Null result
In science, a null result is a result without the expected content: that is, the proposed result is absent.[1] It is an experimental outcome which does not show an otherwise expected effect. This does not imply a result of zero or nothing, simply a result that does not support the hypothesis.
In statistical hypothesis testing, a null result occurs when an experimental result is not significantly different from what is to be expected under the null hypothesis; its probability (under the null hypothesis) does not exceed the significance level, i.e., the threshold set prior to testing for rejection of the null hypothesis. The significance level varies, but common choices include 0.10, 0.05, and 0.01.[2] However, a non-significant result does not necessarily mean that an effect is absent.[3][4][5][6]
As an example in physics, the results of the Michelson–Morley experiment were of this type, as it did not detect the expected velocity relative to the postulated luminiferous aether. This experiment's famous failed detection, commonly referred to as the null result, contributed to the development of special relativity. The experiment did appear to measure a non-zero "drift", but the value was far too small to account for the theoretically expected results; it is generally thought to be inside the noise level of the experiment.[7]
Publishing bias
[edit]Despite similar quality of execution and design,[8] papers with statistically significant results are three times more likely to be published than those with null results.[9] This unduly motivates researchers to manipulate their practices to ensure statistically significant results, such as by data dredging.[10]
Many factors contribute to publication bias.[11][12] For instance, once a scientific finding is well established, it may become newsworthy to publish reliable papers that fail to reject the null hypothesis.[13] Most commonly, investigators simply decline to submit results, leading to non-response bias. Investigators may also assume they made a mistake, find that the null result fails to support a known finding, lose interest in the topic, or anticipate that others will be uninterested in the null results.[8]
There are several scientific journals dedicated to the publication of negative or null results, including the following:
- Journal of Negative Results in Biomedicine (defunct)
- Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results
- Journal of Unsolved Questions
While it is not exclusively dedicated to publishing negative results, BMC Research Notes also publishes negative results in the form of research or data notes.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Giunti, C.; et al. (1999). "New ordering principle for the classical statistical analysis of Poisson processes with background". Phys. Rev. D. 59 (5): 053001. arXiv:hep-ph/9808240. Bibcode:1999PhRvD..59e3001G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.59.053001. S2CID 14948954.
- ^ Casella, George; Berger, Roger (2002). Statistical Inference (2nd ed.). Duxbury. p. 385. ISBN 0-534-24312-6.
- ^ Lakens, Daniël (2017). "Equivalence Tests: A Practical Primer for t Tests, Correlations, and Meta-Analyses". Social Psychological and Personality Science. 8 (4): 355–362. doi:10.1177/1948550617697177. ISSN 1948-5506. PMC 5502906. PMID 28736600.
- ^ Gross, Justin H. (2015). "Testing What Matters (If You Must Test at All): A Context-Driven Approach to Substantive and Statistical Significance". American Journal of Political Science. 59 (3): 775–788. doi:10.1111/ajps.12149. ISSN 0092-5853.
- ^ Hartman, Erin; Hidalgo, F. Daniel (2018). "An Equivalence Approach to Balance and Placebo Tests". American Journal of Political Science. 62 (4): 1000–1013. doi:10.1111/ajps.12387. hdl:1721.1/126115. ISSN 0092-5853.
- ^ Rainey, Carlisle (2014). "Arguing for a Negligible Effect". American Journal of Political Science. 58 (4): 1083–1091. doi:10.1111/ajps.12102. ISSN 0092-5853.
- ^ "Role of the Michelson-Morley experiments in making determinations about competing theories". Archived from the original on 2012-11-07. Retrieved 2003-07-17.
- ^ a b Easterbrook, P. J.; Berlin, J. A.; Gopalan, R.; Matthews, D. R. (1991). "Publication bias in clinical research". Lancet. 337 (8746): 867–872. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)90201-Y. PMID 1672966. S2CID 36570135.
- ^ Dickersin, K.; Chan, S.; Chalmers, T. C.; et al. (1987). "Publication bias and clinical trials". Controlled Clinical Trials. 8 (4): 343–353. doi:10.1016/0197-2456(87)90155-3. PMID 3442991.
- ^ Pearce, J; Derrick, B (2019). "Preliminary testing: The devil of statistics?". Reinvention: An International Journal of Undergraduate Research. 12 (2). doi:10.31273/reinvention.v12i2.339.
- ^ H. Rothstein, A. J. Sutton and M. Borenstein. (2005). Publication bias in meta-analysis: prevention, assessment and adjustments. Wiley. Chichester, England; Hoboken, NJ.
- ^ Chopra, Felix; Haaland, Ingar; Roth, Christopher; Stegmann, Andreas (2023). "The Null Result Penalty". The Economic Journal. 134 (657): 193–219. doi:10.1093/ej/uead060. ISSN 0013-0133.
- ^ Luijendijk, HJ; Koolman, X (May 2012). "The incentive to publish negative studies: how beta-blockers and depression got stuck in the publication cycle". J Clin Epidemiol. 65 (5): 488–92. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.06.022. PMID 22342262.