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Timeline of Mars 2020

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Self-portrait of Mars 2020 containing Perseverance rover and Ingenuity helicopter located at the Ingenuity helicopter drop site (7 April 2021)

The Mars 2020 mission, consisting of the rover Perseverance and helicopter Ingenuity, was launched on July 30, 2020, and landed in Jezero crater on Mars on February 18, 2021.[1] As of December 23, 2024, Perseverance has been on the planet for 1366 sols (1404 total days; 3 years, 309 days). Ingenuity operated for 1042 sols (1071 total days; 1 year, 341 days) until its rotor blades, possibly all four, were damaged during the landing of flight 72 on January 18, 2024, causing NASA to retire the craft.[2][3]

Current weather data on Mars is being monitored by the Curiosity rover and had previously been monitored by the Insight lander.[4][5] The Perseverance rover is also collecting weather data. (See the External links section)

Overview of mission

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Prelaunch (2012–2020)

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The Mars 2020 mission was announced by NASA on December 4, 2012. In 2017 the three sites (Jezero crater, Northeastern Syrtis Major Planum, and Columbia Hills) were chosen as potential landing locations, with Jezero crater selected as the landing location, and launched on July 30th, 2020, from Cape Canaveral.

Landing and initial tests (February–May 2021)

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After arriving on February 18, Perseverance focused on validating its systems. During this phase, it used its science instruments for the first time,[6] generated oxygen on Mars with MOXIE,[7] and deployed Ingenuity. Ingenuity began the technology demonstration phase of its mission, completing five flights before transitioning to the operations demonstration phase of its mission.

Cratered floor campaign (June 2021-April 2022)

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Perseverance rover - map of the first science campaign (yellow lines, below the landing site). The blue lines above the landing site correspond to the planned second campaign,[8] although the second campaign did not officially start until the arrival of the rover at Three Forks.

The Cratered Floor Campaign was the first science campaign.[9] It began on June 1, 2021, with the goal of exploring the Crater Floor Fractured Rough and Séítah geologic units. To avoid the sand dunes of the Séítah unit, Perseverance mostly traveled within the Crater Floor Fractured Rough geologic unit or along the boundary between the two units. The first nine of Perseverance's sample tubes were to be filled during this expedition, including the first three 'witness tubes'.[8]

After collecting the samples, Perseverance returned to its landing site, before continuing to the delta for its second science campaign. Some of the sample tubes filled during this campaign were later stored in a designated area for the upcoming NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return mission, during the Delta Front Campaign.[10] While Perseverance embarked on its first science campaign, Ingenuity continued to travel alongside the rover as part of its operations demonstration campaign.[11] Ingenuity's sixth through twenty-fifth flights were completed during this phase, achieving an at-the-time speed record of 5.5 meters per second.[12]

Delta front campaign (April 2022 - January 2023)

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In blue, the planned traverse of Perseverance. The second science campaign began just before the background map transitions to black and white.

The Delta Front Campaign was the second science campaign of the Mars 2020 mission. The campaign began with Ingenuity continuing to travel alongside the rover as part of its operations demonstration campaign, and Perseverance leaving the rapid traverse mode it had entered at the end of the last mission to rapidly reach the delta.[13] During the campaign, Perseverance would take a further nine samples, in addition to two further witness tubes. Ingenuity would make its 41th flight during this mission. An incident occurred in which Ingenuity was unable to sufficiently charge during the night, leading to a change in how Ingenuity manages its heaters.[14] The MOXIE experiment continued to run, generating a record amount of oxygen-per-hour on Mars. The campaign concluded with Perseverance reaching the top of the delta and the completion of its first sample depot.[15]

Upper fan campaign (January 2023 - September 2023)

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The Upper Fan Campaign, also called the Delta Top Campaign, was the third science campaign of the Mars 2020 mission. Whereas prior campaigns investigated areas that are believed to have been submerged in an ancient lake, this campaign investigated one of the riverbeds that used to feed into the lake.[16][17] The MOXIE experiment completed its 16th, and final, oxygen generation test during this campaign.[18] Ingenuity completed its 54th flight during this campaign. The helicopter experienced an anomaly that caused it to land outside the range of the rover, but this was ultimately resolved when the rover moved into a position that allowed contact to be restored.[19] The campaign ended with Perseverance reaching the margin carbonate geologic unit,[20] after having taken three further rock samples (and 21 overall).[21]

Margin campaign (September 2023 - August 2024)

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The Margin Campaign was the fourth of the Mars 2020 mission. The campaign was expected to last around 8 months, although it lasted closer to a year, after which point Perseverance began the Crater Rim Campaign.[22] The campaign gets its name from the geological unit it aims to explore - the margin carbonate unit. Rocks in this unit are capable of containing traces of life, and their formation is tied to the presence of liquid water.[23]

During the campaign, Ingenuity achieved several records, including a max altitude of 24 meters (flight 61) and a maximum groundspeed of 10 meters per second (flight 62). Unfortunately, due to a failure on the 72nd flight, the helicopter blades became too damaged to fly. On January 25th, 2024, NASA declared the end of Ingenuity's mission - the helicopter's final resting place was named Valinor Hills Station, after a location in the Lord of the Rings franchise.[24] Despite the loss of Ingenuity's blades, the core of the helicopter remained intact; it will continue to monitor atmospheric conditions for as long as it is able. Perseverance took four further rock samples during this campaign (25 overall). The campaign overlapped with solar conjunction, interfering with the ability to communicate with the rover from Earth.[25]

Engineers from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California and AeroVironment are completing a detailed assessment of the Ingenuity Mars Helicopter’s final flight on January 18, 2024, the first of its kind on an extraterrestrial planet, concluding that the inability of Ingenuity’s navigation system to provide accurate data during the flight likely caused a chain of events that ended the mission.[8]

The helicopter’s vision navigation system was designed to track visual features on the surface using a downward-looking camera over well-textured (pebbly) but flat terrain. This limited tracking capability was more than sufficient for carrying out Ingenuity’s first five flights, but by Flight 72 the helicopter was in a region of Jezero Crater filled with steep, relatively featureless sand ripples.[8]

One of the navigation system’s main requirements was to provide velocity estimates that would enable the helicopter to land within a small envelope of vertical and horizontal velocities. Data sent down during Flight 72 shows that, around 20 seconds after takeoff, the navigation system couldn’t find enough surface features to track.[8]

Photographs taken after the flight indicate the navigation errors created high horizontal velocities at touchdown. In the most likely scenario, the hard impact on the sand ripple’s slope caused Ingenuity to pitch and roll. The rapid attitude change resulted in loads on the fast-rotating rotor blades beyond their design limits, snapping all four of them off at their weakest point — about a third of the way from the tip. The damaged blades caused excessive vibration in the rotor system, ripping the remainder of one blade from its root and generating an excessive power demand that resulted in loss of communications.[8]

Crater rim campaign (August 2024 - present)

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The Crater Rim Campaign is the fifth, currently ongoing science campaign, and the first new science campaign since the loss of the Ingenuity helicopter. It is expected to last until the end of 2024, and will include a total elevation change of over 1000 feet (~300 meters). The main focuses of the campaign are expected to be at the regions "Pico Turquino" and "Witch Hazel Hill", pictured above.[26] It is expected to encounter rocks as old as 4 billion years.[27][28][29]

Samples cached for the Mars sample-return mission

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Main article: NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return

In the frame of the NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return around 0.5 kilograms (1.1 lb) of soil samples along with some Martian gas samples from the atmosphere will be cached. Currently, samples are being cached by Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover on the surface of Mars. Out of 43 sample tubes, 8 are igneous rock sample tubes, 12 are sedimentary rock sample tubes,[30] 1 silica-cemented carbonate rock sample tube, 1 gas sample tube,[31] 2 regolith sample tubes, 3 "witness tubes",[32] with 16 tubes remaining unused as of August, 2024. Before launch, 5 of the 43 tubes were designated "witness tubes" and filled with materials that would capture particulates in the ambient environment of Mars.[33]

Mars sample-return mission - Sampling Process
Context
MidView
CloseUp
Sample in drill
Sampling drill
Sample Tube 233
First Sample

See also

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Notes

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References

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  1. ^ Chang, Kenneth (February 15, 2022). "On Mars, a NASA Rover and Helicopter's Year of Surprise and Discovery - The past 12 months on Mars have been both "exciting" and "exhausting" for scientists and engineers minding Perseverance and Ingenuity. And the mission is only really getting started". The New York Times. Retrieved February 5, 2022.
  2. ^ "After Three Years on Mars, NASA's Ingenuity Helicopter Mission Ends". Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
  3. ^ NASA Science Live: Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Tribute & Legacy, January 31, 2024, retrieved February 1, 2024
  4. ^ Dvorsky, George (February 20, 2019). "You Can Now Check the Weather on Mars Every Day". Gizmodo. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  5. ^ Berger, Eric (February 20, 2019). "With the best air pressure sensor ever on Mars, scientists find a mystery". Ars Technica. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  6. ^ mars.nasa.gov (March 10, 2021). "Perseverance Rover's SuperCam Science Instrument Delivers First Results". NASA's Mars Exploration Program. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  7. ^ mars.nasa.gov. "NASA's Perseverance Mars Rover Extracts First Oxygen From Red Planet". NASA's Mars Exploration Program. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  8. ^ a b c d e f mars.nasa.gov (June 9, 2021). "NASA's Perseverance Rover Begins Its First Science Campaign on Mars". NASA's Mars Exploration Program. Retrieved June 13, 2021. Cite error: The named reference ":0" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  9. ^ mars.nasa.gov. "To Séítah and Back". mars.nasa.gov. Retrieved December 16, 2021.
  10. ^ mars.nasa.gov. "Sample Handling". mars.nasa.gov. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  11. ^ mars.nasa.gov. "NASA's Ingenuity Helicopter to Begin New Demonstration Phase". NASA's Mars Exploration Program. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
  12. ^ "Ingenuity Mars Helicopter - NASA Science". science.nasa.gov. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
  13. ^ "We've Arrived! Perseverance Starts the Delta Front Campaign - NASA Science". science.nasa.gov. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
  14. ^ "NASA's Ingenuity in Contact With Perseverance Rover After Communications Dropout - NASA Science". science.nasa.gov. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
  15. ^ mars.nasa.gov. "Campaign #2: The Delta Front". mars.nasa.gov. Retrieved April 29, 2022.
  16. ^ "NASA's Perseverance Rover Completes Mars Sample Depot". www.asdnews.com. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  17. ^ "Perseverance rover's Mars samples will give scientists chance to study Red Planet back on Earth". BBC Sky at Night Magazine. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  18. ^ "NASA's Oxygen-Generating Experiment MOXIE Completes Mars Mission - NASA". September 6, 2023. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
  19. ^ "NASA's Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Flies Again After Unscheduled Landing - NASA". August 7, 2023. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
  20. ^ "New Milestones Despite Tricky Boulders - NASA Science". science.nasa.gov. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
  21. ^ "Mars Rock Samples - NASA Science". science.nasa.gov. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
  22. ^ mars.nasa.gov. "Within the Margin - NASA". mars.nasa.gov. Retrieved September 21, 2023.
  23. ^ mars.nasa.gov. "Reading the Rocks: The Importance of the Margin Carbonate Unit on Mars - NASA". mars.nasa.gov. Retrieved September 21, 2023.
  24. ^ https://www.jpl.nasa.gov. "After Three Years on Mars, NASA's Ingenuity Helicopter Mission Ends". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Retrieved September 2, 2024. {{cite web}}: External link in |last= (help)
  25. ^ "Here Comes the Sun: Perseverance Readies for Solar Conjunction - NASA Science". science.nasa.gov. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
  26. ^ "NASA's Perseverance rover has embarked on an ambitious road trip on Mars". NBC News. August 28, 2024. Retrieved August 30, 2024.
  27. ^ "NASA's Perseverance rover begins long climb up Martian crater rim". August 26, 2024. Retrieved August 30, 2024.
  28. ^ "Perseverance Kicks off the Crater Rim Campaign! - NASA Science". science.nasa.gov. Retrieved August 30, 2024.
  29. ^ "NASA's Perseverance Rover to Begin Long Climb Up Martian Crater Rim - NASA". August 14, 2024. Retrieved August 30, 2024.
  30. ^ "3rd soil sample tube cached". nasa.gov. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  31. ^ mars.nasa.gov (August 26, 2021). "NASA's Perseverance Plans Next Sample Attempt". NASA's Mars Exploration Program. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
  32. ^ "Sample Caching Dry Run, 1st sample tube cached". Twitter. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
  33. ^ mars.nasa.gov. "Perseverance Sample Tube 266". NASA's Mars Exploration Program. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
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