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酷

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
酷 U+9177, 酷
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9177
← 酶
[U+9176] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 酸 →
[U+9178]

Translingual

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Han character

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酷 (Kangxi radical 164, 酉+7, 14 strokes, cangjie input 一田竹土口 (MWHGR), four-corner 14661, composition ⿰酉告)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1283, character 14
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 39870
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1783, character 10
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3583, character 10
  • Unihan data for U+9177

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (告) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
造 *skʰuːɡs, *sɡuːʔ
慥 *skʰuːɡs
艁 *skʰuːɡs, *sɡuːʔ
糙 *skʰuːɡs
告 *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ
誥 *kuːɡs
郜 *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ
祰 *kʰuːʔ, *kuːɡ
靠 *kʰuːɡs
浩 *ɡuːʔ, *kuːb
晧 *ɡuːʔ
皓 *ɡuːʔ
窖 *kruːɡs
簉 *skʰruɡs
梏 *kruːɡ, *kuːɡ
硞 *kʰruːɡ, *kʰuːɡ
牿 *kuːɡ
鵠 *kuːɡ, *ɡuːɡ
酷 *kʰuːɡ
焅 *kʰuːɡ
嚳 *kʰuːɡ
頶 *ɡuːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰuːɡ) : semantic 酉 (“alcoholic drink vessel”) + phonetic 告 (OC *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ).

Etymology 1

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trad. 酷
simp. # 酷

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

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  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 酷
Mandarin Beijing /kʰu⁵¹/
Harbin /kʰu⁴⁴/
Tianjin /kʰu⁵³/
Jinan /kʰu²¹³/
Qingdao /kʰu⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /kʰu⁵³/
Xi'an /kʰu²¹/
Xining /kʰv̩⁵³/
Yinchuan /kʰu⁵³/
Lanzhou /kʰu¹³/
Ürümqi /kʰu²¹³/
Wuhan /kʰu²¹³/
Chengdu /kʰu³¹/
Guiyang /kʰu²¹/
Kunming /kʰu³¹/
Nanjing /kʰuʔ⁵/
Hefei /kʰuəʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /kʰuəʔ²/
Pingyao /kʰuʌʔ¹³/
Hohhot /kʰuəʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /kʰoʔ⁵/
Suzhou /kʰoʔ⁵/
Hangzhou /kʰoʔ⁵/
Wenzhou /kʰu²¹³/
Hui Shexian /kʰuʔ²¹/
Tunxi /kʰu⁵/
Xiang Changsha /kʰu²⁴/
Xiangtan /kʰu²⁴/
Gan Nanchang
Hakka Meixian /kʰuk̚¹/
Taoyuan
Cantonese Guangzhou /hok̚²/
Nanning /kʰuk̚⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /huk̚²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kʰɔk̚³²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kouʔ²³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kʰu²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kʰok̚²/
Haikou (Hainanese) /xau³⁵/
Rime
Character 酷
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
Final (韻) 沃 (6)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 苦沃切
Baxter khowk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kʰuok̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kʰuok̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kʰok̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kʰawk̚/
Li
Rong 		/kʰok̚/
Wang
Li 		/kʰuok̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kʰuok̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		ku
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		huk1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 酷
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		kù
Middle
Chinese 		‹ khowk ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kʰˁuk/
English cruel

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 酷
Reading # 1/1
No. 3824
Phonetic
component 		告
Rime
group 		覺
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		酷
Old
Chinese 		/*kʰuːɡ/

Definitions

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酷

  1. (literary, of alcohol) strong; intense
  2. cruel; brutal; savage
    殘酷／残酷  ―  cánkù  ―  cruel
  3. extremely; to an extreme degree
    酷愛／酷爱  ―  kù'ài  ―  to have a passion for; to ardently love

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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trad. 酷
simp. # 酷

Phono-semantic matching of English cool.

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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酷

  1. (Mandarin, slang) cool; awesome
Usage notes
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Whilst English "cool" may be used in a wide variety of contexts, 酷 (and, by extension, 酷斃／酷毙 (kùbì)) is usually only used to describe something fashionable or extraordinary.

See also

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Compounds

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Etymology 3

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trad. 酷
simp. # 酷
This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “Related to 啄 (tok)? as per Douglas (1873), Campbell (1913), Tōhō (1931), Ogawa (1932), etc.”

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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酷

  1. (Hokkien, business) to drive a hard bargain; to economically take advantage of; to exploit economically; to penny-pinch; to profiteer; to swindle; to cheat; to be stingy/miserly with (such as overpricing to favor sellers or undervaluing to favor buyers)
Synonyms
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References

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Japanese

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Shinjitai 酷
Kyūjitai
[1]
酷󠄁
酷+&#xE0101;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
酷󠄃
酷+&#xE0103;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji

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酷

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. cruel, severe
  2. extremely

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology

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Kanji in this term
酷
こく
Grade: S
on'yomi

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 酷 (MC khowk). First cited in Japanese as a standalone term in 1754.[2]

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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酷(こく) • (koku) ←こく (koku)?-na (adnominal 酷(こく)な (koku na), adverbial 酷(こく)に (koku ni))

  1. [from 1754] cruel, severe, harsh, merciless
    Synonyms: むごい (mugoi), 厳しい (kibishii)
  2. [from 1878] extremely, excessively
    Synonym: 甚だしい (hanahadashii)

Inflection

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Inflection of 酷
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 酷だろ こくだろ koku daro
Continuative (連用形) 酷で こくで koku de
Terminal (終止形) 酷だ こくだ koku da
Attributive (連体形) 酷な こくな koku na
Hypothetical (仮定形) 酷なら こくなら koku nara
Imperative (命令形) 酷であれ こくであれ koku de are
Key constructions
Informal negative 酷ではない
酷じゃない 		こくではない
こくじゃない 		koku de wa nai
koku ja nai
Informal past 酷だった こくだった koku datta
Informal negative past 酷ではなかった
酷じゃなかった 		こくではなかった
こくじゃなかった 		koku de wa nakatta
koku ja nakatta
Formal 酷です こくです koku desu
Formal negative 酷ではありません
酷じゃありません 		こくではありません
こくじゃありません 		koku de wa arimasen
koku ja arimasen
Formal past 酷でした こくでした koku deshita
Formal negative past 酷ではありませんでした
酷じゃありませんでした 		こくではありませんでした
こくじゃありませんでした 		koku de wa arimasen deshita
koku ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive 酷で こくで koku de
Conditional 酷なら（ば） こくなら（ば） koku nara (ba)
Provisional 酷だったら こくだったら koku dattara
Volitional 酷だろう こくだろう koku darō
Adverbial 酷に こくに koku ni
Degree 酷さ こくさ kokusa
Classical conjugation of "酷なり" (ナリ活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 酷なら こくなら kokunara
Continuative (連用形) 酷に[1]
酷なり[2]		 こくに
こくなり		 kokuni
kokunari
Terminal (終止形) 酷なり こくなり kokunari
Attributive (連体形) 酷なる こくなる kokunaru
Realis (已然形) 酷なれ こくなれ kokunare
Imperative (命令形) 酷なれ こくなれ kokunare
Key constructions
Negative 酷ならず こくならず kokunarazu
Contrasting conjunction 酷なれど こくなれど kokunaredo
Causal conjunction 酷なれば こくなれば kokunareba
Conditional conjunction 酷ならば こくならば kokunaraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 酷なりき こくなりき kokunariki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 酷なりけり こくなりけり kokunarikeri
Adverbial 酷に こくに kokuni
[1]Without auxiliary verb.
[2]With auxiliary verb.

Noun

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酷(こく) • (koku) 

  1. [from 1754] cruelty, severity, harshness, mercilessness

References

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  1. ^ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 2155 (paper), page 1129 (digital)
  2. ^ “酷”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 酷 (MC khowk).

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

酷 (eumhun 심할 혹 (simhal hok))

  1. hanja form? of 혹 (“cruel”)

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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酷: Hán Nôm readings: khốc

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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