School Prayer Amendment
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The School Prayer Amendment is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution intended by its proponents to protect the right of the students if they wish, to voluntarily pray in schools, although opponents argue it allows for government-sponsored prayer.
Background
[edit]In the cases Engel v. Vitale (1962) and Abington School District v. Schempp (1963), the United States Supreme Court ruled that government mandated school prayer is unconstitutional under the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. However voluntary prayer is not unconstitutional.
The history of school prayer amendment began in 1962 with the Supreme Court case of Engel v. Vitale. A New York policy required schools to begin each day with a word of prayer. Regarding this case, Justice Hugo Black wrote "... the constitutional prohibition against laws respecting an establishment of religion must at least mean that in this country it is no part of the business of government to compose official prayers for any group of the American people to recite as a part of a religious program carried on by government."
The next year, a similar case arose: Abington Township School District v. Schempp. The effect of this incident was the prohibition of school officials from organizing or leading prayers as well as devotional Bible reading in public schools. Abington v. Schempp required that school faculties should neither promote nor degrade religion. The Supreme Court next examined school prayer in 1985 with the case of Wallace v. Jaffree. A change to Alabama's moment-of-silence law included a requirement that the moment of silence must be for "meditation or voluntary prayer." The Court saw the change as government promotion of prayer in the schools, and overturned the change to the law. The justices explained that a moment of silence is appropriate, but not for any religious purpose.[1]
Text
[edit]Article--
SECTION 1. To secure the people's right to acknowledge God according to the dictates of conscience: The people's right to pray and to recognize their religious beliefs, heritage, or traditions on public property, including schools, shall not be infringed. The Government shall not require any person to join in prayer or other religious activity, initiate or designate school prayers, discriminate against religion, or deny equal access to a benefit on account of religion.[2]
H. J. RES. 16
[edit]Article—
Nothing in this Constitution shall be construed to prohibit individual or group prayer in public schools or other public institutions. No person shall be required by the United States or by any State to participate in prayer. Neither the United States nor any State shall prescribe the content of any such prayer.[3]
History
[edit]Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia proposed the amendment in 1962, 1973, 1979, 1982, 1993, 1995, and 1997.[4]
The New York Times reported in July 1999 that the House of Representatives, at that time occupied by a Republican majority, had long been proposing such an amendment but was preoccupied with a competing, more general amendment allowing for "religious freedoms" proposed by Henry Hyde, then-Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee.[5] Representative Ernest Istook, a Republican from Oklahoma's 5th congressional district, proposed the amendment on May 8, 1997.[6] In March 1998, the Judiciary Committee passed the bill by a 16–11 vote.[7] On June 4, 1998, the full House voted on the amendment, 224–203 in favor.[8] The vote was 61 short of the two-thirds majority required by Article Five of the United States Constitution to propose a constitutional amendment.[9]
Istook reintroduced the amendment to Congress twice: first in 1999 as the House Joint Resolution 66[10] and in 2001 as the "Religious Speech Amendment".[11] Byrd proposed the amendment again on April 29, 2006.[4]
Though the proposed amendment failed to be adopted, it led to the passing of the Equal Access Act.
Rick Perry, governor of Texas and Republican a former candidate for the 2012 presidential election, said in an interview on Fox News Sunday on December 11, 2011: "I would support a constitutional amendment that allows our children to pray in school anytime they would like."[12]
Reception
[edit]The Freedom From Religion Foundation,[13] American Civil Liberties Union,[14] and Americans United for Separation of Church and State[15] have all expressed opposition to this amendment. The Family Research Council has supported it.[16]
Polls
[edit]In 1985, a nationwide telephone poll by The Washington Post found that 61% supported a School Prayer Amendment, 31% opposed it, and 8% had no opinion.[17]
In 2005, a telephone poll administered by Gallup found that 76% of Americans favor "a constitutional amendment".[18]
References
[edit]- ^ "First Amendment Center | Freedom Forum Institute".
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Emerson, Bill (25 January 1995). "Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relating to voluntary school prayer". Congress.gob. Library of Congress. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That the following article is hereby proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution if ratified by the legislatures of at least three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its proposal to the States by the Congress: ``Article-- ``Nothing in this Constitution shall be construed to prohibit individual or group prayer in public schools or other public institutions. No person shall be required by the United States or by any State to participate in prayer. Neither the United States nor any State shall prescribe the content of any such prayer.
- ^ a b "Sen. Byrd introduces amendment allowing school prayer". Associated Press. 2006-04-30. Archived from the original on 2009-01-25. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
- ^ Seelye, Katharine Q. (1996-07-16). "Republicans in Congress Renew Push for Vote on School Prayer Amendment". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
- ^ "H.J.Res.78 - 105th Congress (1997-1998): Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States restoring religious freedom". www.congress.gov. June 4, 1998.
- ^ Van Biema, David (1998-04-27). "Spiriting Prayer Into School". Time. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
- ^ Washington, U. S. Capitol Room H154; p:225-7000, DC 20515-6601 (1998-06-04). "Roll Call 201 Roll Call 201, Bill Number: H. J. Res. 78, 105th Congress, 2nd Session". Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Votes in Congress". The New York Times. 1998-06-07. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
- ^ "Bill Text - 106th Congress (1999-2000) - THOMAS (Library of Congress)". Archived from the original on 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
- ^ "Rep. Istook to Reintroduce School Prayer Amendment to U.S. Constitution". Americans United for Separation of Church and State. 2001-10-29. Archived from the original on November 29, 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
- ^ Schoenberg, Shira (December 12, 2011). "Rick Perry calls for constitutional amendment allowing school prayers". The Boston Globe. Retrieved December 16, 2011.
- ^ Gaylor, Annie Laurie (1995). "The Case Against School Prayer". Freedom From Religion Foundation. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
- ^ "Constitutional Amendment on School Prayer". American Civil Liberties Union. 2002-03-11. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
- ^ "Istook School Prayer Amendment Unnecessary, Divisive And Dangerous, Says Americans United". Americans United for Separation of Church and State. 2003-04-08. Archived from the original on November 29, 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
- ^ "Family Research Council". Right Wing Watch. People for the American Way. 2008-08-25. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
- ^ "Poll on School Prayer". The Washington Post.
- ^ "Public Favors Voluntary Prayer for Public Schools". 26 August 2005.