Seven Military Classics
| Chinese military texts |
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The Seven Military Classics (traditional Chinese: 武經七書; simplified Chinese: 武经七书; pinyin: Wǔjīngqīshū; Wade–Giles: Wu ching ch'i shu) were seven important military texts of ancient China, which also included Sun-tzu's The Art of War. The texts were canonized under this name during the 11th century AD, and from the time of the Song dynasty, were included in most military leishu.[1] For imperial officers, either some or all of the works were required reading to merit promotion, like the requirement for all bureaucrats to learn and know the work of Confucius. The Art of War was translated into Tangut with commentary.[2][3]
There were many anthologies with different notations and analyses by scholars throughout the centuries leading up to the present versions in Western publishing. The Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty commented on the seven military classics, stating, "I have read all of the seven books, among them there are some materials that are not necessarily right and there are superstitious stuff can be used by bad people."
Members of the Chinese Communist Party also studied the texts during the Chinese Civil War as well as many European and American military minds.[1]
The Art of War was studied by warrining Japanese clans during internal civil wars such as the Genpi War, the Sengoku Jidai, and the Boshin War in Japan.[4][5]
Chinese military works like Su Shu, San Liu, Liu Tao and Art of War were translated into Manchu.[6][7][8][9] Manchus used Manchu translations of the Chinese novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms to learn military strategy.[10]
Emperor Shenzong (宋神宗), the sixth emperor of the Song dynasty, determined which texts would be included in this anthology in 1080.[11]
List
[edit]According to Ralph D. Sawyer and Mei-chün Sawyer, who created one of the latest translations, the Seven Military Classics include the following texts:[12]
- Jiang Ziya (Taigong)'s Six Secret Teachings (六韜)
- The Methods of the Sima (司馬法) (also known as Sima Rangju Art of War)
- Sun Tzu's The Art of War (孫子兵法)
- Wu Qi's Wuzi (吳子)
- Wei Liaozi (尉繚子)
- Three Strategies of Huang Shigong (黃石公三略)
- Questions and Replies between Tang Taizong and Li Weigong (唐太宗李衛公問對)
There are no other known variations of the Seven Military Classics anthology with alternating members but the constituent works themselves have had many multiple versions, especially The Art of War, which has had at least several dozen different translations to English in the 20th century alone.
Despite prominence of military texts in the Yi Zhou shu, none of the anthology chapters were regarded as classics.[13]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Van de Ven, Hans J. (2000). Warfare in Chinese History. Brill. p. 7. ISBN 9004117741.
- ^ Galambos, Imre (2015). Studies in Manuscript Cultures. Vol. 6chapter=Translating Chinese Tradition and Teaching Tangut Culture : Manuscripts and Printed Books from Khara-khoto. Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH. pp. 8, 76, 87, 177, 190, 286. doi:10.1515/9783110453959. ISBN 978-3-11-044406-3.
- ^ Shi, Jinbo (2020). "2 Tangut Manuscripts". Tangut Language and Manuscripts: An Introduction. Vol. 40 of Languages of Asia. Li Hansong. BRILL. p. 47. doi:10.1163/9789004414549_004. ISBN 978-9004414549.
- ^ Knutsen, Roald (2006). Sun Tzu and the Art of Medieval Japanese Warfare (First ed.). Brill Academic Pub. doi:10.1163/9789004213524. ISBN 978-19-05-24600-7.
- ^ Knutsen, Roald (2006). Sun Tzu and the Art of Medieval Japanese Warfare. Gloval Oriental. ISBN 1905246005.
- ^ Shou-p'ing Wu Ko (1855). Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature. Alexander Wylie. p. xxxvi.
- ^ Shou-p'ing Wu Ko (1855). Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature. Alexander Wylie. p. xxxix.
- ^ Möllendorff, P. G. Von (1890). "Journal of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society for the Year". Journal of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society for the Year 1889-90. XXIV. Shanghai: The Branch: 40.
- ^ DURRANT, STEPHEN. “MANCHU TRANSLATIONS OF CHOU DYNASTY TEXTS.” Early China, vol. 3, 1977, pp. 52–54. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23351361.
- ^ West, Andrew. "The Textual History of Sanguo Yanyi : The Manchu Translation". Babel Stone. Archived from the original on 2023-11-05.
- ^ Gawlikowski, Kzysztof and Michael Loewe. (1993). "Sun tzu ping fa", in Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide, Michael Loewe, ed., Berkeley: The Society for the Study of Early China, p. 449.
- ^ Sawyer, Ralph D.; Mei Mei-chün Sawyer (1993). The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China. Westview Press. ISBN 0813312280.
- ^ McNeal, Robin. Conquer and Govern. 2012:124.