benny Katzover [he] who replied that she had been misled by archeologists, and he had experts to back the traditional ascription.[124] In 1997 Torah scrolls were brought in, the prayer niche facing Mecca was covered, and the site was declared a synagogue and yeshiva.[125][18][78] Attaching the religious tradition surrounding the story of Joseph to the site, the settlers received protection from the IDF to transform this place of Muslim worship into one of their own.[126] A curfew lasting 24 hours was once imposed by the IDF on Nablus's 120,000 inhabitants to allow a group of settlers and 2 Likud Knesset members to pray at the site.[127] The site, which Jewish worshippers make monthly pilgrimages to, is among the most important to Orthodox Jews.[128][129]

On December 12, 1995, in accordance with the Oslo Accords, jurisdiction of Nablus was handed over to the Palestinian National Authority, though Israel retained control of several religious sites, one of which was Joseph's Tomb, thus sanctioning the fraught situation.[130][131] Settler apprehensions that the area might be returned to Palestinians worked to enhance the status of Joseph's tomb as a centre of pilgrimage.[132] The Interim Agreement stipulated that: "Both sides shall respect and protect the religious rights of Jews, Christians, Muslims and Samaritans concerning the protection and free access to the holy sites as well as freedom of worship and practice."[133] The tomb, resembling a fortified military post with a small functioning yeshiva, became a frequent flash point.[134] On September 24, 1996, after the opening of an exit for the Hasmonean Tunnel under the Ummariya madrasah, which Palestinians interpreted as a signal Benjamin Netanyahu was sending that Israel was to be the sole sovereign of Jerusalem, the PNA called for a general strike and a wave of protests broke out throughout the West Bank. In clashes, 80 people were killed and 253 wounded in the West Bank while six Israeli soldiers were killed at the tomb,[135][136] and parts of the adjacent yeshiva were ransacked. Jews continued to worship at the site under limited protection of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), often dressed as civilians easily mistaken for settlers.[137] The site had been attacked by gun fire, and hundreds of Palestinians[138] stormed the compound. Israeli border control took control over the compound but Palestinian security services requested to take control over the positions and the control was passed to them. in the following hours the mob put cars outside the compound ablaze entered the tomb and removed the Morus tree, the last known image of the Morus tree [1] was taken during 2006.

Over the year and a half between 1999 and 2000, the IDF, seconded by the Shin Bet and the Israeli Border Police, had asked the government to evacuate the tomb.[139] In September 2000, in the wake of Ariel Sharon's controversial visit to the Temple Mount, the Al-Aqsa Intifada broke out, and Nablus turned into conflict zone, in part after its governor's son was shot dead during a clash with Israeli soldiers.[140] The Palestinians targeted the site, reportedly on the grounds that it was better for the shrine to belong to no one than to be appropriated by just one religion,[121] burning the yeshiva to the ground, incinerating its books and painting the dome green, an act which led to retaliation with Jewish vandalism of three mosques in Tiberias and Jaffa.[19] After the death of an Israeli border policeman[141] the head of the IDF's southern command, Brigadier-General Yom-Tov Samia, threatened to resign if the government kept control of the tomb, since retaining control of it was "patently illegal". Prime Minister Ehud Barak eventually complied with the request and the site was handed over to the Palestinian police on October 7, 2000.[20] Israeli newspapers framed the return of the site as a humiliating defeat for the nation.[142] The tomb was pillaged and torched by Palestinian protesters hours after its evacuation.[143] The next morning, the bullet-riddled body of rabbi Hillel Lieberman of Elon Moreh, a cousin of Senator Joseph Lieberman, was found on the outskirts of Nablus, where he had gone to check damage to the tomb.[144] Joseph's Tomb embodied a key Zionist theme: the return from exile to one's homeland, and the Palestinian assault has been interpreted as challenging the credibility of claims to the site.[145] The PA began to repair it the next day.[146] Palestinian spokesperson Hanan Ashrawi claimed that Judaism's connection with the tomb was "fabricated".[147] The mayor of Nablus Ghassan Shakaa was reported as saying Jewish worshippers would not be permitted to pray there until an international organization or third party determines whether the site is holy to Muslims or Jews.[148]

Israeli military officials said the Palestinians intended to build a mosque on the ruins of the site.[149] The statement came after workers repairing the tomb painted the site's dome green, the colour of Islam. A Palestinian Authority spokesman denied the allegations and said that Arafat had ordered the renovations and for the synagogue to be rebuilt.[149] Ghassan Shakaa, the mayor, claimed that city officials simply wanted to return the building to the way it looked before it came into Israeli hands in the 1967 Mideast war.[150] Under intense U.S. and international pressure the dome was repainted white.[151]

Since 2000

A colour photograph showing a cluster of black-garbed men in hats, along with a cluster of uniformed soldiers, standing under a whitewashed, arched opening with a doorway behind and a low dome dimly visible in the background
Night visit under IDF guard, November 2009

After the events of October 2000, the IDF prohibited Israeli access to the tomb.[152] As a result of Operation Defensive Shield, Nablus was reoccupied by the IDF in April 2002, with severe damage to the historic core of the city, where 64 heritage buildings suffered serious damage or were destroyed.[153] Some Breslov hasidim and others began to take advantage of the new circumstances to visit the site clandestinely under the cover of darkness, evading army and police checkpoints. Eventually Joseph's tomb was once more open to visits. In May 2002, Israeli soldiers mistakenly opened fire on a convoy of settlers taking advantage of an ongoing incursion in Nablus to visit the tomb. Seven settlers were arrested by the army for illegally entering a combat zone.[154] As a result of Operation Defensive Shield, the tomb was retaken by the IDF and shortly afterwards, in response to numerous requests, they renewed guarded tours of the tomb. One day every month at midnight as many as 800 visitors were allowed to pray at the gravesite. These visits were designed to prevent unauthorized and unprotected clandestine visits, mainly by Breslav Hassidim.[155] However, in October, citing security reasons, Israel re-imposed a ban on Jewish pilgrims obtaining special permits and travelling to the tomb.[156]

In February 2003 it was reported in the Jerusalem Post that the grave had been pounded with hammers and that the tree at its entrance had been broken; car parts and trash littered the tomb which had a "huge hole in its dome". Bratslav leader Aaron Klieger notified and lobbied government ministers about the desecration, but the IDF said it had no plans to secure or guard the site, claiming such action would be too costly.[157]

In February 2007, thirty five Knesset members (MKs) wrote to the army asking them to open Joseph's Tomb to Jewish visitors for prayer.[155] In May 2007, Breslov hasidim visited the site for the first time in two years and later on that year, a group of hasidim found that the gravesite had been cleaned up by the Palestinians. In the past few years the site had suffered from neglect and its appearance had deteriorated, with garbage being dumped and tires being burned there.[158]

In early 2008, a group of MKs wrote a letter to the Prime Minister asking that the tomb be renovated: "The tombstone is completely shattered, and the holy site is desecrated in an appalling manner, the likes of which we have not seen in Israel or anywhere else in the world."[159] In February, it was reported that Israel would officially ask the Palestinian Authority to carry out repairs at the tomb,[160] but in response, vandals set tires on fire inside the tomb. In December 2008, Jewish workers funded by anonymous donors painted the blackened walls and re-built the shattered stone marker covering the grave.[161]

The tomb

As of 2009, monthly visits to the tomb in bullet-proof vehicles under heavy IDF protection are organised by the Yitzhar based organization Shechem Ehad.[162] In late April 2009, a group of Jewish worshipers found the headstone smashed and swastikas painted on the walls, as well as boot prints on the grave itself.[163]

In August 2010, it was reported that the IDF and the Palestinian Authority reached an agreement on renovating the site. Israel's chief rabbis, Yona Metzger and Shlomo Amar, visited and prayed at the tomb along with 500 other worshippers, the first such visit by a high-ranking Israeli delegation in 10 years.[23][164]

On 24 April 2011, Palestinian Authority police officers opened fire on three cars of Israeli worshipers after they finished praying at Joseph's tomb. An Israeli citizen was killed and three others were wounded. The fatality was identified as Ben-Joseph Livnat, 25, the nephew of Culture Minister Limor Livnat. Both the Israel Defense Forces and Palestinian Authority ordered investigations into the incident. According to an initial investigation, three cars full of Israelis entered the compound of Joseph's tomb without coordination with the Israeli military or Palestinian security forces and then tried to break through a Palestinian Authority police checkpoint.[165] The IDF investigation concluded that the Palestinian police officers had acted "maliciously" and with the intent to harm the Jewish worshipers. IDF Chief of Staff Benny Gantz added that they fired "without justification and with no immediate threat to their lives".[166]

Arson attacks

On 7 July 2014, Palestinians tried to burn down Joseph's tomb while protesting. Palestinian Authority security forces were able to stop the protesters before they were able to burn it down.[167] On December 22, 2014, Jews who were visiting the tomb to light candles for the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah discovered that the site had been vandalized. Lights were broken and electrical wiring had been cut. It was the first time Jews were allowed to visit the tomb in over a month.[168]

On 16 October 2015, amid a wave of violence between Palestinians and Israelis, hundreds of Palestinians overran the tomb and a group of them set it on fire.[169] Palestinian security forces dispersed them and extinguished the flames and although the tomb itself was not apparently damaged,[24][170][171] the women's section was heavily damaged according to the Walla website.[172][173] Israeli security forces later arrived at the scene. According to a Palestinian official, the Palestinians had attempted to set up barricades in the area to prevent home demolitions by the Israeli Army, but a group of them proceeded to attack the tomb.[24]

Israel's Deputy Foreign Minister Tzipi Hotovely said that the tomb is under Palestinian control and yet Palestinians put the place ablaze, showing that "their only goal to harm places which are holy to Jews, which teach our thousands year old connection to that place".[174]

At 2 a.m. on the night of 18 October 2015, a group of 30 Jews on instruction from Rabbi Eliezer Berland,[175] went to the tomb without permits, in contravention of a standing IDF order, to clean and paint the compound that was burned three days before. As they were attacked by Palestinians, six of them were bruised by beatings, and one of their vehicles was burnt. They claimed that the Palestinian police, who had detained them, had also beaten them, before they were handed over to the Israeli army, which had been called to extract the others.[175][176][177][178]

In September 2021, a convoy of buses carrying Jews for Sukkot prayers at the site were attacked by a group of Palestinians. Two Border Police officers were injured during the clash.[179]

On 9 April 2022, about 100 Palestinians stormed Joseph's Tomb, shattering the tombstone[180] and damaging a chandelier and an electrical enclosure.[25][181] Two Haredi Jews were moderately wounded by gunfire while trying to enter the site the following day.[182]

See also

References

  1. ^ Bruce 1994, p. 102
  2. ^ a b Hackett 1863, pp. 1239–1240
  3. ^ Lidman 2015.
  4. ^ Conder 1878, p. 74: "venerated by the members of every religious community in Palestine."
  5. ^ a b Pummer 1993, p. 139.
  6. ^ Mark Twain (1869). The Innocents Abroad. Hartford, Connecticut: American Publishing Company. p. 553. Retrieved 15 August 2022. Few tombs on earth command the veneration of so many races and men of diverse creeds as that of Joseph. "Samaritan and Jew, Moslem and Christian alike, revere it, and honor it with their visits."
  7. ^ "At Joseph's Tomb, a microcosm of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 2017-03-13. Retrieved 2017-02-19.
  8. ^ Zangenberg 2006, p. 415
  9. ^ Rothman 2015
  10. ^ a b c d Pringle 1998, p. 94.
  11. ^ Schenke 1967, p. 174: "der Gebäudekomplex über und um ein Kenotaph herum, der heute als Josephsgrab gilt, ist ganz modern und enthält nicht einmal alte Bauelemente." - "... the compund, built over and around a cenotaph, which nowadays is considered to be the tomb of Joseph, is entirely of modern date and doesn't even contain old architectural elements."
  12. ^ Redford 1993, p. 429.
  13. ^ Freund 2009, pp. 28–29: "The problem is that no archaeological evidence specifically makes them historical, so we refer to them as 'relic' sites."
  14. ^ Pummer 1987, p. 12: "Whether today's cenotaph and its site are identical with the ancient one can presently not be decided."
  15. ^ a b Pummer 1987, pp. 11–12
  16. ^ Kohen 2007, p. 24.
  17. ^ Sivan 2008, pp. 114–117
  18. ^ a b c d Hayden 2002, p. 167: "Of course, the contestation is still two-way, with Palestinians (re)converting or destroying Jewish shrines that come under their control. Thus in Nablus, following the capture of the town in 1967, Jews began to visit a Muslim shrine which, they claimed, was on the site of the Tomb of Joseph; increasingly frequent visits by Jewish settlers after 1975 led to a prohibition of Muslim worship there and, in 1992, the installation of Torah scrolls and the covering of the prayer niche indicating Mecca (Philps 2001). With Israeli withdrawal from Nablus in 1995, clashes between Palestinians and the Israeli soldiers who were still guarding the tomb and letting Jews but not Muslims worship there, led finally to a battle that forced the military to withdraw. The Palestinians, again in control of the site, removed all signs of its use as a synagogue and uncovered the prayer niche again. There is no other religious symbol in the now restored building. However, ‘the Palestinians painted the dome Islamic green, but after Israeli protests it reverted to neutral white’(ibid.). A more clear instance of contest, if not exactly tolerance, is hard to find." Hayden quotes: Philps, Alan (2001) The day the dream died’, Telegraph, 3 February, colour supplement.
  19. ^ a b Hassner 2009, p. 87.
  20. ^ a b Dor 2004, p. 45.
  21. ^ Abu El Haj 2001, p. 281.
  22. ^ Dumper 2007, p. 267.
  23. ^ a b Nahshoni 2010.
  24. ^ a b c Brumfield, Ben (16 October 2015). "Joseph's Tomb site catches fire in West Bank". CNN. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
  25. ^ a b Ben Kimon, Elisha (2022-04-10). "Palestinians vandalize Joseph's Tomb amid security tensions". Ynetnews. Retrieved 2022-04-10.
  26. ^ Genesis 50:25.
  27. ^ Genesis 50:26.
  28. ^ Exodus 13:19
  29. ^ Rivka 2009, pp. 112–113, n.30 notes a variant tradition, recorded in the so-called “small Genesis” (Jubilees, 46:7) which states however that the Israelites brought out from Egypt the bones of Jacob's sons, except those of Joseph.
  30. ^ See also Genesis 33:18–20
  31. ^ a b c d Freund 2009, p. 28.
  32. ^ Neusner 1985, pp. 89, 142–143: "Rav Yudan bar Simeon said, 'This is one of three passages on the basis of which the nations of the world cannot ridicule Israel, saying "You have stolen property".'" The others being the cave at Machpelah (Hebron) and the site of the Temple (Jerusalem). Genesis Rabba 79.7.
  33. ^ Freedman, Harry; Simon, Maurice (February 1983). Midrash Rabbah: Exodus. Soncino Press. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-900689-38-3. Archived from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2011. Similarly, it was from Shechem that the brothers of Joseph had stolen him and had sold him: and when he was about to die, he adjured them: 'My brothers! ye have stolen me from Shechem while I was alive, I pray you, return my bones to Shechem' (Exodus Rabbah 20,19.)
  34. ^ Jacob ben Solomon Ibn Ḥabib; Avraham Yaakov Finkel; Rabbi Yaakov Ibn Chaviv (August 1999). Ein Yaakov: the ethical and inspirational teachings of the Talmud. Jason Aronson. p. 453. ISBN 978-0-7657-6082-1. Archived from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2011. 'They buried [Joseph] in Shechem' (Joshua 24:32). Why in Shechem of all places? R. Chama b. R. Chanina said: From Shechem they stole him, and to Shechem we will return what is lost. (Sotah 13b BT).
  35. ^ Le Strange 2010, p. 325: "The tomb of Joseph is in the plot of ground lying outside Solomon's enclosure (the Haram). It stands opposite the tomb of Jacob and is near that of his forefathers Abraham and Isaac. Now Ibrahim ibn Ahmad al Khalanji states that he was requested by one of (the Caliph) Al Muktadir's women, Al ’Ajûz by name, who was sojourning at the Holy City, to proceed to the place where, according to the tradition, Joseph was buried, and having discovered the sepulchre, to erect over it a building. So Al Khalanji set forth with workmen, and they found the place where, according to tradition, Joseph was buried, namely outside the enclosure (of Solomon), and opposite the tomb of Jacob, and they bought the field from its owner, and began to lay it bare. In the very place indicated by the tradition they came on a huge rock, and this, by order of Al Khalanji, was broken into. They tore off a portion, 'and,' says Al Khalanji, 'I being with the workmen in the trench when they raised up the fragment, lo! Here lay (the body of) Joseph – peace be upon him! – beautiful and glorious to look on, as he is always represented to have been. Now, first there arose from the place an odour of musk. I caused the workmen to set it down into its place against the fragment of rock, to be as it has been before.' 'And afterwards,' Mujir ad Din continues, 'they built over this place the Dome which can be seen there to this day, in proof that the tradition is a true one, and that the Patriarch is buried beneath.' The general site is called Al Qala’ah (The Castle)."
  36. ^ a b Goldman 1995, pp. 127–130
  37. ^ Conder & Kitchener 1882, p. 342.
  38. ^ Redford 1970, p. 188
  39. ^ Sperling 2003, p. 98
  40. ^ Schenke 1967, p. 174: "'Joseph' ist ein personifizierter Stamm."
  41. ^ Genesis, 50:24–26.
  42. ^ Exodus, 13:19.
  43. ^ Rivka 2009, pp. 113, 127–128.
  44. ^ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews 2:200–201: "At length his brethren died, after they had lived happily in Egypt. Now the posterity and sons of these men after some time carried their bodies, and buried them at Hebron. But as to the bones of Joseph, they carried them into the land of Canaan afterwards, when the Hebrews went out of Egypt" (tr. William Whiston). τελευτῶσι δ’ αὐτοῦ καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ ζήσαντες εὐδαιμόνως ἐπὶ τῆς Αἰγύπτου. καὶ τούτων μὲν τὰ σώματα κομίσαντες μετὰ χρόνον οἱ ἀπόγονοι καὶ οἱ παῖδες ἔθαψαν ἐν Νεβρῶνι*, τὰ δὲ Ἰωσήπου ὀστᾶ ὕστερον, ὅτε μετανέστησαν ἐκ τῆς Αἰγύπτου οἱ Ἑβραῖοι, εἰς τὴν Χαναναίαν ἐκόμισαν• (2.200–201).
    • ἐν Νεβρῶνι 'in Nebron' is written in the best manuscripts (R= Paris Codex Regius Parisinus, and O = Codex Oxoniensis (Bodleianus), miscell. graec. 186, collectively known as RO), and is the reading defended by Josephus's editor Benedikt Niese. This is often emended to ἐν Χεβρῶνι (in Χεβρῶν/Hebron), the reading conserved by inferior manuscripts which are influenced by the Septuagint.
  45. ^ de Hoop 1999, p. 497.
  46. ^ Moore & Kelle 2011, p. 174: "The majority of current scholars believe that the historicity of the Egyptian sojourn, exodus, and wilderness wandering that the Bible remembers cannot be demonstrated by historical methods."
  47. ^ de Hoop 1999, p. 420: "In conclusion, it is the question for evidence, principally falsifiable, that forms historical probability. This evidence is not found in narratives like the Joseph Story."
  48. ^ de Hoop 1999, p. 412: "The departure from the historical approach, which sought for the exact period when Joseph rose to power, was mainly caused by the recognition of Gunkel, Greßmann, von Rad and others, that the Joseph story is a literary composition, a novella. Von Rad even stated that the Joseph Story 'has no historical-political concern whatsoever, also a cult-aetiologic tendency is lacking, and we even miss a salvation-historical and theological orientation ... the Joseph story with its clearly didactic tendency belongs to the ancient wisdom school'."
  49. ^ de Hoop 1999, p. 412.
  50. ^ Louden 2011, p. 63: "Joseph's myth has basic affinities with romance".
  51. ^ Sills 1997, pp. 172–174
  52. ^ Redford 1993, pp. 422–429, p. 423: "as has long been realized, the Joseph story is in fact a novella or short story."
  53. ^ Redford 1970, p. 66-58: "The Joseph story as Märchen-Novelle."
  54. ^ Völter 1909, p. 67
  55. ^ Goldman 1995, p. 124
  56. ^ Völter 1909, pp. 64–5: "Die Erzählung aber, dass die Lade mit dem Leichnam des Joseph, nachdem sie lange in Aegypten geblieben war, beim Auszug von den Israeliten mitgenommen und nach Palästina gebracht worden sei, kann kaum etwas anderes bedeuten, als daß der Cultus eines toten, in einer Lade liegenden Gottes, der eigentlich in Aegypten zu Hause war, von den Israeliten übernommen worden ist, Dieser Gott is Osiris."
  57. ^ Rivka 2009, pp. 113–114: "Joseph's double burial, and his first resting place in the Nile, shares several motifs extant in the Egyptian Osiris myth."
  58. ^ Sperling 2003, p. 98 writes: "there are no compelling linguistic or historical reasons to date the story later than the ninth to eighth century of the first millennium B.C.E."
  59. ^ Smith 1984, pp. 243–244 n.1, 268: "a romance, of the ancient genre of romantic-religious novellae that revived in the Hellenistic world ... the first great example in Israelite literature is the Joseph romance"; "The old peasant stories of the Patriarchs and Joshua (heroes of holy places at Bethel, Hebron Beersheba and Shechem) had doubtless long been collected in cycles and may, before Persian times, have been connected with some or all of the other elements in the hexateuchal narrative, myths about the beginning of the world, the flood and so on, the Joseph romance, nomads' tales of Moses, and stories about the conquest of the country. These components are clear; how they were put together is hazy; but most scholars would agree that the Jerusalem priests of the Persian period were the final editors who gave the material substantially its present form ... and rewrote many stories to serve their own purposes, usually as legal precedents."
  60. ^ Redford 1970, p. 242: "several episodes in the narrative, and the plot motifs themselves, find some parallel in Saite, Persian, or Ptolemaic Egypt. It is the sheer weight of evidence, and not the argument from silence, that leads to the conclusion that the seventh century B.C. is the terminus a quo for the Egyptian background to the Joseph Story. If we assign the third quarter of the fifth century B.C.E. as the terminus ante quem, we are left with a span of two and one half centuries, comprising in terms of Egyptian history the Saite and early Persian periods."
  61. ^ Redford 1993, p. 429: "the Biblical Joseph story was a novella created sometime during the seventh or sixth century B.C. (the end of the Judean monarchy or the Exile)."
  62. ^ Wright 1972, pp. 113–114
  63. ^ Finkelstein & Silberman 2001, pp. 37, 67: "The camel carrying 'gum, balm, and myrrh,' in the Joseph story reveals an obvious familiarity with the main products of the lucrative Arabian trade that flourished under the supervision of the Assyrian empire in the eighth-seventh centuries BCE."; "A seventh century BCE background is also evident in some of the peculiar Egyptian names mentioned in the Joseph story."
  64. ^ Schenke 1967, p. 174: "die Tradition von seinem Grab bei Sichen kann also nur als sekundäre Israelitische, nämlich geschichtliche Deutung eines älteren kanaanäischen Heiligtums bzw. heiligen Platzes verstanden werden."
  65. ^ Wright 1972, p. 79
  66. ^ Schenke 1967, pp. 159–184
  67. ^ Schenke 1967, p. 175.
  68. ^ Schenke 1967, p. 175 n.49: "Inde ad pede montis ipsius (Gerizim) locus est, cui nomen est Sechim. Ibi positum est monumentum, ubi positus est Joseph in villa, quam dedit ei Jacob pater eius."
  69. ^ Wolf 2006
  70. ^ Schenke 1967, p. 175 n.50: "Συχὲμ . .νῦν ἔρημος. δείκνυται δὲ ὁ τόπος ἐν προαστείοις Νέαϛ πόλεως, ἔνθα καὶ ὁ τάφος δείκνυται τοῦ Ἰωσήφ, καὶ παράκειται."
  71. ^ Guérin 1874, p. 374, citing Jerome, Opera omnia, (Migne) vol.1 p. 889: "Atque inde divertens (a puteo Jacob) vidit duodecim patriarcharum sepulcra."
  72. ^ Schenke 1967, p. 168 n.16: "duodecim autem patriarchae non sunt sepulti in Arboc, sed in Sychem" (Epistle 57,10).
  73. ^ Sivan 2008, p. 115 n.24
  74. ^ Crown 1989, p. 70
  75. ^ Schenke 1967, p. 177
  76. ^ Kohen 2007, p. 24
  77. ^ Sivan 2008, p. 114: "In the days of the high priest Eleazar the Christians came and laid waste to the field of Joseph's tomb. They said that they wanted to take the remains of Joseph the patriarch away. They would excavate by day but during the night the ground would revert to its previous state. So they seized some Samaritans and made them go and dig. Sad and weeping, the (seized men) did not have their heart in their work. When Friday came, towards evening, they arrived at the entrance to the cave and kept on appealing to God for help, saying: "This is the night time and we are no longer able to do any work until the Sabbath is over." A sign appeared in the sky, thunder with gusty winds and fire erupted from the mouth of the cave to heavens. There was fire on Mount Gerizim. A pillar of cloud returned to the mountain. This was what was written about in the Holy Torah. These (miracles) were a witness to the mighty desires of the gentiles to own Joseph. Then the Christians came and put up a building over the grave which the Samaritans then demolished. They then took seven people from among them and executed them. So they then seized the high priest Eleazar and leaders of the Hukama and hanged them."
  78. ^ a b c d Golden 2004, p. 187
  79. ^ Schenke 1967, p. 177.
  80. ^ Schenke 1967, p. 179
  81. ^ Le Strange 2010, p. 416:Schenke 1967, p. 179.
  82. ^ Le Strange 2010, p. 512Schenke 1967, p. 179: The information is contained also in the Ibn Abd al-Haqq's abridgement of Yaqut al-Hamawi's book entitled Marasid al-lttila' fi Asma al- Amkina Wa al-Biqa, compiled several decades later.
  83. ^ Benjamin of Tudela 1840, p. 67
  84. ^ Schenke 1967, pp. 179–180
  85. ^ a b c Hackett 1863, p. 1240
  86. ^ Adler 2004, p. 105
  87. ^ Schenke 1967, p. 179n.69c corrects the original Shiloh to 'Sichem/Shechem', emending the text, by presuming a lacuna, to read "and from Shiloh to Shechem".
  88. ^ Hackett 1863, p. 1240.
  89. ^ Bonar & M'Cheyne 1839, p. 20
  90. ^ Bishop Alexander 1844, p. 280
  91. ^ Wilson 1847, pp. 60–61
  92. ^ Wilson 1847, pp. 62
  93. ^ Gafni & van der Heyden 1982, p. 138
  94. ^ Schwarz 1850, p. 150
  95. ^ Browne 1853, p. 354
  96. ^ Crosby 2010, pp. 291–292
  97. ^ de Saulcy & de Warren 1854, p. 99
  98. ^ Hackett 1857, p. 128.
  99. ^ Thomson 1883, p. 147.
  100. ^ Sir Charles William Wilson (1880). The land of Galilee & the north: including Samaria, Haifa, and the Esdraelon Valley. Ariel Pub. House. p. 3. Archived from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2011. In the shallow basins thus formed I have seen traces of fire, as if votive offerings had recently ben burnt there. It is said that small objects, such as kerchiefs of embroidered muslin or silk shawls and other trifles, are occasionally sacrificed at this tomb by Jews.
  101. ^ Geike 1887, p. 212. "The tomb stands in a little yard close to the mosque, at the end of a fine row of olive and fig-trees, and enclosed by a low stone wall. Two low pillars stand at the head and foot of the tomb, their tops hollowed out and blackened by fire; the Jews making a practice of burning small articles, such as gold lace, shawls, or handkerchiefs, in these saucer-like cups, in memory of the patriarch who sleeps beneath."
  102. ^ Conder 1878, pp. 74–75. "The most curious point to notice is, however, the existence of two short pillars, one at the head, the other at the foot of the tomb, having shallow cup-shaped hollows at their tops. These hollows are blackened by fire, for the Jews have the custom of burning sacrifices on them, small articles such as handkerchiefs, gold lace, or shawls being consumed. Whether this practice is also observed by the Samaritans is doubtful."
  103. ^ Forlong 2003, p. 518. "The Jews still burn shawls, and other stuffs, at the grave of Joseph in Shechem."
  104. ^ Conder 1878, p. 74
  105. ^ Conder 1878, p. 75
  106. ^ Conder & Kitchener 1882, pp. 194–195.
  107. ^ Arthur Penrhyn Stanley (1863). Sermons preached before the Prince of Wales during his tour in the East in the spring of 1862: with notices of some of the localities visited. p. 182. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  108. ^ Stanley 1856, p. 241
  109. ^ Mills 1864, p. 66
  110. ^ a b Mills 1864, p. 33
  111. ^ McClintock, John; Strong, James (1894). Cyclopaedia of Biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical literature. Harper. p. 636. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  112. ^ Sontag 2000
  113. ^ Dor 2004, p. 48
  114. ^ Sennott 2003, p. 365
  115. ^ Mark Matthews (2007). Lost years: Bush, Sharon, and failure in the Middle East. Nation Books. p. 277. ISBN 978-1-56858-332-7. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2011. Tucked away off a side street in Balata, a village on the outskirts of Nablus, stood a tiny, domed, stone-walled building destined to join the annals of religious bloodshed. Balata residents claimed the structure venerated a nineteenth-century Muslim cleric, Sheik Youssef, who was said to have healed the sick by reading them verses from the Koran. Though not a full-fledged mosque, it drew worshippers: childless couples would go there to pray for children. Families would take their sons there for the ritual of their first haircuts. To Israelis, the site was known as Joseph's Tomb.
  116. ^ Gazit 2003, p. 119. The incident occurred after Moshe Arens was appointed Defence Minister in 1983.
  117. ^ Sennott 2003, p. 364
  118. ^ Inbari 2009, p. 132.
  119. ^ Aran 1994, p. 336 n.27
  120. ^ Rubenberg 2003, p. 187 n.12
  121. ^ a b Yazbak, Mahmoud (2010). "Holy shrines (maqamat) in modern Palestine/Israel and the politics of memory". In Marshall J. Breger; Yitzhak Reiter; Leonard Hammer (eds.). Holy Places in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Confrontation and Co-existence. Routledge. pp. 231–246 [238]. ISBN 978-0-415-54901-1. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  122. ^ Goldman 1995, p. 150
  123. ^ Sharkansky 1997, p. 158
  124. ^ Feige 2007, p. 285
  125. ^ Dor 2004, p. 47.
  126. ^ Dor 2004, p. 48
  127. ^ Sharkansky 1997, p. 158: "When the army declared a curfew against Arab residents of Nablus so that religious settlers and two Likud members of the Knesset could pray at Joseph's tomb, her comment, 'This is human rights? That they put 120,000 people under house arrest (that is, the curfew) for 24 hours so that (Likud members) Tzahi Haneghi and Dov Shilansky could dance with a Torah scroll on Sheikh Yusuf's tomb near Nablus and say "It's all mine", without anyone interfering? This is human rights?'"
  128. ^ "Clashes erupt as 1,200 Israelis pray at Joseph". Maan News Agency. Archived from the original on 2017-02-20. Retrieved 2017-02-19.
  129. ^ "Why Israelis flock to small tomb in Nablus at night". Al-Monitor. 2016-10-19. Archived from the original on 2017-02-20. Retrieved 2017-02-19.
  130. ^ La Guardia 2007, p. 306.
  131. ^ Dor 2004, p. 48.
  132. ^ Guinn 2006, p. 70
  133. ^ Dumper 2002, p. 147.
  134. ^ Kershner 2008.
  135. ^ BBC1 1999
  136. ^ Enderlin 2003, pp. 53–57
  137. ^ Hermann 2009, p. 137.
  138. ^ "היום לפני 17 שנה: שישה חיילים נהרגו בקרב בקבר יוסף (17.9.13) – חטיבת כפיר". Archived from the original on 2016-03-02. Retrieved 2015-10-17.
  139. ^ Dor 2004, pp. 46–47.
  140. ^ Sennott 2003, p. 364
  141. ^ Sher 2006, p. 158.
  142. ^ Dor 2004, p. 47.
  143. ^ Sher 2006, p. 165.
  144. ^ Matthews 2007, p. 285.
  145. ^ Golden 2004, p. 189: "In their assault on the tomb, the Palestinian attackers expressed their challenge to the credibility of Israeli claims to the site."
  146. ^ Lipton 2002, p. 52: "On October 7, following the IDF evacuation from the Jewish religious site of Joseph's tomb, 1,000 Palestinian protesters entered the religious site, desecrated religious literature, burned the site, and damaged the roof and an outer wall in an unsuccessful attempt to demolish the tomb. The PA began to repair the tomb the following day."
  147. ^ Gross 2000.
  148. ^ Dudkevitch 2000
  149. ^ a b Harel 2000.
  150. ^ Tarabay 2000.
  151. ^ Hirschberg 2000.
  152. ^ Gitlitz & Davidson 2006, pp. 231–235.
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Bibliography

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