Phonemic awareness
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Phonemic awareness is a part of phonological awareness in which listeners are able to hear, identify and manipulate phonemes, the smallest mental units of sound that help to differentiate units of meaning (morphemes). Separating the spoken word "cat" into three distinct phonemes, /k/, /æ/, and /t/, requires phonemic awareness. The National Reading Panel has found that phonemic awareness improves children's word reading and reading comprehension and helps children learn to spell.[1] Phonemic awareness is the basis for learning phonics.[2]
Phonemic awareness and phonological awareness are often confused since they are interdependent. Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear and manipulate individual phonemes. Phonological awareness includes this ability, but it also includes the ability to hear and manipulate larger units of sound, such as onsets and rimes and syllables.
Impact on reading development
[edit]Studies by Vickie Snider have shown that phonemic awareness has a direct correlation with students' ability to read as they get older. Phonemic awareness builds a foundation for students to understand the rules of the English language. This in turn allows each student to apply these skills and increase his or her oral reading fluency and understanding of the text.[3] There are studies also demonstrating this for student's learning to read in non-English language.[4]
Phonemic awareness instruction
[edit]Phonemic awareness relates to the ability to distinguish and manipulate individual sounds, such as /f/, /ʊ/, and /t/ in the case of foot. The following are common phonemic awareness skills practiced with students:
- Phoneme isolation: which requires recognizing the individual sounds in words, for example, "Tell me the first sound you hear in the word paste" (/p/).
- Phoneme identity: which requires recognizing the common sound in different words, for example, "Tell me the sound that is the same in bike, boy and bell" (/b/).
- Phoneme substitution: in which one can turn a word (such as "cat") into another (such as "hat") by substituting one phoneme (such as /h/) for another (/k/). Phoneme substitution can take place for initial sounds (cat-hat), middle sounds (cat-cut) or ending sounds (cat-cap).
- Oral segmenting: The teacher says a word, for example, "ball", and students say the individual sounds, /b/, /ɔː/, and /l/.
- Oral blending: The teacher says each sound, for example, "/b/, /ɔː/, /l/" and students respond with the word, "ball".
- Sound deletion: The teacher says a word, has students repeat it, and then instructs students to repeat the word without the first sound. For example, the teacher might say "now say 'bill' without the /b/", which students should respond to with "ill".
- Onset-rime manipulation: which requires isolation, identification, segmentation, blending, or deletion of onsets (the single consonant or blend that precedes the vowel and following consonants), for example, j-ump, st-op, str-ong.
There are other phonemic awareness activities, such as sound substitution, where students are instructed to replace one sound with another; sound addition, where students add sounds to words; and sound switching, where students manipulate the order of the phonemes. These are more complex but research supports the use of the three listed above, particularly oral segmenting and oral blending.[5]
English language learners
[edit]Phonemic awareness (PA) instruction has been shown to support English as a second language and foreign language learning. Johnson and Tweedie's (2010) study applied direct PA instruction to young English as a foreign language (EFL) learners in rural Malaysia. Those children given direct PA instruction achieved significantly greater test scores than a control group. PA accelerated the acquisition of relevant literacy and numeracy skills in this case. The study suggested that direct PA instruction might assist in closing existing literacy gaps between urban and rural children.[6]
Adult English language learners (ELLs) may also benefit from direct PA instruction. A study of Arabic-speaking ELLs in an English for Academic Purposes (EAP) program showed substantial gains in vowel recognition and improved C-test scores after PA tuition, despite concerns of the researchers that adult ELLs may negatively perceive PA instruction as a "childish" approach.[7]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Findings and Determinations of the National Reading Panel by Topic Areas". NICHD. Archived from the original on 2008-07-05.
- ^ "Critical Issues: The National Reading Panel". Reading Online.
- ^ Snider, Vicki E. (1997). "The Relationship between Phonemic Awareness and Later Reading Achievement". The Journal of Educational Research. 90 (4). JSTOR: 203–211. doi:10.1080/00220671.1997.10544574. JSTOR 27542094.
- ^ Wimmer, Heinz; Landerl, Karin; Linortner, Renate; Hummer, Peter (1991-09-01). "The relationship of phonemic awareness to reading acquisition: More consequence than precondition but still important". Cognition. 40 (3): 219–249. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(91)90026-Z. ISSN 0010-0277. PMID 1786676. S2CID 19274246.
- ^ Yopp, Hallie K. "Developing Phonemic Awareness in Young Children". The Reading Teacher Vol. 45, No. 9, 1992 A Journal of the International Reading Association.
- ^ Johnson, R. C.; Tweedie, M. G. (2010). "Could phonemic awareness instruction be (part of) the answer for young EFL learners? A report on the Early Literacy Project in Malaysia". TESOL Quarterly. 44 (4): 822–829. doi:10.5054/tq.2010.238131. JSTOR 27896769.
- ^ Tweedie; Johnson; et al. (2015). "Direct phonemic awareness instruction as a means of improving academic text comprehension for adult English language learners". Journal of Educational Thought. 48 (1–2): 81–102.
Further reading
[edit]- Adams, Marilyn McCord (1998). Phonemic awareness in young children: a classroom curriculum. Baltimore: P.H. Brookes. ISBN 978-1-55766-321-4. OCLC 36942591.
- Bursuck, William D. (2011). Teaching Reading to Students Who Are at Risk or Have Disabilities. Pearson. ISBN 978-0-13-705781-8.
- Fox, Barbara J. (2010). Phonics and Structural Analysis for the Teacher of Reading: Programmed for Self-Instruction. Pearson. ISBN 978-0-13-208094-1.
- Vinita Chhabra; Peggy D. McCardle (2004). The voice of evidence in reading research. Baltimore: P.H. Brookes Pub. ISBN 978-1-55766-672-7. OCLC 53880243.