Super-Jupiter

A super-Jupiter is a gas giant exoplanet that is more massive than the planet Jupiter. For example, companions at the planet–brown dwarf borderline have been called super-Jupiters, such as around the star Kappa Andromedae.^[1]

By 2011 there were 180 known super-Jupiters, some hot, some cold.^[2] Even though they are more massive than Jupiter, they remain about the same size as Jupiter up to 80 Jupiter masses.^[2] This means that their surface gravity and density go up proportionally to their mass.^[2] The increased mass compresses the planet due to gravity, thus keeping it from being larger.^[2] In comparison, planets somewhat lighter than Jupiter can be larger, so-called "puffy planets" (gas giants with a large diameter but low density).^[3] An example of this may be the exoplanet HAT-P-1b with about half the mass of Jupiter but about 1.38 times larger diameter.^[3]

CoRoT-3b, with a mass around 22 Jupiter masses,^[4] is predicted to have an average density of 26.4 g/cm³, greater than osmium (22.6 g/cm³), the densest natural element under standard conditions. Extreme compression of matter inside it causes the high density, because it is likely composed mainly of hydrogen.^[5] The surface gravity is also high, over 50 times that of Earth.^[4]

In 2012, the super-Jupiter Kappa Andromedae b was imaged around the star Kappa Andromedae,^[1] orbiting it about 1.8 times the distance at which Neptune orbits the Sun.^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b "Astronomers Directly Image Massive Star's 'Super-Jupiter'". NASA. 19 November 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kitchin, Chris (2012). Exoplanets: Finding, Exploring, and Understanding Alien Worlds. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 167–168. ISBN 978-1-4614-0644-0.
^ ^a ^b Chang, Kenneth (2010-11-11). "Puzzling Puffy Planet, Less Dense Than Cork, Is Discovered". The New York Times.
^ ^a ^b Deleuil, M.; Deeg, H. J.; Alonso, R.; Bouchy, F.; Rouan, D.; Auvergne, M.; Baglin, A.; Aigrain, S.; Almenara, J. M.; et al. (2008). "Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission. VI. CoRoT-Exo-3b: the first secure inhabitant of the brown-dwarf desert". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 491 (3): 889–897. arXiv:0810.0919. Bibcode:2008A&A...491..889D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810625. S2CID 8944836.
^ Baraffe, I.; Chabrier, G.; Barman, T. S.; Allard, F.; Hauschildt, P. H. (2003). "Evolutionary models for cool brown dwarfs and extrasolar giant planets. The case of HD 209458". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 402 (2): 701–712. arXiv:astro-ph/0302293. Bibcode:2003A&A...402..701B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030252. S2CID 15838318.
^ "Image of the 'super-Jupiter' Kappa Andromedae b". NASA/JPL. 19 November 2012. Archived from the original on 12 June 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2013.