Vardenafil
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| Clinical data | |
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| Trade names | Levitra, Staxyn, Vivanza |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a603035 |
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| Routes of administration | By mouth |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 15% |
| Protein binding | 95% |
| Metabolism | Liver (CYP3A4) |
| Elimination half-life | 4–5 hours |
| Excretion | Bile duct |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.112.672 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C23H32N6O4S |
| Molar mass | 488.61 g·mol−1 |
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Vardenafil, sold under the brand name Levitra among others, is a medication that is used for treating erectile dysfunction.[1][2] It is a PDE5 inhibitor.[1] It is taken by mouth.[1]
Medical use
[edit]Vardenafil's indications and contraindications are the same as with other PDE5 inhibitors; it is closely related in function to sildenafil citrate (Viagra) and tadalafil (Cialis). The difference between the vardenafil molecule and sildenafil citrate is a nitrogen atom's position and the change of sildenafil's piperazine ring methyl group to an ethyl group. Tadalafil is structurally different from both sildenafil and vardenafil. Vardenafil's relatively short effective time is comparable to but somewhat longer than sildenafil's. Despite the structural differences between vardenafil and sildenafil, they both show similar ocular side effects due to their similar selectivity overlap with PDE6, an enzyme found in the eye.[3]
Beyond its indications for erectile dysfunction, vardenafil may be effective in the treatment of premature ejaculation, where it may significantly increase the time from penetration to ejaculation.[4]
Adverse reactions
[edit]The common, adverse drug reactions (side effects) are the same as with other PDE5 inhibitors. The frequent vardenafil-specific side-effect is nausea; the infrequent side effects are abdominal pain, back pain, photosensitivity, abnormal vision, eye pain, facial edema, hypotension, palpitation, tachycardia, arthralgia, myalgia, rash, itch, and priapism.
One possibly serious, but rare, side effect with vardenafil is heart attack. Also, in rare cases, vardenafil use may cause priapism, a very painful emergency condition that can cause impotence if left untreated.[5]
In October 2007, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced that a warning about possible deafness (sudden hearing loss) would be added to the drug labels of vardenafil, and other PDE5 inhibitors.[6]
Interactions
[edit]Vardenafil should not be used by people taking nitrate medications, because combining them with vardenafil might provoke potentially life-threatening hypotension (low blood pressure).[7][8]
Further, vardenafil causes lengthening of the QT interval. Therefore, it should not be taken by people taking other medications that affect the QT interval (such as amiodarone).[9][10]
History
[edit]Vardenafil was co-marketed by Bayer Pharmaceuticals, GlaxoSmithKline, and Schering-Plough under the brand name Levitra. As of 2005, the co-promotion rights of GSK on Levitra have been returned to Bayer in many markets outside the US. In Italy, Bayer sells vardenafil as Levitra and GSK sells it as Vivanza. Thus, because of European Union trade rules, parallel imports might result in Vivanza sold next to Levitra in the EU.
An orally disintegrating form, marketed as Staxyn and Levitra Soft, has been gaining approvals in countries such as the United States[11] and Canada.[12]
Tainted supplements
[edit]The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has found vardenafil and other synthetic PDE5 inhibitors in numerous products marketed as "herbal" supplements or "all natural" products for male enhancement.[13][14]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d "Levitra (vardenafil hydrochloride) tablets, for oral use Initial U.S. Approval: 2003". DailyMed. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
- ^ "Levitra (Vardenafil) is A Drug Used to Treat Erectile Problems in Men" (in German). Deutschemedz. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- ^ Bischoff E (June 2004). "Potency, selectivity, and consequences of nonselectivity of PDE inhibition". International Journal of Impotence Research. 16 (Suppl 1): S11–S14. doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3901208. PMID 15224129.
- ^ Aversa A, Pili M, Francomano D, Bruzziches R, Spera E, La Pera G, et al. (July 2009). "Effects of vardenafil administration on intravaginal ejaculatory latency time in men with lifelong premature ejaculation". International Journal of Impotence Research. 21 (4): 221–7. doi:10.1038/ijir.2009.21. PMID 19474796. S2CID 26078130.
- ^ Stimmel GL, Gutierrez MA. "Counseling Patients About Sexual Issues: Drug-Induced Priapism". Medscape. Retrieved December 6, 2010.
- ^ "FDA Announces Revisions to Labels for Cialis, Levitra and Viagra". Food and Drug Administration. October 18, 2007. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
- ^ Kloner RA (December 2005). "Pharmacology and drug interaction effects of the phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors: focus on alpha-blocker interactions". The American Journal of Cardiology. 96 (12B): 42M–46M. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.07.011. PMID 16387566.
- ^ Carson CC (February 2006). "PDE5 inhibitors: are there differences?". The Canadian Journal of Urology. 13 (Suppl 1): 34–9. PMID 16526979.
- ^ Lepor H, Lepor NE, Hill LA, Trohman RG (2008). "The QT Interval and Selection of Alpha-Blockers for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia". Reviews in Urology. 10 (2): 85–91. PMC 2483321. PMID 18660858.
- ^ Ciranowicz-Steenburg M, ed. (June 29, 2010). 2011 Nurse's Drug Handbook. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4496-5372-9.
- ^ "New erectile dysfunction treatment Staxyn approved in the U.S. - Pharmaceutical Processing". pharmpro.com. June 21, 2010. Archived from the original on April 6, 2012.
- ^ "Staxyn - New Innovation in Erectile Dysfunction Helps Younger Men Rise to the Occasion".
- ^ "Tainted Products Marketed as Dietary Supplements". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). August 3, 2022.
- ^ Tucker J, Fischer T, Upjohn L, Mazzera D, Kumar M (October 2018). "Unapproved Pharmaceutical Ingredients Included in Dietary Supplements Associated With US Food and Drug Administration Warnings". JAMA Network Open. 1 (6): e183337. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.3337. PMC 6324457. PMID 30646238.
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