枯

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枯 U+67AF, 枯
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-67AF
← 枮
[U+67AE] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 枰 →
[U+67B0]

Translingual

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Stroke order

Han character

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枯 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 木十口 (DJR), four-corner 44960, composition ⿰木古)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 517, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14579
  • Dae Jaweon: page 904, character 18
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1178, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+67AF

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 枯

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 枯
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (古) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
箇 *kaːls
個 *kaːls
居 *kɯ, *kas
橭 *kaː, *kʰaː
嫴 *kaː
姑 *kaː
辜 *kaː
酤 *kaː, *kaːs, *ɡaːʔ
蛄 *kaː
鴣 *kaː
沽 *kaː, *kaːʔ, *kaːs
盬 *kaː, *kaːʔ
古 *kaːʔ
罟 *kaːʔ
估 *kaːʔ
鈷 *kaːʔ
詁 *kaːʔ
牯 *kaːʔ
故 *kaːs
固 *kaːs
稒 *kaːɡs
痼 *kaːɡs
錮 *kaːɡs
鯝 *kaːɡs
棝 *kaːɡs
凅 *kaːɡs
枯 *kʰaː
軲 *kʰaː
跍 *kʰaː
骷 *kʰaː
苦 *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs
葫 *qʰaː, *ɡaː
餬 *ɡaː
瑚 *ɡaː
湖 *ɡaː
鶘 *ɡaː
猢 *ɡaː
醐 *ɡaː
糊 *ɡaː
箶 *ɡaː
蝴 *ɡaː
胡 *ɡaː
瓳 *ɡaː
怙 *ɡaːʔ
祜 *ɡaːʔ
岵 *ɡaːʔ
婟 *ɡaːʔ, *ɡaːɡs
楛 *ɡaːʔ
据 *ka
裾 *ka
琚 *ka
椐 *ka, *kas, *kʰa
鶋 *ka
蜛 *ka
崌 *ka
涺 *ka
腒 *ka, *ɡa
鋸 *kas
倨 *kas
踞 *kas
涸 *ɡaːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰaː) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ).

Etymology

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Apparently Austroasiatic; compare Khmer ខះ (khah, “to dry up; to wither”) (Schuessler, 2007), which is from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ckəh (“dry”).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • gou1 - most senses;
  • kou1 - dialectal usage (e.g. 豆枯, 茶枯).
Rime
Character 枯
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
Final (韻) 模 (23)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 苦胡切
Baxter khu
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kʰuo/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kʰuo/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kʰo/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kʰɔ/
Li
Rong 		/kʰo/
Wang
Li 		/kʰu/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/kʰuo/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		kū
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		fu1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 枯
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		kū
Middle
Chinese 		‹ khu ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kʰˁa/
English withered, dried up

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 枯
Reading # 1/1
No. 4238
Phonetic
component 		古
Rime
group 		魚
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		枯
Old
Chinese 		/*kʰaː/

Definitions

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枯

  1. (of plants, etc.) dry; withered
    枯萎  ―  kūwěi  ―  wilted; withered
    枯枝  ―  kūzhī  ―  withered tree branch
  2. (of wells, rivers, etc.) dried out
  3. (of muscle) withered; decayed
  4. boring; uninteresting; dry
    枯燥  ―  kūzào  ―  dull; boring
  5. (dialect) dregs
  6. (traditional Chinese medicine) partial paralysis
  7. a surname

Compounds

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Japanese

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Kanji

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枯

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. wither; dry up

Readings

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  • Go-on: く (ku)
  • Kan-on: こ (ko, Jōyō)
  • Kun: かれる (kareru, 枯れる, Jōyō)、からす (karasu, 枯らす, Jōyō)

Korean

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Hanja

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枯 (eumhun 마를 고 (mareul go))

  1. hanja form? of 고 (“dry up, wither”)
  2. hanja form? of 고 (“thirst”)

Vietnamese

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Glyph origin (Nom)

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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰaː) : semantic 木 (mộc, “wood, tree”) + phonetic 古 (cổ).

Han character

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枯: Hán Việt readings: khô[1][2][3][4][5][6]
枯: Nôm readings: khô[1][2][3], gỗ[1][2], khò[3], khua[3]

  1. chữ Hán form of khô (“dry, dried”).
  2. Nôm form of gỗ (“wood”).

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Trần (2004).
  4. ^ Trần (1999).
  5. ^ Nguyễn (1974).
  6. ^ Thiều Chửu (1942).
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