Nádleehi
Nádleehi is a social and, at times, ceremonial role in Diné (Navajo) culture[1] – an "effeminate male" or "male-bodied person with a feminine nature".[2][3] However, the nádleehi gender role is also fluid and cannot be simply described in terms of rigid gender binaries.[2] Some Diné people recognize four general places on the gender spectrum: feminine woman, masculine woman, feminine man, and masculine man.[2] Nádleehi may express their gender differently from day to day, or during different periods over their lifetimes, fulfilling roles in community and ceremony traditionally held by either women or men. At times, some may hold positions that can only be held by people who are near the middle of the gender spectrum.[1] Contemporary nádleehi may or may not participate in the modern, pan-Indian two-spirit or LGBT communities. Notable people who were recognized by their communities as nádleehi are traditional weaver and ceremonial singer Hosteen Klah (1867–1937) and Fred Martinez, who was murdered at the age of 16 in June 2001.[3]
Role in Diné society
[edit]Traditionally, a nádleehi person is recognized at a young age by the ceremonial elders and their own family, as they are seen instinctively taking on what are typically female roles in that society, as well as the clothing and work usually associated with females in that culture.[1] As they mature they usually also find themselves sexually attracted to other males, and this is usually accepted by the community.[1] A nádleehi's role in life might be somewhat fluid depending on context, such as when with different groups of people or in different cultural contexts.[1] The nádleehi social and ceremonial role differs from other two-spirit roles in that it is specific to Diné culture and communities; other Nations that have roles for two-spirits – if they have them at all[4] – have names in their own languages, and roles and other details tend to be specific to those particular cultures.[1]
The difference in Diné perception of gender-nonconforming individuals and western perception was noted as early as the 1920s. A contemporary writer noted that while in American society gender-nonconformity was cause for anxiety, in Diné society it was seen as good fortune.[5]
Fred Martinez
[edit]Fred Martinez lived in Cortez, Colorado, on a Diné reservation, with his mother Pauline Mitchell.[6] Friends of Martinez said that he was often harassed in school by their peers, for his feminine nature.[6] Martinez's mother was supportive of her son and his friends, a number of whom were also gender nonconforming or LGBT.[6] Diné society is traditionally matrilineal, with honored social and ceremonial roles for certain gender-variant members of the community, and Martinez's mother, grandmother, and others in the community recognized and accepted him as nádleehi.[2]
Fred Martinez was murdered by Shaun Murphey in June 2001, and it was determined that Murphey's motives were linked to Martinez's nádleehi status. Murphey was arrested and sentenced, though it was not ruled as a hate crime.[6][7] A documentary about Fred Martinez's case, Two-Spirits, explores both Martinez's life and the nádleehi role in traditional Diné culture.[7]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f Epple, Carolyn (1998). "Coming to Terms with Navajo "nádleehí": A Critique of "berdache," "Gay," "Alternate Gender," and "Two-Spirit"". American Ethnologist. 25 (2): 267–290. doi:10.1525/ae.1998.25.2.267. JSTOR 646695.
- ^ a b c d Estrada, Gabriel (2011). "Two Spirits, Nádleeh, and LGBTQ2 Navajo Gaze" (PDF). American Indian Culture and Research Journal. 35 (4): 167–190. doi:10.17953/aicr.35.4.x500172017344j30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-13. Retrieved 2017-11-19 – via Native Out.
- ^ a b "PBS Documentary Explores Navajo Belief in Four Genders - Indian Country Media Network". indiancountrymedianetwork.com. Retrieved 2017-11-19.
- ^ Not all Native/FNIM cultures have roles for two-spirits. See the two-spirit article for more on this.
- ^ Armstrong, Catherine (2021-06-07). "The Trans History You Weren't Taught in Schools". YES! Magazine. Retrieved 2022-01-23.
- ^ a b c d Barrett, Jon (October 2001). "Getting Along in Cortez". Advocate (848): 26–28 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b Goldberg, Leslie (November 19, 2009). "Teen Spirit". Advocate.