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Tantura massacre

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Tantura massacre
Part of the 1948 Palestine war and the Nakba
Photograph of Tantura during the British Mandate
LocationTantura, Palestine
Date22 May 1948; 76 years ago (1948-05-22)
TargetPalestinian villagers
DeathsUnknown. Estimates range from "dozens" to 200+
PerpetratorsHaganah, Alexandroni Brigade

The Tantura massacre took place on the night of 22-23 May 1948 during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, when Palestinian villagers were massacred by the Alexandroni Brigade of the Haganah. The massacre occurred after the surrender of the village of Tantura, a small village of roughly 1,500 people located near Haifa. The number of those killed is unknown, with estimates ranging from "dozens" to 200+.[1][2][3][a][b][c]

Oral testimonies by surviving Palestinians were met by skepticism. A corroborative 1998 thesis by an Israeli Haifa University graduate Theodore Katz, who interviewed Israeli veterans and survivors, was also met with denial. In a 2022 Israeli documentary film called Tantura, several Israeli veterans interviewed said they had witnessed a massacre at Tantura after the village had surrendered. In 2023, Forensic Architecture published its commissioned investigation of the area and concluded that there were three potential gravesites in the area of the Tel Dor beach that were connected to a massacre.

After the massacre, most of the village was destroyed and its residents were expelled, with many of the women and children being transported to Furaydis. The Israeli kibbutz and beach resort of Nahsholim was established on the site of the depopulated village. The victims were buried in mass graves, one of them presently beneath a parking lot for the nearby Tel Dor beach.

Background

Detailed map of Tantura in 1942.

Tantura was a Palestinian village within the territory assigned to a Jewish state in the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine.[4][5] It had a population of 1,500.[6] As part of Plan Dalet, formulated in March 1948, ahead of the 14 May 1948 Israeli Declaration of Independence, the Haganah assigned the Alexandroni Brigade for the "occupation of al-Tantura and al-Furaydis".[4][7] Of the brigade's four battalions, the 33rd was assigned to Tantura.[4]

Massacre

On the night of 22–23 May 1948, Tantura was attacked by the 33rd Battalion of the Alexandroni Brigade.[4]

Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi writes that Nimr al-Khatib provided "much detailed evidence" of "the methodical shooting and burial in a communal grave of some forty young men in Tantura village."[4][8] Israeli historian Ilan Pappé wrote that in addition to executions, a number of villagers were killed in "a killing spree inside the houses and in the streets."[9]

Muhammad Abu Hana, who was a child at the time of the events in Tantura recounted:

"By morning, the shooting had stopped and the attackers rounded everyone up [...] the women and children on one side, the men on the other. [...] the soldiers led groups of men away, and you could hear gunfire after each departure. [...] I saw bodies piled on a cart pulled by men of Tantura who emptied their cargo in a big pit. [...] On the road, near the railroad tracks, other bodies were scattered about."[4]

Yaacov Esptein, the mukhtar of the nearby Jewish village of Zichron Yaacov, was a friend of Tantura's mukhtar and attempted to intercede on behalf of the villagers.[4][10] In 2002, The News & Observer interviewed Jawdat Hindi, a daughter of Tantura's mukhtar, who said that Epstein arrived and shouted at the Jewish soldiers, and that at a later point, "he was crying, saying that we did not expect such a day and such a happening to our neighbors".[10] Ilan Pappé writes that Yaacov had "managed to call a halt to the orgy of killing in Tantura, but ‘he came too late’, as one survivor commented bitterly."[11]

Expelled women and children from Tantura.

After the massacre, the women and children were expelled to Furaydis, a neighboring village. The surviving men were placed into prison camps and later left Israel through prisoner exchanges, with their families following.[6] Many of the survivors ended up living in the Yarmuk refugee camp in Syria.[12]

Historian Saleh Abdel Jawad writes that executions of prisoners from Tantura also took place in detention centres after the massacre.[13]

Analysis and historiography

Further information: New Historians and Nakba denial
An IDF document dated June 9, 1948 that reads "To the region commander. Yesterday I checked the mass grave in Tantura cemetery. Found everything in order."

Historian Saleh Abdel Jawad writes that Nimr al-Khatib was the first to write about the massacre, having done so in 1951.[14]

Research on the event was expanded upon by further testimonies gathered by Mustafa al-Wali from tens of interviews that were published in the Summer 2000 issue that year of Majallat al-Dirasat al-Filastiniyya, a quarterly of the Journal of Palestinian Studies.[4][15]

Katz controversy

In January 2000 Israeli journalist Amir Gilat published an article about the events at Tantura in Ma'ariv,[16][d] that drew heavily on the 1998 thesis of Katz. Following the publicity, Alexandroni Brigade veterans protested, and Gilat wrote a follow-up piece including their denial that a massacre had occurred.[18] The veterans sued Katz for libel (asking for 1 million shekels, or $321,000, in damages).[19]

In the resulting court case, after two days' cross-examination, Katz agreed to an out-of-court settlement that involved him signing a statement nullifying the conclusions of his research, namely that extrajudicial killings were committed after the surrender of the village.[20] The next day at court, Judge Drora Pilpel announced the case closed. Katz, however, then attempted to rescind his statement, explaining that he had signed it in a "moment of weakness that he already deeply regretted", and that it "did not represent what he really felt about his work".[20] After several further hours of deliberation, Judge Pilpel upheld the decision to close "based on her conviction that a contract between parties must be respected,[20] though "she emphasized that her decision did not relate in any way to the content, accuracy or veracity of the libel suit".[20] Katz subsequently appealed to the Supreme Court, which upheld the decision of the lower court for the same reasons.[20]

In the wake of this case, the University of Haifa suspended Katz's degree, which had originally received a grade of 97%, inviting him to revise his thesis.[19][18] The paper was sent out to five external examiners, a majority (3:2)[18] of whom failed it.[21] Katz was subsequently awarded a "non-research" MA.[18][22]

Academic commentary

The historian Ilan Pappé supported Katz and his thesis, and has challenged the Israeli veterans to take him to court, saying he has evidence that the massacre occurred.[17][16] In a 2001 article in the Journal of Palestine Studies, Pappé defended the use of oral history with reference to the USA. He pointed out that that history was obtained by Katz, not only from Palestinian villagers, but also from Israeli soldiers. Pappé provided new evidence that had come to light after Katz had presented his thesis, in one case quoting (with reference to the IDF source file) "from a document from the Alexandroni Brigade to IDF headquarters in June notes: 'We have tended to the mass grave, and everything is in order'”, and in another, published testimonies by eyewitnesses who had been located in Syria. He also related the background to Katz's original signed repudiation of his thesis.[17]

In 2004, Israeli historian Benny Morris extensively reviewed the Tantura controversy and recounted himself coming away "with a deep sense of unease". He suggested that, while it is unclear whether or not a massacre occurred, there was no doubt that war crimes were committed by the Jewish forces (Haganah) and that the village was forcibly cleansed of its Arab inhabitants. Morris believes that one village woman was raped, Alexandroni troops may have executed POWs and there may have been some looting, based on an army report that uses the Hebrew word khabala (sabotage).[23][24]

Morris underlined the fact that in interviews conducted by himself and by the Ma'ariv reporter Amir Gilat, all refugees confirmed that a massacre had taken place, while all IDF veterans denied it. Regarding the latter, Morris describes what he calls “troubling hints”, such as a diary by an Alexandroni soldier, Tulik Makovsky, in which he wrote “… that our boys know the craft of murder quite well, especially boys whose relatives the Arabs had murdered... or those harmed by Hitler [they are the same fascists]. They took their private revenge, and avenged our comrades who had died at their hands, against the snipers”. Morris also noted that, given the political sensitivities at the time, the word khabala may have been used as a euphemism for a massacre.[18]

Morris further pointed out issues with the scoring of the second version of Katz's thesis in that the two referees who gave anomalously low scores had been co-authors of an IDF book in which it was argued that ”… the Israeli Army had carried out only a ‘partial expulsion’ of the populations of the Arab towns of Lydda and Ramlah and dismissed the charge that the troops had massacred Lydda townspeople, some of them inside a mosque, on July 12, 1948”, whereas IDF records from the IDF archive show that a full-scale expulsion had been carried out and that Yiftah Brigade troops killed some 250 townspeople.[18]

There were plans in 2004 to exhume bodies from a site between Nahsholim and Dor believed to be a mass grave, but this has not happened.[18] In 2006, Katz's presentation of the facts was disputed again by the Israeli historian Yoav Gelber who was to play a key role in the efforts to discredit Katz's research.[25][26]

2022 documentary

In January 2022, a documentary film on the subject by Alon Schwarz called Tantura was screened at the 2022 Sundance Film Festival.[26] Several Israeli veterans interviewed said they had witnessed a massacre at Tantura after the village had surrendered. Many of the interviewees gave descriptions, with the numbers of victims who were shot dead from "a few" to "several dozen" or "more than 200". The latter estimate was provided by a resident of Zikhron Ya'akov who stated he had helped bury the victims. They affirmed that soldiers in the Alexandroni Brigade had murdered unarmed men after the battle had ended, and the victims were indeed buried in a mass grave, now located under the Dor Beach parking lot near Nahsholim kibbutz.[26] Other interviewees explicitly denied a massacre had taken place.[27] The screening also prompted entities including the Palestinian Authority and the editorial board of Haaretz to call for a commission to investigate another alleged mass grave site near Mount Carmel.[28]

University of Haifa history professor Yoav Gelber told Schwarz in Tantura that Katz's thesis was flawed due to its heavy reliance on oral testimony,[29][30] and later criticized the film after it was screened due to what The New York Times paraphrased as "a paucity of other documentation [besides oral sources]."[31] This criticism and others about the film were also made by Benny Morris.[32] The family of one of the veterans interviewed accused Schwarz of misrepresenting the veteran's account,[31] and another veteran said a massacre had happened[33] but told The New York Times that the Israeli soldiers had acted without orders.[31]

In Tantura, Judge Drora Pilpel who presided the court in which Theodore Katz had been accused years earlier, is shown listening to tapes with testimonies of soldiers from the Alexandroni brigade talking about having killed Arab civilians. Pilpel reacts by saying "This I never heard. If it's true, it is a shame...If he (Katz) had such things, he should have seen it through."[34]

Forensic Architecture investigation (2023)

In 2023, after being commissioned to do so by the Palestinian NGO Adalah, the Forensic Architecture research unit at Goldsmiths undertook a comprehensive investigation of the historical sources, cartographic and aerial photographic data together with oral testimonies, and produced a 3-D model indicating the existence of three grave sites beneath the beach resort.[35][36][37][38]

References

Notes

  1. ^ Morris 2004. "Dozens of villagers were killed.
  2. ^ Adam Raz, Haaretz[1] "The number of villagers who were shot to death can’t be established. The numbers arising from the testimonies range from a handful who were killed, to many dozens. According to one testimony, provided by a resident of Zichron Yaakov who helped bury the victims, the number of dead exceeded 200, though this high figure does not have corroboration."
  3. ^ Jawad, S.A. (2007). Zionist Massacres: the Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem in the 1948 War. "Casualties, including those killed in battle and those massacred, are estimated to be between 52 and 85"
  4. ^ Eye witness accounts from: Dan Vitkon, Yosef Graf, Salih 'Abn al-Rahman, Tuvia Lishansky Mordechai Sokoler, Ali 'Abd al-Rahman Dekansh, Najiah Abu Amr, Fawsi Mahmoud Tanj, Mustafa Masr.[17]

Citations

  1. ^ Hashem Abushama, According to Whose Archives?: The Tantura Massacre and Revisionist Israeli Historiography, January 30 2022, Institute for Palestine Studies. https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/1652421 "There also remains a mass grave. [...] It reportedly contains between a few dozens to more than 200 buried corpses of Palestinian men who were massacred"
  2. ^ "In May 1948, more than 200 Palestinians were killed by the advancing Jewish militia in the coastal village of Tantura, south of Haifa." John Pilger, New Statesman, 6/3/2002, Vol. 131, Issue 4590
  3. ^ Blackwell, Sue. "Review Essay: States of Denial." Holy Land Studies: A Multidisciplinary Journal, vol. 6 no. 1, 2007, p. 113-118. Project MUSE, https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hls.2007.0016. "Ilan Pappé [...] has documented in detail the massacre of some 200 men, women and children at Tantura on 22–23 May 1948"
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h "The Tantura Massacre, 22–23 May 1948". Journal of Palestine Studies. 30 (3): 5–18. 2001. doi:10.1525/jps.2001.30.3.5.
  5. ^ Khalidi, Walid (1988). "Plan Dalet: Master Plan for the Conquest of Palestine". Journal of Palestine Studies. 18 (1): 4–19. doi:10.2307/2537591. JSTOR 2537591.
  6. ^ a b "The Tantura Massacre, 22-23 May 1948". Institute for Palestine Studies. Retrieved January 29, 2024.
  7. ^ "Appendix C: Text of Plan Dalet: Operational Orders to the Brigades". Journal of Palestine Studies. 18 (1): 34–37. 1988. doi:10.2307/2537592. JSTOR 2537592.
  8. ^ Cooke, Hedley V. (1988). "Appendix E: The Spectator Correspondence". Journal of Palestine Studies. 18 (1): 51–70. doi:10.2307/2537594. JSTOR 2537594.
  9. ^ Pappé 2006
  10. ^ a b Dorell, Oren (May 15, 2002). "'Paradise' lost". The News & Observer. Archived from the original on November 13, 2002.
  11. ^ Pappé 2006
  12. ^ Pappé 2006
  13. ^ Jawad, S.A. (2007). Zionist Massacres: the Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem in the 1948 War. In: Benvenisti, E., Gans, C., Hanafi, S. (eds) Israel and the Palestinian Refugees. Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht, vol 189. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68161-8_3
  14. ^ Jawad, S.A. (2007). Zionist Massacres: the Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem in the 1948 War. In: Benvenisti, E., Gans, C., Hanafi, S. (eds) Israel and the Palestinian Refugees. Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht, vol 189. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68161-8_3
  15. ^ Al-Wali, Mustafa (2000). "شهود عيان يروون أحداث مجزرة الطنطور" [Eyewitness Accounts of the Tantoura Massacre] (PDF). Majallat Al-Dirasat Al-Filastiniyya (43).
  16. ^ a b Pappé, 2006, pp. 113, 127,133, 155, 165, 183, 197, 203, 210, 211.
  17. ^ a b c Pappé, Ilan (2001). "The Tantura Case in Israel: The Katz Research and Trial" (PDF). Journal of Palestine Studies. 30 (3): 19–39. doi:10.1525/jps.2001.30.3.19. hdl:10871/15238. Archived on November 16, 2024.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g The Jerusalem Report Archived June 23, 2016, at the Wayback Machine "The Tantura 'Massacre' Affair" By Benny Morris 4 February 2004, see also Benny Morris (2004) p. 299–301
  19. ^ a b Ofir, Jonathan (January 21, 2022). "Nakba denial in Israel is long and deep, new documentary shows". Mondoweiss.
  20. ^ a b c d e Ofir, Jonathan (March 3, 2016). "The Tantura massacre of 1948 and the academic character assassination of Teddy Katz". Mondoweiss.
  21. ^ Fania Oz-Salzberger Archived 2008-06-16 at the Wayback Machine, "Anti-Israel on Campus"], The Wall Street Journal, May 2, 2005
  22. ^ Tom Segev, "His colleagues call him a traitor" Archived 2008-03-28 at the Wayback Machine, Haaretz (retrieved February 4, 2007)
  23. ^ Morris, 2004, pp. 299–301
  24. ^ Ari Shavit, "Survival of the Fittest", Haaretz
  25. ^ Katz Directory Archived July 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Documents gathered by Dan Censor on the Tantura Affair, quoted in Yoav Gelber, Palestine 1948, 2006.
  26. ^ a b c Adam Raz, 'There’s a Mass Palestinian Grave at a Popular Israeli Beach, Veterans Confess,' Haaretz, 20 January 2022.
  27. ^ "Sous la plage du lagon bleu, les " fantômes de Tantura "". L'Orient-Le Jour. January 26, 2022. Retrieved June 4, 2022.
  28. ^ Lapin, Andrew (January 27, 2022). "Israeli film 'Tantura' prompts calls to excavate possible Palestinian mass grave". Times of Israel.
  29. ^ "Sundance documentary 'Tantura' is a flawed look at 1948 controversy". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. January 22, 2022. Retrieved June 4, 2022. Schwarz goes to great efforts to remain fair to both sides, and interviews witnesses who deny that war crimes were carried out in Tantura. He also includes Prof. Yoav Gelber's stance that opposes basing historical research solely on what people heard or saw, and yet Schwarz presents these claims as haughty and detached. It's clear which side the film leans toward, and that Schwarz is convinced the Alexandroni Brigade allegedly massacred unarmed residents, and that one soldier even committed rape.
  30. ^ "Explosive new Israeli documentary 'Tantura' is prompting calls to excavate a possible Palestinian mass grave". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. January 25, 2022. Retrieved June 4, 2022.
  31. ^ a b c Kingsley, Patrick (May 11, 2022). "Old Palestinian Wound Resurfaces at Israeli Resort". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 4, 2022.
  32. ^ Morris, Benny (October 7, 2022). "The Tantura Myth: It Makes No Sense That Palestinian Villagers Never Mentioned a Massacre". Haaretz. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
  33. ^ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche (January 27, 2022). "Film Dokumenter Ungkap Pembantaian Warga Palestina oleh Israel". DW.COM (in Indonesian). Retrieved June 4, 2022.
  34. ^ "Tantura (2022 Documentary), Minute 27:23". Retrieved December 23, 2024.
  35. ^ Bethan McKernan, 'UK study of 1948 Israeli massacre of Palestinian village reveals mass grave sites,' The Guardian 25 May 2023.
  36. ^ Forensic Architecture. "Executions and Mass Graves in Tantura, 23 May 1948". Retrieved May 27, 2023.
  37. ^ Ofer Aderet, 'We Threw Bodies': Researchers Say Four Mass Graves Dot Site of Arab Village in Israel,' Haaretz 26 May 2023
  38. ^ Staff, The New Arab (May 25, 2023). "Israel's 1948 Tantura massacre: Mass grave sites discovered". The New Arab.

Sources

Further reading

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