Nomatsiguenga language
| Nomatsiguenga | |
|---|---|
| inato | |
| Native to | Peru |
| Ethnicity | Machiguenga |
Native speakers | 6,500 (2003)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | not |
| Glottolog | noma1263 |
| ELP | Nomatsiguenga |
Nomatsiguenga (Matsigenka) is an Arawakan language of Peru. It is close enough to Machiguenga to sometimes be considered dialects of a single language, especially given that both are spoken by the Machiguenga people. Most speakers are monolingual.
Phonology
[edit]According to Lawrence, Nomatsiguenga has the following consonant and vowel phonemes.[2]
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveo- palatal |
Velar | Glottal | Unspecified | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | ŋ ⟨ng, n⟩ | N ⟨n, m⟩ | |||
| Stop | Voiceless | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | k ⟨k⟩ | |||
| Voiced | b ⟨b⟩ | g ⟨g⟩ | |||||
| Fricative | s ⟨s⟩ | ʃ ⟨sh⟩ | h ⟨h⟩ | ||||
| Affricate | ts ⟨ts⟩ | tʃ ⟨ch⟩ | |||||
| Liquid | ɾ ⟨r⟩ | ||||||
| Semivowel | j ⟨y⟩ | ||||||
The archiphoneme ⟨N⟩ is the only consonant that can appear word-medially or in a syllable coda.[3]
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | i ⟨i⟩ | iː ⟨ii⟩ | ɨi ⟨ë⟩ | |||
| Mid | e ⟨e⟩ | eː ⟨ee⟩ | o ⟨o⟩ | oː ⟨oo⟩ | ||
| Low | a ⟨a⟩ | aː ⟨aa⟩ | ||||
The diphthong /ɨi/ does not have a long counterpart, nor does it pattern with the other phonemic diphthongs.[4]
Nomatsiguenga has three phonemic diphthongs: /ai/, /ei/, and /oi/.[5]
Grammar
[edit]Nomatsiguenga is one of the few languages in the world that has two different causative mechanisms to denote whether the causer was involved in the activity with the causee or not. The prefix ogi- is used to express the idea that the causer was not involved in the activity, while the suffix -hag is used when the causer is involved.[6]
y-ogi-monti-ë-ri
3MSG-CAUS1-cross.river-NFUT-3MSG
i-tomi
3MSG-son
"He made his son cross the river (he told him to)."
y-monti-a-hag-ë-ri
3MSG-cross.river-E-CAUS2-NFUT-3MSG
i-tomi
3MSG-son
"He made his son cross the river (he helped him across)."
Notes
[edit]- ^ Nomatsiguenga at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Lawrence 2013, p. 8.
- ^ Lawrence 2013, p. 9.
- ^ Lawrence 2013, p. 12.
- ^ Lawrence 2013, p. 14.
- ^ Wise, M. R. (1986). "Grammatical characteristics of PreAndine Arawaken languages of Peru". In Derbyshire, D. C.; Pullum, G. K. (eds.). Handbook of Amazonian languages. Vol. 1. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 567–642. Cited in Dixon, R. M. W. (2000). "A Typology of Causatives: Form, Syntax, and Meaning". In Dixon, R. M. W.; Aikhenvald, Alexendra Y. (eds.). Changing Valency: Case Studies in Transitivity. Cambridge University Press.
References
[edit]- Lawrence, Aimee L. (2013). Inflectional Verbal Morphology in Nomatsigenga (MA thesis). University of Texas at Austin. hdl:2152/22678.