'@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@ {{multiple issues| -{{one source|date=March 2017}} -{{refimprove|date=March 2017}} -{{more footnotes|date=March 2017}} +{{one source}} +{{update|inaccurate=yes}} +{{refimprove}} +{{more footnotes}} }} {{Infobox ethnic group @@ -13,34 +14,42 @@ |related= [[Natchez people|Natchez]] }} -The '''Taensa''' (also '''Tensas''', '''Tensaw''', and '''''grands Taensas''''' in French{{cn|date=March 2017}}) were a native American people whose early settlements, approximately 1,200 people in several villages, had their former locations in present day [[Tensas Parish, Louisiana]].<ref name=MooneyTCE1912>{{cite book | author = Mooney, J. | year = 1912 | editor = Knight, K. | chapter = Taensa Indians | title = The Catholic Encyclopedia | location = New York, NY | publisher = Robert Appleton Co. | url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14429c.htm | access-date = March 7, 2017 }}{{update needed|2017|3|7}}{{better source|date=March 2017}} Via NewAdvent.org.</ref> The Taensa ultimately migrated as a result of [[Chickasaw]] and [[Yazoo]] hostilities, first lower down the river, but ultimately, protected by the French, to lands near the current eponymous Tensas river near Mobile, Alabama ''ca.'' 1740.<ref name=MooneyTCE1912/> The meaning of the name, which has the further variants ''Taënsa'',{{cn|date=March 2017}} ''Taenso'',<ref name=TSH_Taensas>{{cite journal | author = Campbell, Thomas N.| date=15 June 2010 | title = Taensa Indians | journal = Handbook of Texas Online | location = Austin, TX | publisher = Texas State Historical Association | via = tshaonline.org | url = https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/bmt04 | access-date=March 7, 2017}}{{better source|date=March 2017}}</ref> ''Tinsas'',{{cn|date=March 2017}} ''Tenza'' or ''Tinza'', ''Tahensa'' or ''Takensa'', and ''Tenisaw'',<ref name=TSH_Taensas/> is unknown, although it is believed{{weasel word|date=March 2017}} to be an [[Endonym|autonym]].{{says who?|date=March 2017}}{{cn|date=March 2017}} +The '''Taensa''' (also '''Tensas''', '''Tensaw''', and '''''grands Taensas''''' in French{{cn}}) were a native American people whose early settlements, approximately 1,200 people in several villages, had their former locations in present day [[Tensas Parish, Louisiana]].<ref name=MooneyTCE1912>{{cite book | author = Mooney, J. | year = 1912 | editor = Knight, K. | chapter = Taensa Indians | title = The Catholic Encyclopedia | location = New York, NY | publisher = Robert Appleton Co. | url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14429c.htm | access-date = March 7, 2017 }} Via NewAdvent.org.{{update needed}}{{better source}}</ref> The Taensa ultimately migrated as a result of [[Chickasaw]] and [[Yazoo]] hostilities, first lower down the river, but ultimately, protected by the French, to lands near the current eponymous Tensas river near Mobile, Alabama ''ca.'' 1740.<ref name=MooneyTCE1912/> The meaning of the name, which has the further variants ''Taënsa'',{{cn}} ''Taenso'',<ref name=TSH_Taensas>{{cite journal | author = Campbell, Thomas N.| date=15 June 2010 | title = Taensa Indians | journal = Handbook of Texas Online | location = Austin, TX | publisher = Texas State Historical Association | via = tshaonline.org | url = https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/bmt04 | access-date=March 7, 2017}}{{better source}}</ref> ''Tinsas'',{{cn}} ''Tenza'' or ''Tinza'', ''Tahensa'' or ''Takensa'', and ''Tenisaw'',<ref name=TSH_Taensas/> is unknown, although it is believed{{weasel word}} to be an [[Endonym|autonym]].{{says who?}}{{cn}} When [[Mobile, Alabama]] was ceded by the French to the English in 1763, the Taena and other small tribes returned to Louisiana, settling near the Red River; they numbered about 100 persons in 1805. They later moved south to [[Bayou Boeuf]] and later still to [[Grand Lake]], "after which the remnant disappear[ed] from history."<ref name=MooneyTCE1912/> -The Taensa are not to be confused with the [[Avoyel]], also known in French as ''petits Taensas'' (English: Little Taensa) who were mentioned by [[Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville|Iberville]] in 1699, and who are more closely related to the [[Tunica people]], living in present day [[Avoyelles Parish]], [[Louisiana]].{{cn|date=March 2017}} +The Taensa are not to be confused with the [[Avoyel]], also known in French as ''petits Taensas'' (English: Little Taensa) who were mentioned by [[Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville|Iberville]] in 1699, and who are more closely related to the [[Tunica people]], living in present day [[Avoyelles Parish]], [[Louisiana]].{{cn}} ==History== -{{refimprove section|date=March 2017}} -With regard to its prehistory, the Taensa and [[Natchez people|Natchez]] peoples have been described in one local archaeological work as having descended from the [[Plaquemine culture]] which in turn is described as having descended from the "Troyville-Coles Creek Indians".<ref>{{cite book | authors = Neuman, Robert W. & Hawkins, Nancy W. | year = 1993 | title = Louisiana Prehistory | chapter = [Neo-Indian:] Plaquemine-Mississippian | edition = 2nd | location = Baton Rouge, LA | publisher = Louisiana Archaeological Survey and Antiquities Commission, Louisiana Dept. Culture, Recreation and Tourism | url = http://www.crt.state.la.us/dataprojects/archaeology/virtualbooks/LAPREHIS/plaqu.htm | access-date = March 7, 2017}}{{better source|date=March 2017}} See [http://www.crt.state.la.us/dataprojects/archaeology/virtualbooks/LAPREHIS/lapre.htm this link] for the whole of the Neuman and Hawkins work.</ref>{{better source|date=March 2017}} +{{refimprove section}} +With regard to its prehistory, the Taensa and [[Natchez people|Natchez]] peoples have been described in one local archaeological work as having descended from the [[Plaquemine culture]] which in turn is described as having descended from the "Troyville-Coles Creek Indians".<ref>{{cite book | authors = Neuman, Robert W. & Hawkins, Nancy W. | year = 1993 | title = Louisiana Prehistory | chapter = [Neo-Indian:] Plaquemine-Mississippian | edition = 2nd | location = Baton Rouge, LA | publisher = Louisiana Archaeological Survey and Antiquities Commission, Louisiana Dept. Culture, Recreation and Tourism | url = http://www.crt.state.la.us/dataprojects/archaeology/virtualbooks/LAPREHIS/plaqu.htm | access-date = March 7, 2017}}{{better source}} See [http://www.crt.state.la.us/dataprojects/archaeology/virtualbooks/LAPREHIS/lapre.htm this link] for the whole of the Neuman and Hawkins work.</ref>{{better source}} -The Taensa were visited by French [[Catholic]] [[missionaries]] around the year 1700, who settled among the Taensa, [[Tunica people]], and [[Natchez people|Natchez]].{{cn|date=March 2017}} In 1699, the Taensa had seven villages, living along the [[Mississippi River]] south of the Tunica, near the [[Yazoo River]].{{cn|date=March 2017}} In 1700, the French missionary Montigny recorded that many Taensa died of illness, probably an epidemic of [[smallpox]].{{cn|date=March 2017}} +The Taensa were visited by French [[Catholic]] [[missionaries]] around the year 1700, who settled among the Taensa, [[Tunica people]], and [[Natchez people|Natchez]].{{cn}} In 1699, the Taensa had seven villages, living along the [[Mississippi River]] south of the Tunica, near the [[Yazoo River]].{{cn}} In 1700, the French missionary priest François de Montigny<ref name = biographiCa_deMontigny>http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/montigny_francois_de_3E.html</ref>{{verification needed}} recorded that many Taensa died of illness, probably an epidemic of [[smallpox]].{{cn}} -Along with other Indians of the lower Mississippi River, the Taensa subjected to slave raids by the [[Chickasaw]], for sale in the British slave trade via [[Province of Carolina|South Carolina]].{{cn|date=March 2017}} The Natchez and Yazoo often allied with the Chickasaw in attacking smaller tribes such as the Taensa and Tunica.{{cn|date=March 2017}} In 1706, the Taensa were forced southward by such [[Chickasaw]]-[[Yazoo tribe|Yazoo]] slave raids, to live among the [[Bayogoula]];{{cn|date=March 2017}} conflicts developed, with the Taensa attacking and burning down a Bayogoula village—an act described as "treacherous... upon a tribe which had given them shelter"<ref name=MooneyTCE1912/>—soon after.{{cn|date=March 2017}} Conflict with the [[Houma people|Houma]] also ensued.{{cn|date=March 2017}} During the Natchez War of 1729, the Taensa and Tunica were forced to migrate south into present day [[Louisiana]].{{cn|date=March 2017}} +Along with other Indians of the lower Mississippi River, the Taensa subjected to slave raids by the [[Chickasaw]], for sale in the British slave trade via [[Province of Carolina|South Carolina]].{{cn}} The Natchez and Yazoo often allied with the Chickasaw in attacking smaller tribes such as the Taensa and Tunica.{{cn}} In 1706, the Taensa were forced southward by such [[Chickasaw]]-[[Yazoo tribe|Yazoo]] slave raids, to live among the [[Bayogoula]];{{cn}} conflicts developed, with the Taensa attacking and burning down a Bayogoula village—an act described as "treacherous... upon a tribe which had given them shelter"<ref name=MooneyTCE1912/>—soon after.{{cn}} Conflict with the [[Houma people|Houma]] also ensued.{{cn}} During the Natchez War of 1729, the Taensa and Tunica were forced to migrate south into present day [[Louisiana]].{{cn}} -Their initial relations with the French were friendly, but the rivalry of European powers strained Indians throughout the region.{{cn|date=March 2017}} The Taensa ultimately migrated under the protection of the French, to lands near a river that would take their name, the Tensas (now [[Tensaw River|Tensaw]]) river—on an eastern branch of the [[Mobile River]] north of [[Mobile Bay]]{{cn|date=March 2017}}—near [[Mobile, Alabama]] ''ca.'' 1740<ref name=MooneyTCE1912/> (some report 1715{{cn|date=March 2017}}). In 1764, the Taensa/Tensaw again relocated, with the [[Apalachee]] and [[Pakana]], west of the Mississippi.{{cn|date=March 2017}} Ultimately they merged with the [[Chitimacha]], [[Atakapa]], and [[Alabama (people)|Alabama]], with settlements on the [[Red River of the South|Red River]] and [[Bayou Boeuf]].{{cn|date=March 2017}} +Their initial relations with the French were friendly, but the rivalry of European powers strained Indians throughout the region.{{cn}} The Taensa ultimately migrated under the protection of the French, to lands near a river that would take their name, the Tensas (now [[Tensaw River|Tensaw]]) river—on an eastern branch of the [[Mobile River]] north of [[Mobile Bay]]{{cn}}—near [[Mobile, Alabama]] ''ca.'' 1740<ref name=MooneyTCE1912/> (some report 1715{{cn}}). In 1764, the Taensa/Tensaw again relocated, with the [[Apalachee]] and [[Pakana]], west of the Mississippi.{{cn}} Ultimately they merged with the [[Chitimacha]], [[Atakapa]], and [[Alabama (people)|Alabama]], with settlements on the [[Red River of the South|Red River]] and [[Bayou Boeuf]].{{cn}} When [[Mobile, Alabama]] was ceded by the French to the English in 1763, the Taena and other small tribes returned to Louisiana, settling near the Red River; they numbered about 100 persons in 1805.<ref name=MooneyTCE1912/> Early in the nineteenth century, the Taensa petitioned the Spanish for land on which to settle, in southeastern [[Texas]]; they were given permission to settle land lying between the [[Trinity River|Trinity]] and the [[Sabine River|Sabine]] rivers, but ultimately did not migrate.<ref name=TSH_Taensas/> This was the last appearance of the tribe in historical records.They later moved south to [[Bayou Boeuf]] and later still to [[Grand Lake]], "after which the remnant disappear[ed] from history."<ref name=MooneyTCE1912/> ==Culture== -{{unreferenced section|date=March 2017}} -<!--THIS ALL APPEARS TO BE A POORLY CONSTRUCTED EXTRACT, WITHOUT ATTRIBUTION, TAKEN FROM THE CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA OR A SIMILAR SOURCE. IT NEEDS RE-EDITTING TO ONE OR MORE GOOD SOURCES. AS IT STANDS, IT IS SO MUCH DRAFT UNDERGRADUATE TWATTLE.--> -The Taensa were an agricultural and canoeing people who lived in large houses described as having walls of earth. It is more probable that these were made of [[wattle and daub]] structures roofed with mats of woven cane splits. Their chiefs had absolute power and were treated with great respect. This varied greatly from the custom among the northern tribes. Reportedly during a ceremonial visit to La Salle, the chief was accompanied by attendants who, with their hands, swept the road in front of him as he advanced. +{{one source|section}} +<!--HERETOFORE THIS WAS A COMBINATION OF PLAGIARISM AND POORLY CONSTRUCTED EXTRACT, WITHOUT ATTRIBUTION, TAKEN FROM THE CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA NOW CITED. IT NEEDS RE-EDITTING, TO ADD OTHER RELEVANT CULTURAL SOURCES, AND TO EXTRACT FROM THE LONG QUOTES THAT WHICH IS NEEDED FOR AN ENCYCLOPEDIC SECTION.--> +As Mooney wrote in his 1912 article, "Taensa Indians" in the ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'',{{quote| +The Taensa were sedentary and agricultural and expert canoe men, living in large houses described as having walls of earth, but more probably of logs plastered with clay, and roofed with mats of woven cane splits. Their chiefs exercised despotic power and were treated with great respect, in marked contrast to the custom among the northern tribes. On one occasion of a ceremonial visit to La Salle <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle]]{{verification needed}}]<!--BEST ASSIGNMENT OF IDENTITIES BY NONEXPERT. THESE WHOULD BE VERIFIED BY FURTHER SOURCE.--> the chief was accompanied by attendants who, with their hands, swept the road in front of him as he advanced.<ref name=MooneyTCE1912/>}} + +Mooney compares their "language, religion, and custom[s]" to those of the [[Natchez people]], in particular, noting that their religion, "like that of the Natchez, was notable for its bloody rites."<ref name=MooneyTCE1912/><!--THERE IS NO "and hierarchical social classes" IN MOONEY. IF ADDING IT BACK, FIND THE SOURCE. NO MADE UP CONTENT, NO WP:ORIGINAL RESEARCH.--> In describing a visit by the explorers [[René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle|La Salle]] and [[Henri de Tonti]], and the priest [[Zenobius Membre|Zenobius Membré]],{{verification needed}}<!--BEST ASSIGNMENT OF IDENTITIES BY NONEXPERT. THESE WHOULD BE VERIFIED BY FURTHER SOURCE.--> Mooney highlights some Taensa religious and and death rituals:{{quote| +Their chief deities seem to have been the sun and the serpent. Their dome-shaped temple was surmounted by the figures of three eagles facing the rising sun, the outer walls and the roof being of cane mats painted entirely red, and the whole was surrounded with a [[palisade]] of stakes, on each of which was set a human skull, the remains of a former sacrifice. Inside was an altar, with a rope of human scalp locks, and a perpetual fire guarded day and night by two old priests. When a chief died his wives and personal attendants were killed that their spirits might accompany him to the other world. At one chief's funeral thirteen victims were thus slaughtered.<ref name=MooneyTCE1912/>}} + +Mooney goes on to note that on another occasion, the priest François de Montigny<ref name = biographiCa_deMontigny/>{{verification needed}},<!--BEST ASSIGNMENT OF IDENTITIES BY NONEXPERT. THESE WHOULD BE VERIFIED BY FURTHER SOURCE.--> stopped one such later ceremony and sacrifice, but,{{quote|Shortly afterwards, during a thunder storm, the temple was struck by lightning and entirely consumed. The high priest interpreted this as a sign of the anger of the god at the neglect of the ancient custom, and... called upon the women to throw their children into the fire. In response five mothers rushed forward and cast their infants into the flames...<ref name=MooneyTCE1912/>}} +The sacrifice of greater numbers was prevented by the presence of "Iberville" ([[Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville]]{{verification needed}}), who is referred to as a governor of the Louisiana, and whose soldier put a stop to further sacrifice, although "[t]he five mothers who had thus given their children to death were afterwards led in procession,"<ref name=MooneyTCE1912/> that is, were honoured by the Taensa for their choice.{{cn}} +<!--THIS "honoured" IS THIS EDITOR'S INEXPERT READ OF THIS TEXT. AN EXPERT SHOULD BE CITED, OR IT SHOULD BE REMOVED. NOTE ALSO, that the inaccurate, and otherwise banal and sophomoric interpretation appearing earlier, "The Taensa took this as evidence that their traditional beliefs were valid. The lightning encouraged women to volunteer to be sacrificed. [sic.]" was removed and prelaced with the above, actual description from the source article.--> -The missionaries noted the complex religion of the Taensa. The tribe had retained [[chiefdom]] characteristics after they had disappeared elsewhere. Their society had similarity to the [[Natchez people]] in its practice of sacrificial rites and hierarchical social classes. Their chief deities seem to have been the Sun and the Serpent. Their dome-shaped temple was surmounted by the figures of three eagles facing the rising sun, the outer walls and the roof being of cane mats painted entirely red. The whole was surrounded with a [[palisade]] of stakes, on each of which was set a human skull, the remains of a former sacrifice. Inside was an altar, with a rope of human scalp locks, and a perpetual fire guarded day and night by two old priests. When a chief died, his wives and personal attendants were killed so that their spirits might accompany him to the other world. At one chief's funeral, thirteen victims were sacrificed. When a Catholic priest stopped one of these ceremonies, the temple was struck by lightning. The Taensa took this as evidence that their traditional beliefs were valid. The lightning encouraged women to volunteer to be sacrificed. ==Language and hoax{{anchor|Language}}== +{{refimprove section}} {{main|Taensa language}} -The widespread use of [[Mobilian jargon]] as a [[lingua franca]] throughout the area has led to the unsupported assumption (e.g. by [[Gatschet]]{{full|date=March 2017}}) that the Taensa (and other many other peoples of the lower Mississippi and Gulf Coast) spoke a [[Muskogean]] language.{{says who?|date=March 2017}}{{cn|date=March 2017}} French missionaries François Jolliet de Montigny and Jean-François Buisson de St. Cosme stated that the Taensa spoke [[Natchez language|Natchez]], a langiage that both missionaries were learning.{{cn|date=March 2017}} The meaning of the Taensa name is unknown, although it is believed{{weasel word|date=March 2017}} to be an [[Endonym|autonym]].{{says who?|date=March 2017}}{{cn|date=March 2017}} The [[Chitimacha]] referred to the Taensa as the ''Chō´sha''.{{cn|date=March 2017}} +The widespread use of [[Mobilian jargon]] as a [[lingua franca]] throughout the area has led to the unsupported assumption (e.g. by [[Gatschet]]{{full}}) that the Taensa (and other many other peoples of the lower Mississippi and Gulf Coast) spoke a [[Muskogean]] language.{{says who?}}{{cn}} French missionary priests de Montigny<ref name = biographiCa_deMontigny/> and Jean-François Buisson de Saint-Cosme<ref>http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/buisson_de_saint_cosme_jean_francois_1712_2E.html</ref>{{verification needed}}<!--BEST ASSIGNMENT OF IDENTITIES BY NONEXPERT. THESE WHOULD BE VERIFIED BY FURTHER SOURCE.--> stated that the Taensa spoke [[Natchez language|Natchez]], a language that both missionaries were learning.{{cn}} The meaning of the Taensa name is unknown, although it is believed{{weasel word}} to be an [[Endonym|autonym]].{{says who?}}{{cn}} The [[Chitimacha]] referred to the Taensa as the ''Chō´sha''.{{cn}} -In 1880-1882, young clerical student named Parisot published what was purported to be "material of the [[Taensa language]], including papers, songs, a grammar and vocabulary" in Paris, which led to considerable interest on the part of [[philology|philologists]]. The work proved to be a "fraudulent invention," either of Parisot "or of some one else from whom the manuscripts had originally come." [[John R. Swanton]] exposed work as a hoax in 1908-1910.<ref name=MooneyTCE1912/>{{update needed|2017|3|7}}<!--ADD BACK BRINTON 1885 AND OTHER DETAILS, WITH A CITATION, ONLY.--> +In 1880-1882, young clerical student named Parisot published what was purported to be "material of the [[Taensa language]], including papers, songs, a grammar and vocabulary" in Paris, which led to considerable interest on the part of [[philology|philologists]]. The work proved to be a "fraudulent invention," either of Parisot "or of some one else from whom the manuscripts had originally come." [[John R. Swanton]] exposed work as a hoax in 1908-1910.<ref name=MooneyTCE1912/>{{update needed}}<!--ADD BACK BRINTON 1885 AND OTHER DETAILS, WITH A CITATION, ONLY.--> ==See also== @@ -55,26 +64,23 @@ ==Further reading== -{{copyedit|section|for=completeness of information, and uniformity of citation style, with cite book markup being established standard for the article|date=March 2017}} +{{copyedit|section|for=completeness of information, and uniformity of citation style, with cite book markup being established standard for the article}} * {{cite journal | author = Goddard, Ives | year = 2005 | title = The Indigenous Languages of the Southeast | journal = Anthropological Linguistics | volume = 47 | issue = 1 | pages = 1-60 | url = http://www.jstor.org/stable/25132315?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents | access-date = March 7, 2017 }} * {{cite book | authors = Galloway, Patricia & Jackson, Jason Baird | year = 2004 | chapter = Natchez and neighboring groups | editors = Fogelson, R.D. (vol. ed.) & Sturtevant, W.C. (ser. ed.) | title = Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast | volume = Vol. 14 | pages = 598–615 | series = Handbook of North American Indians | location = Washington, DC | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | isbn = 0160723000 | url = https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0160723000 | access-date = March 7, 2017 }} * {{cite book | authors = Jackson, Jason Baird; Fogelson, Raymond D & Sturtevant, William C. | year = 2004 | chapter = History of Ethnological and Linguistic Research | editors = Fogelson, R.D. (vol. ed.) & Sturtevant, W.C. (ser. ed.) | title = Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast | volume = Vol. 14 | pages = 31–47 | series = Handbook of North American Indians | location = Washington, DC | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | isbn = 0160723000 | url = https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0160723000 | access-date = March 7, 2017 }} -* Gallay, Alan. (2002). ''The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South 1670-1717''. New York: Yale University Press.{{full|date=March 2017}} -* Johnson, M.; & Hook, R. (1992). ''The Native Tribes of North America''. Compendium Publishing. ISBN 1872004032.{{full|date=March 2017}} -*{{Cite book| volume = Vol. 1| last = Williams| first = Stephen| title = Conference on the Historic Site Archaeology Papers| chapter = On the Location of the Historic Taensa Villages| date = 1967}}{{full|date=March 2017}} +* Gallay, Alan. (2002). ''The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South 1670-1717''. New York: Yale University Press.{{full}} +* Johnson, M.; & Hook, R. (1992). ''The Native Tribes of North America''. Compendium Publishing. ISBN 1872004032.{{full}} +*{{Cite book| volume = Vol. 1| last = Williams| first = Stephen| title = Conference on the Historic Site Archaeology Papers| chapter = On the Location of the Historic Taensa Villages| date = 1967}}{{full}} * Swanton (1911). "Indian Tribes of the Lower Mississippi", in Bulletin 43 of ''Bur. Am. Ethnology'' (Washington). -* {{cite book | author = Shea, John Gilmary | year = 1890 | orig-year = 1852 | title = Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley | location = New York, NY | publisher = Effingham Maynard & Co | url = | access-date = March 7, 2017 }}{{page needed|date=March 2017}} +* {{cite book | author = Shea, John Gilmary | year = 1890 | orig-year = 1852 | title = Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley | location = New York, NY | publisher = Effingham Maynard & Co | url = | access-date = March 7, 2017 }}{{page needed}} * Hamilton (1897). ''Colonial Mobile'' (Boston and New York, 1897) * Brinton (1890). ''Essays of an Americanist'' (Philadelphia). -* {{cite book | author = Shea, John Gilmary | year = 1854 | orig-year = | title = History of the Catholic Missions among the Indian Tribes of the United States, 1529-1854 | location = New York, NY | publisher = T. W. Strong/Edward Dunigan & Brother | url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081694642;view=1up;seq=15 | access-date = March 7, 2017 }}{{page needed|date=March 2017}} +* {{cite book | author = Shea, John Gilmary | year = 1854 | orig-year = | title = History of the Catholic Missions among the Indian Tribes of the United States, 1529-1854 | location = New York, NY | publisher = T. W. Strong/Edward Dunigan & Brother | url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081694642;view=1up;seq=15 | access-date = March 7, 2017 }}{{page needed}} * French, Hist. Colls. of Louisiana, I (New York, 1846) * Margry (1886) [1879]. ''Découvertes et établissements des Francais'' (6 vols., Paris). * Le Page Du Pratz (1758). ''Histoire de la Louisane'' (3 vols., Paris; transl. London, 1763, 1774) - ==External links== * [https://books.google.com/books?id=3JH-TPFjLk4C&pg=PA599&lpg=PA599&dq=Emerald+Mound+Site+(22+AD+504)&source=bl&ots=Wb9w1PMVEP&sig=j5SRQTCNs4bYlN80jvU1SHY2Tk8&hl=en&ei=RPupTrWgF8KosALKuP3uDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CGMQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q&f=false Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast By Raymond Fogelson] * [http://www.avoyel-taensa.org/ The Avoyel-TaensaTribe/Nation of Louisiana Inc.] -* {{CathEncy|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14429c.htm|title=Taensa Indians}} -* {{Handbook of Texas|id=bmt04|name=Taensa Indians}} {{Mississippian and related cultures}} @@ -84,3 +90,4 @@ [[Category:Native American tribes in Louisiana]] [[Category:Native American history of Louisiana]] + '