-in

See also: Appendix:Variations of "in"

English

Etymology 1

Clipping of -ine.

Suffix

-in

1. (biochemistry) Used, as a modification of -ine, to form the names of a variety of types of compound; examples include proteins (globulin), carbohydrates (dextrin), dyes (alizarin) and others (vanillin).
   1. a neutral chemical compound

      albumin, casein, chitin, pepsin, saponin

   2. an enzyme

      renin, pancreatin

   3. an antibiotic

      penicillin, streptomycin

   4. a pharmaceutical product

      cobalamin, niacin, vitamin

Derived terms

English terms suffixed with -in

Etymology 2

From the particle in, modelled after sit-in. Compare -off.

Suffix

-in

2. Attached to a word (usually a verb) to denote a protest, demonstration or other type of gathering characterized by the activity denoted by the base word.

Derived terms

• bed-in
• be-in
• die-in
• gay-in
• kiss-in
• lie-in
• love-in
• marry-in
• nurse-in
• ogle-in
• sing-in
• sit-in
• swim-in
• teach-in

 

Further reading

• Harder, K. B. (1968) “Coinages of the Type of “Sit-In.””, in American Speech, volume 43, number 1, →DOI, pages 58–64

Etymology 3

Clipping of -ing.

Alternative forms

• -in’

Suffix

-in

1. (proscribed, dialect) Alternative form of -ing.

Etymology 4

Suffix

-in

1. Alternative form of -en

   ‎elf + ‎-in → ‎elfin

Anagrams

• N.I., NI, ni

Azerbaijani

Etymology 1

Suffix

	preceding vowel
	A / I	E / Ə / İ	O / U	Ö / Ü
postconsonantal	-ın	-in	-un	-ün
postvocalic	-n

-in

1. Reflexive suffix.

   ‎örtmək (“to cover”) + ‎-ün → ‎örtünmək (“to cover oneself”)

   ‎gizləmək (“to hide”) + ‎-n → ‎gizlənmək (“to hide oneself”)

2. Suffix creating other types of verbs from other verbs.

Usage notes

Verbs with monosyllabic vowel-ending stems generally take a y before the suffixes -il, -in, or -iş:

‎demək (“to say”) + ‎-in → ‎deyinmək (“to say to oneself, to mutter”)

Derived terms

Azerbaijani terms suffixed with -in (reflexive)

Azerbaijani terms suffixed with -in

Etymology 2

Suffix

	preceding vowel
	A / I	E / Ə / İ	O / U	Ö / Ü
postconsonantal	-ın	-in	-un	-ün
postvocalic	-n

-in

1. Suffix creating nouns from verbs.

Declension

Declension of -in
	singular	plural
nominative	-in	-inlər
definite accusative	-ini	-inləri
dative	-inə	-inlərə
locative	-ində	-inlərdə
ablative	-indən	-inlərdən
definite genitive	-inin	-inlərin

Possessive forms of -in
	nominative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	-inim	-inlərim
sənin (“your”)	-inin	-inlərin
onun (“his/her/its”)	-ini	-inləri
bizim (“our”)	-inimiz	-inlərimiz
sizin (“your”)	-ininiz	-inləriniz
onların (“their”)	-ini or -inləri	-inləri
	accusative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	-inimi	-inlərimi
sənin (“your”)	-inini	-inlərini
onun (“his/her/its”)	-inini	-inlərini
bizim (“our”)	-inimizi	-inlərimizi
sizin (“your”)	-ininizi	-inlərinizi
onların (“their”)	-inini or -inlərini	-inlərini
	dative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	-inimə	-inlərimə
sənin (“your”)	-ininə	-inlərinə
onun (“his/her/its”)	-ininə	-inlərinə
bizim (“our”)	-inimizə	-inlərimizə
sizin (“your”)	-ininizə	-inlərinizə
onların (“their”)	-ininə or -inlərinə	-inlərinə
	locative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	-inimdə	-inlərimdə
sənin (“your”)	-inində	-inlərində
onun (“his/her/its”)	-inində	-inlərində
bizim (“our”)	-inimizdə	-inlərimizdə
sizin (“your”)	-ininizdə	-inlərinizdə
onların (“their”)	-inində or -inlərində	-inlərində
	ablative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	-inimdən	-inlərimdən
sənin (“your”)	-inindən	-inlərindən
onun (“his/her/its”)	-inindən	-inlərindən
bizim (“our”)	-inimizdən	-inlərimizdən
sizin (“your”)	-ininizdən	-inlərinizdən
onların (“their”)	-inindən or -inlərindən	-inlərindən
	genitive
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	-inimin	-inlərimin
sənin (“your”)	-ininin	-inlərinin
onun (“his/her/its”)	-ininin	-inlərinin
bizim (“our”)	-inimizin	-inlərimizin
sizin (“your”)	-ininizin	-inlərinizin
onların (“their”)	-ininin or -inlərinin	-inlərinin

Derived terms

Azerbaijani terms suffixed with -in (nominal)

Etymology 3

Suffix

	preceding vowel
	A / I	E / Ə / İ	O / U	Ö / Ü
postconsonantal except after L	-ıl	-il	-ul	-ül
after L	-ın	-in	-un	-ün
postvocalic	-n

-in

1. Form of -il (“[passive suffix]”) after the vowels E / Ə / İ with the consonant L.

Derived terms

See -il.

Chuukese

Suffix

-in

1. of

   Synonym: -en

Czech

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɪn/

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Czech -in, from Proto-Slavic *-inъ.

Suffix

-in (adjective-forming suffix)

1. suffix deriving possessive adjectives from nouns of feminine gender, usually from proper and common personal nouns, sometimes also from nouns referring to animals

   matčin bratr ― mother's brother

Declension

Declension of -in (possessive)

singular
	masculine animate	masculine inanimate	feminine	neuter
nominative	-in		-ina	-ino
genitive	-ina		-iny	-ina
dative	-inu		-ině	-inu
accusative	-ina	-in	-inu	-ino
locative	-ině, -inu		-ině	-ině, -inu
instrumental	-iným		-inou	-iným
plural
	masculine animate	masculine inanimate	feminine	neuter
nominative	-ini	-iny		-ina
genitive	-iných
dative	-iným
accusative	-iny			-ina
locative	-iných
instrumental	-inými

Derived terms

Czech terms suffixed with -in

Related terms

• -ův
• -í

Further reading

• Hana Prouzová, Přivlastňovací přídavná jména na -ův, -in v současné češtině, Naše řeč, volume 47 (1964), issue 3
• Jaroslava Hlavsová, K některým místním (nářečním) rozdílům v tvoření vztahových adjektiv v češtině, Naše řeč, volume 65 (1982)

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Latin -īnus, from Ancient Greek -ινος (-inos).

Suffix

-in m inan (noun-forming suffix)

1. (chemistry) -ine (suffix used to form names of chemical substances)

   adenin ― adenine

   olomoucin ― olomoucine

Declension

Declension of -in (hard masculine inanimate)

	singular	plural
nominative	-in	-iny
genitive	-inu	-inů
dative	-inu	-inům
accusative	-in	-iny
vocative	-ine	-iny
locative	-inu	-inech
instrumental	-inem	-iny

Dutch

Alternative forms

• -inne (obsolete)

Etymology

From Middle Dutch -inne, from Old Dutch *-inna, from Proto-Germanic *-inī.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɪn/

• Audio:

  (file)

Suffix

-in f (plural -innen, diminutive -innetje)

1. Forms nouns for the female counterpart of something.

   Synonyms: -e, -egge, -es, -ster

Derived terms

Dutch terms suffixed with -in

Descendants

• Afrikaans: -in

Finnish

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-in (instrumental suffix), probably from Proto-Uralic *-ma.

Suffix

-in

1. Forms inanimate instrumental nouns from verbs.

   ‎avata (“to open”) + ‎-in → ‎avain (“key”)

   ‎keittää (“to cook, boil”) + ‎-in → ‎keitin (“appliance for cooking/boiling”)

   ‎puhella (“to chat, chatter”) + ‎-in → ‎puhelin (“telephone”)

   ‎elää (“to live”) + ‎-in → ‎eläin (“animal”)

2. Forms some diminutive nouns.
3. Used to form the combining form of some verbs.

   ‎asua (“to live (somewhere), reside”) + ‎-in → ‎asuin-

   ‎elää (“to live, be alive”) + ‎-in → ‎elin-

   ‎leipoa (“to bake”) + ‎-in → ‎leivin-

Declension

Back vowel harmony declension (includes vowels a, o, u)

Inflection of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation)
nominative		-in	-imet
genitive		-imen	-imien -inten
partitive		-inta	-imia
illative		-imeen	-imiin
		singular	plural
nominative		-in	-imet
accusative	nom.	-in	-imet
	gen.	-imen
genitive		-imen	-imien -inten
partitive		-inta	-imia
inessive		-imessa	-imissa
elative		-imesta	-imista
illative		-imeen	-imiin
adessive		-imella	-imilla
ablative		-imelta	-imilta
allative		-imelle	-imille
essive		-imena	-imina
translative		-imeksi	-imiksi
abessive		-imetta	-imitta
instructive		—	-imin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -imeni -imeni accusative nom. -imeni -imeni gen. -imeni genitive -imeni -imieni -inteni partitive -intani -imiani inessive -imessani -imissani elative -imestani -imistani illative -imeeni -imiini adessive -imellani -imillani ablative -imeltani -imiltani allative -imelleni -imilleni essive -imenani -iminani translative -imekseni -imikseni abessive -imettani -imittani instructive — — comitative — -imineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -imesi -imesi accusative nom. -imesi -imesi gen. -imesi genitive -imesi -imiesi -intesi partitive -intasi -imiasi inessive -imessasi -imissasi elative -imestasi -imistasi illative -imeesi -imiisi adessive -imellasi -imillasi ablative -imeltasi -imiltasi allative -imellesi -imillesi essive -imenasi -iminasi translative -imeksesi -imiksesi abessive -imettasi -imittasi instructive — — comitative — -iminesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -imemme -imemme accusative nom. -imemme -imemme gen. -imemme genitive -imemme -imiemme -intemme partitive -intamme -imiamme inessive -imessamme -imissamme elative -imestamme -imistamme illative -imeemme -imiimme adessive -imellamme -imillamme ablative -imeltamme -imiltamme allative -imellemme -imillemme essive -imenamme -iminamme translative -imeksemme -imiksemme abessive -imettamme -imittamme instructive — — comitative — -iminemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -imenne -imenne accusative nom. -imenne -imenne gen. -imenne genitive -imenne -imienne -intenne partitive -intanne -imianne inessive -imessanne -imissanne elative -imestanne -imistanne illative -imeenne -imiinne adessive -imellanne -imillanne ablative -imeltanne -imiltanne allative -imellenne -imillenne essive -imenanne -iminanne translative -imeksenne -imiksenne abessive -imettanne -imittanne instructive — — comitative — -iminenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative -imensa -imensa accusative nom. -imensa -imensa gen. -imensa genitive -imensa -imiensa -intensa partitive -intaan -intansa -imiaan -imiansa inessive -imessaan -imessansa -imissaan -imissansa elative -imestaan -imestansa -imistaan -imistansa illative -imeensa -imiinsa adessive -imellaan -imellansa -imillaan -imillansa ablative -imeltaan -imeltansa -imiltaan -imiltansa allative -imelleen -imellensa -imilleen -imillensa essive -imenaan -imenansa -iminaan -iminansa translative -imekseen -imeksensa -imikseen -imiksensa abessive -imettaan -imettansa -imittaan -imittansa instructive — — comitative — -imineen -iminensa

Front vowel harmony declension (includes vowels ä, ö, y)

Inflection of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation)
nominative		-in	-imet
genitive		-imen	-imien -inten
partitive		-intä	-imiä
illative		-imeen	-imiin
		singular	plural
nominative		-in	-imet
accusative	nom.	-in	-imet
	gen.	-imen
genitive		-imen	-imien -inten
partitive		-intä	-imiä
inessive		-imessä	-imissä
elative		-imestä	-imistä
illative		-imeen	-imiin
adessive		-imellä	-imillä
ablative		-imeltä	-imiltä
allative		-imelle	-imille
essive		-imenä	-iminä
translative		-imeksi	-imiksi
abessive		-imettä	-imittä
instructive		—	-imin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -imeni -imeni accusative nom. -imeni -imeni gen. -imeni genitive -imeni -imieni -inteni partitive -intäni -imiäni inessive -imessäni -imissäni elative -imestäni -imistäni illative -imeeni -imiini adessive -imelläni -imilläni ablative -imeltäni -imiltäni allative -imelleni -imilleni essive -imenäni -iminäni translative -imekseni -imikseni abessive -imettäni -imittäni instructive — — comitative — -imineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -imesi -imesi accusative nom. -imesi -imesi gen. -imesi genitive -imesi -imiesi -intesi partitive -intäsi -imiäsi inessive -imessäsi -imissäsi elative -imestäsi -imistäsi illative -imeesi -imiisi adessive -imelläsi -imilläsi ablative -imeltäsi -imiltäsi allative -imellesi -imillesi essive -imenäsi -iminäsi translative -imeksesi -imiksesi abessive -imettäsi -imittäsi instructive — — comitative — -iminesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -imemme -imemme accusative nom. -imemme -imemme gen. -imemme genitive -imemme -imiemme -intemme partitive -intämme -imiämme inessive -imessämme -imissämme elative -imestämme -imistämme illative -imeemme -imiimme adessive -imellämme -imillämme ablative -imeltämme -imiltämme allative -imellemme -imillemme essive -imenämme -iminämme translative -imeksemme -imiksemme abessive -imettämme -imittämme instructive — — comitative — -iminemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -imenne -imenne accusative nom. -imenne -imenne gen. -imenne genitive -imenne -imienne -intenne partitive -intänne -imiänne inessive -imessänne -imissänne elative -imestänne -imistänne illative -imeenne -imiinne adessive -imellänne -imillänne ablative -imeltänne -imiltänne allative -imellenne -imillenne essive -imenänne -iminänne translative -imeksenne -imiksenne abessive -imettänne -imittänne instructive — — comitative — -iminenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative -imensä -imensä accusative nom. -imensä -imensä gen. -imensä genitive -imensä -imiensä -intensä partitive -intään -intänsä -imiään -imiänsä inessive -imessään -imessänsä -imissään -imissänsä elative -imestään -imestänsä -imistään -imistänsä illative -imeensä -imiinsä adessive -imellään -imellänsä -imillään -imillänsä ablative -imeltään -imeltänsä -imiltään -imiltänsä allative -imelleen -imellensä -imilleen -imillensä essive -imenään -imenänsä -iminään -iminänsä translative -imekseen -imeksensä -imikseen -imiksensä abessive -imettään -imettänsä -imittään -imittänsä instructive — — comitative — -imineen -iminensä

Note that if the stem has gradation, it is (almost always) preserved.

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -in (instrumental)

Finnish terms suffixed with -in (diminutive)

See also

• -ja
• -ri
• -tär
• -uri

Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *-in (superlative suffix) (related to Karelian -in), probably from Proto-Uralic *-ma. The oblique stem -impA, -immA is influenced by the oblique stem -mpA, -mmA of comparatives.

Suffix

-in

1. Forms superlative adjectives.

   ‎heikko (“weak”) + ‎-in → ‎heikoin (“weakest”)

   ‎matala (“low, shallow”) + ‎-in → ‎matalin (“lowest, shallowest”)

   ‎ruma (“ugly”) + ‎-in → ‎rumin (“ugliest”)

   ‎suuri (“large, big”) + ‎-in → ‎suurin (“largest, biggest”)

Declension

Back vowel harmony declension (includes vowels a, o, u)

Inflection of -in (Kotus type 36*H/sisin, mp-mm gradation)
nominative		-in	-immat
genitive		-imman	-impien -inten
partitive		-inta	-impia
illative		-impaan	-impiin
		singular	plural
nominative		-in	-immat
accusative	nom.	-in	-immat
	gen.	-imman
genitive		-imman	-impien -inten -impain rare
partitive		-inta	-impia
inessive		-immassa	-immissa
elative		-immasta	-immista
illative		-impaan	-impiin
adessive		-immalla	-immilla
ablative		-immalta	-immilta
allative		-immalle	-immille
essive		-impana	-impina
translative		-immaksi	-immiksi
abessive		-immatta	-immitta
instructive		—	-immin
comitative		—	-impine

Possessive forms of -in (Kotus type 36*H/sisin, mp-mm gradation)
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives.
first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -impani -impani accusative nom. -impani -impani gen. -impani genitive -impani -impieni -inteni -impaini rare partitive -intani -impiani inessive -immassani -immissani elative -immastani -immistani illative -impaani -impiini adessive -immallani -immillani ablative -immaltani -immiltani allative -immalleni -immilleni essive -impanani -impinani translative -immakseni -immikseni abessive -immattani -immittani instructive — — comitative — -impineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -impasi -impasi accusative nom. -impasi -impasi gen. -impasi genitive -impasi -impiesi -intesi -impaisi rare partitive -intasi -impiasi inessive -immassasi -immissasi elative -immastasi -immistasi illative -impaasi -impiisi adessive -immallasi -immillasi ablative -immaltasi -immiltasi allative -immallesi -immillesi essive -impanasi -impinasi translative -immaksesi -immiksesi abessive -immattasi -immittasi instructive — — comitative — -impinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -impamme -impamme accusative nom. -impamme -impamme gen. -impamme genitive -impamme -impiemme -intemme -impaimme rare partitive -intamme -impiamme inessive -immassamme -immissamme elative -immastamme -immistamme illative -impaamme -impiimme adessive -immallamme -immillamme ablative -immaltamme -immiltamme allative -immallemme -immillemme essive -impanamme -impinamme translative -immaksemme -immiksemme abessive -immattamme -immittamme instructive — — comitative — -impinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -impanne -impanne accusative nom. -impanne -impanne gen. -impanne genitive -impanne -impienne -intenne -impainne rare partitive -intanne -impianne inessive -immassanne -immissanne elative -immastanne -immistanne illative -impaanne -impiinne adessive -immallanne -immillanne ablative -immaltanne -immiltanne allative -immallenne -immillenne essive -impananne -impinanne translative -immaksenne -immiksenne abessive -immattanne -immittanne instructive — — comitative — -impinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative -impansa -impansa accusative nom. -impansa -impansa gen. -impansa genitive -impansa -impiensa -intensa -impainsa rare partitive -intaan -intansa -impiaan -impiansa inessive -immassaan -immassansa -immissaan -immissansa elative -immastaan -immastansa -immistaan -immistansa illative -impaansa -impiinsa adessive -immallaan -immallansa -immillaan -immillansa ablative -immaltaan -immaltansa -immiltaan -immiltansa allative -immalleen -immallensa -immilleen -immillensa essive -impanaan -impanansa -impinaan -impinansa translative -immakseen -immaksensa -immikseen -immiksensa abessive -immattaan -immattansa -immittaan -immittansa instructive — — comitative — -impineen -impinensa

Front vowel harmony declension (includes vowels ä, ö, y)

Inflection of -in (Kotus type 36*H/sisin, mp-mm gradation)
nominative		-in	-immät
genitive		-immän	-impien -inten
partitive		-intä	-impiä
illative		-impään	-impiin
		singular	plural
nominative		-in	-immät
accusative	nom.	-in	-immät
	gen.	-immän
genitive		-immän	-impien -inten -impäin rare
partitive		-intä	-impiä
inessive		-immässä	-immissä
elative		-immästä	-immistä
illative		-impään	-impiin
adessive		-immällä	-immillä
ablative		-immältä	-immiltä
allative		-immälle	-immille
essive		-impänä	-impinä
translative		-immäksi	-immiksi
abessive		-immättä	-immittä
instructive		—	-immin
comitative		—	-impine

Possessive forms of -in (Kotus type 36*H/sisin, mp-mm gradation)
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives.
first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -impäni -impäni accusative nom. -impäni -impäni gen. -impäni genitive -impäni -impieni -inteni -impäini rare partitive -intäni -impiäni inessive -immässäni -immissäni elative -immästäni -immistäni illative -impääni -impiini adessive -immälläni -immilläni ablative -immältäni -immiltäni allative -immälleni -immilleni essive -impänäni -impinäni translative -immäkseni -immikseni abessive -immättäni -immittäni instructive — — comitative — -impineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -impäsi -impäsi accusative nom. -impäsi -impäsi gen. -impäsi genitive -impäsi -impiesi -intesi -impäisi rare partitive -intäsi -impiäsi inessive -immässäsi -immissäsi elative -immästäsi -immistäsi illative -impääsi -impiisi adessive -immälläsi -immilläsi ablative -immältäsi -immiltäsi allative -immällesi -immillesi essive -impänäsi -impinäsi translative -immäksesi -immiksesi abessive -immättäsi -immittäsi instructive — — comitative — -impinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -impämme -impämme accusative nom. -impämme -impämme gen. -impämme genitive -impämme -impiemme -intemme -impäimme rare partitive -intämme -impiämme inessive -immässämme -immissämme elative -immästämme -immistämme illative -impäämme -impiimme adessive -immällämme -immillämme ablative -immältämme -immiltämme allative -immällemme -immillemme essive -impänämme -impinämme translative -immäksemme -immiksemme abessive -immättämme -immittämme instructive — — comitative — -impinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -impänne -impänne accusative nom. -impänne -impänne gen. -impänne genitive -impänne -impienne -intenne -impäinne rare partitive -intänne -impiänne inessive -immässänne -immissänne elative -immästänne -immistänne illative -impäänne -impiinne adessive -immällänne -immillänne ablative -immältänne -immiltänne allative -immällenne -immillenne essive -impänänne -impinänne translative -immäksenne -immiksenne abessive -immättänne -immittänne instructive — — comitative — -impinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative -impänsä -impänsä accusative nom. -impänsä -impänsä gen. -impänsä genitive -impänsä -impiensä -intensä -impäinsä rare partitive -intään -intänsä -impiään -impiänsä inessive -immässään -immässänsä -immissään -immissänsä elative -immästään -immästänsä -immistään -immistänsä illative -impäänsä -impiinsä adessive -immällään -immällänsä -immillään -immillänsä ablative -immältään -immältänsä -immiltään -immiltänsä allative -immälleen -immällensä -immilleen -immillensä essive -impänään -impänänsä -impinään -impinänsä translative -immäkseen -immäksensä -immikseen -immiksensä abessive -immättään -immättänsä -immittään -immittänsä instructive — — comitative — -impineen -impinensä

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -in (superlative)

See also

• -mpi

Etymology 3

See -n.

Suffix

-in

1. Instructive plural suffix.

   kaksin käsin ― with two hands

   paljain silmin ― with bare eyes

   pitkin askelin ― with long steps

   hyvissä ajoin ― in good time

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -in (instructive)

Etymology 4

Probably by metathesis.

Suffix

-in (poetic)

1. A variant for the first-person singular possessive suffix -ni.

   rakkain (for rakkaani)

   syödäksein (for syödäkseni)

Usage notes

The use of this suffix is restricted to cases where it is not preceded by a labial vowel (o, u, y, ö), the vowel i, a long vowel (it is shortened if necessary) or a diphthong (since it itself forms a diphthong). It is not used if the resulting word would be monosyllabic.

Etymology 5

From Proto-Finnic *-in (adjectival suffix), a variant of the diminutive suffix Proto-Finnic *-ma.

Suffix

-in

1. (non-productive) Forms some adjectives.

Declension

Back vowel harmony declension (includes vowels a, o, u)

Inflection of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation)
nominative		-in	-imet
genitive		-imen	-imien -inten
partitive		-inta	-imia
illative		-imeen	-imiin
		singular	plural
nominative		-in	-imet
accusative	nom.	-in	-imet
	gen.	-imen
genitive		-imen	-imien -inten
partitive		-inta	-imia
inessive		-imessa	-imissa
elative		-imesta	-imista
illative		-imeen	-imiin
adessive		-imella	-imilla
ablative		-imelta	-imilta
allative		-imelle	-imille
essive		-imena	-imina
translative		-imeksi	-imiksi
abessive		-imetta	-imitta
instructive		—	-imin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -imeni -imeni accusative nom. -imeni -imeni gen. -imeni genitive -imeni -imieni -inteni partitive -intani -imiani inessive -imessani -imissani elative -imestani -imistani illative -imeeni -imiini adessive -imellani -imillani ablative -imeltani -imiltani allative -imelleni -imilleni essive -imenani -iminani translative -imekseni -imikseni abessive -imettani -imittani instructive — — comitative — -imineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -imesi -imesi accusative nom. -imesi -imesi gen. -imesi genitive -imesi -imiesi -intesi partitive -intasi -imiasi inessive -imessasi -imissasi elative -imestasi -imistasi illative -imeesi -imiisi adessive -imellasi -imillasi ablative -imeltasi -imiltasi allative -imellesi -imillesi essive -imenasi -iminasi translative -imeksesi -imiksesi abessive -imettasi -imittasi instructive — — comitative — -iminesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -imemme -imemme accusative nom. -imemme -imemme gen. -imemme genitive -imemme -imiemme -intemme partitive -intamme -imiamme inessive -imessamme -imissamme elative -imestamme -imistamme illative -imeemme -imiimme adessive -imellamme -imillamme ablative -imeltamme -imiltamme allative -imellemme -imillemme essive -imenamme -iminamme translative -imeksemme -imiksemme abessive -imettamme -imittamme instructive — — comitative — -iminemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -imenne -imenne accusative nom. -imenne -imenne gen. -imenne genitive -imenne -imienne -intenne partitive -intanne -imianne inessive -imessanne -imissanne elative -imestanne -imistanne illative -imeenne -imiinne adessive -imellanne -imillanne ablative -imeltanne -imiltanne allative -imellenne -imillenne essive -imenanne -iminanne translative -imeksenne -imiksenne abessive -imettanne -imittanne instructive — — comitative — -iminenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative -imensa -imensa accusative nom. -imensa -imensa gen. -imensa genitive -imensa -imiensa -intensa partitive -intaan -intansa -imiaan -imiansa inessive -imessaan -imessansa -imissaan -imissansa elative -imestaan -imestansa -imistaan -imistansa illative -imeensa -imiinsa adessive -imellaan -imellansa -imillaan -imillansa ablative -imeltaan -imeltansa -imiltaan -imiltansa allative -imelleen -imellensa -imilleen -imillensa essive -imenaan -imenansa -iminaan -iminansa translative -imekseen -imeksensa -imikseen -imiksensa abessive -imettaan -imettansa -imittaan -imittansa instructive — — comitative — -imineen -iminensa

Front vowel harmony declension (includes vowels ä, ö, y)

Inflection of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation)
nominative		-in	-imet
genitive		-imen	-imien -inten
partitive		-intä	-imiä
illative		-imeen	-imiin
		singular	plural
nominative		-in	-imet
accusative	nom.	-in	-imet
	gen.	-imen
genitive		-imen	-imien -inten
partitive		-intä	-imiä
inessive		-imessä	-imissä
elative		-imestä	-imistä
illative		-imeen	-imiin
adessive		-imellä	-imillä
ablative		-imeltä	-imiltä
allative		-imelle	-imille
essive		-imenä	-iminä
translative		-imeksi	-imiksi
abessive		-imettä	-imittä
instructive		—	-imin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -imeni -imeni accusative nom. -imeni -imeni gen. -imeni genitive -imeni -imieni -inteni partitive -intäni -imiäni inessive -imessäni -imissäni elative -imestäni -imistäni illative -imeeni -imiini adessive -imelläni -imilläni ablative -imeltäni -imiltäni allative -imelleni -imilleni essive -imenäni -iminäni translative -imekseni -imikseni abessive -imettäni -imittäni instructive — — comitative — -imineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -imesi -imesi accusative nom. -imesi -imesi gen. -imesi genitive -imesi -imiesi -intesi partitive -intäsi -imiäsi inessive -imessäsi -imissäsi elative -imestäsi -imistäsi illative -imeesi -imiisi adessive -imelläsi -imilläsi ablative -imeltäsi -imiltäsi allative -imellesi -imillesi essive -imenäsi -iminäsi translative -imeksesi -imiksesi abessive -imettäsi -imittäsi instructive — — comitative — -iminesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -imemme -imemme accusative nom. -imemme -imemme gen. -imemme genitive -imemme -imiemme -intemme partitive -intämme -imiämme inessive -imessämme -imissämme elative -imestämme -imistämme illative -imeemme -imiimme adessive -imellämme -imillämme ablative -imeltämme -imiltämme allative -imellemme -imillemme essive -imenämme -iminämme translative -imeksemme -imiksemme abessive -imettämme -imittämme instructive — — comitative — -iminemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -imenne -imenne accusative nom. -imenne -imenne gen. -imenne genitive -imenne -imienne -intenne partitive -intänne -imiänne inessive -imessänne -imissänne elative -imestänne -imistänne illative -imeenne -imiinne adessive -imellänne -imillänne ablative -imeltänne -imiltänne allative -imellenne -imillenne essive -imenänne -iminänne translative -imeksenne -imiksenne abessive -imettänne -imittänne instructive — — comitative — -iminenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative -imensä -imensä accusative nom. -imensä -imensä gen. -imensä genitive -imensä -imiensä -intensä partitive -intään -intänsä -imiään -imiänsä inessive -imessään -imessänsä -imissään -imissänsä elative -imestään -imestänsä -imistään -imistänsä illative -imeensä -imiinsä adessive -imellään -imellänsä -imillään -imillänsä ablative -imeltään -imeltänsä -imiltään -imiltänsä allative -imelleen -imellensä -imilleen -imillensä essive -imenään -imenänsä -iminään -iminänsä translative -imekseen -imeksensä -imikseen -imiksensä abessive -imettään -imettänsä -imittään -imittänsä instructive — — comitative — -imineen -iminensä

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -in (adjectival)

Etymology 6

From Proto-Finnic *-den (genitive plural suffix for some nouns), from the nominative plural ending *-t + genitive ending *-n (with an epenthetic *-e-).

Suffix

-in (rare)

1. Forms the genitive plural.

Usage notes

• Suffixed to the nominative singular but the final -i changes to -e-.
• Note, however, that the more common suffix for the genitive plural is -en added to the plural stem ending with i or j. A link consonant d is also sometimes present.
• Nowadays this suffix is rare and usually gives an archaic tone. Certain proper nouns, however, retain this, e.g. Yhdysvaltain, from Yhdysvallat ("United States", singular stem Yhdysvalta-), where also the more modern form Yhdysvaltojen is possible.

See also

• -den
• -en
• -n
• -ten
• -tten

Etymology 7

See -Vn (illative suffix).

Suffix

-in

1. Suffix variant for the illative singular, see -Vn.

Anagrams

• -ni

French

Etymology

Inherited from Latin -īnus, from Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛ̃/

Suffix

-in (feminine -ine, masculine plural -ins, feminine plural -ines)

1. forms adjectives indicating a quality; -ish, -ic

   ‎enfant (“child”) + ‎-in → ‎enfantin (“childish”)

Suffix

-in m (plural -ins, feminine -ine)

1. forms nouns with a diminutive or pejorative quality

   ‎plaisant (“pleasant”) + ‎-in → ‎plaisantin (“joker, wiseass”)

   ‎ours (“bear”) + ‎-in → ‎oursin (“urchin”)

   ‎crotte (“animal dropping”) + ‎-in → ‎crottin (“manure”)

Derived terms

French terms suffixed with -in

Fula

Affix

-in

1. (Pulaar) makes verbs causative

   ‎jangude (“study, learn”) + ‎-in → ‎janginde (“teach”)

   ‎famude (“to unserstand”) + ‎-in → ‎faminde (“to explain something to someone”)

German

Etymology 1

From Middle High German -inne, -in, from Old High German -inna, -in, from Proto-West Germanic *-ini, from Proto-Germanic *-inī.

Alternative forms

• -inn, -inne (both obsolete)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɪn/, [ɪn]

• Audio:

  (file)

• For speakers who realise -en as [ən], the distinction between both may at times be weak. However, most speakers have a syllabic nasal in -en and hence keep a very clear distinction.

Suffix

-in f (genitive -in, plural -innen)

2. creates the female form for many nouns for living beings; umlaut usually occurs in monosyllables, but rarely in polysyllables

   ‎Arbeitgeber (“employer”) + ‎-in → ‎Arbeitgeberin (“employer (female person or sexless company)”)

   ‎Autor (“author”) + ‎-in → ‎Autorin (“author (female person, i.e. a female author or authoress, or sexless company, abstract thing)”)

   ‎Gott (“god”) + ‎-in → ‎Göttin (“female god, goddess”)

   ‎Hund (“dog”) + ‎-in → ‎Hündin (“female dog, she-dog, bitch”)

   ‎Katze f (“cat”) + ‎-in → ‎Kätzin (“female cat, she-cat”)

   ‎Sänger (“singer”) + ‎-in → ‎Sängerin (“female singer”)

   ‎Pastor (“pastor”) + ‎-in → ‎Pastorin (“female pastor”)

   1. (dated) names the wife of a person

      ‎Pastor (“pastor”) + ‎-in → ‎Pastorin (“wife of a pastor”)

   2. (dated) creates female personal names (for wives and daughters)

      Schwarz (proper noun) → Schwarzin (a female person with the name Schwarz, that is the wife or daughter of someone named Schwarz)

      • 1743, Grosses vollständiges Universal Lexicon aller Wissenschaften und Künste, Welche bishero durch menschlichen Verstand und Witz erfunden und verbessert worden […] Fünf und Dreyßigster Band Schle-Schwa, Leipzig & Hallle, page 2007:

        Schwartzin, (Sibylle) […] war eine Tochter Christian Schwartzens, […] gebohren 1621 […] und starb 1638 den 13 Jul.

        Schwartz (Sibylle [given name]) […] was a daughter of Christian Schwartz, […] born in 1621 […] and died on 13th July 1638.

Derived terms

German terms suffixed with -in

Descendants

• → Esperanto: -ino

Etymology 2

From Latin -īnus, from Ancient Greek -ινος (-inos).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-ˈiːn/

• Audio:

  (file)

Suffix

-in n (genitive -ins, plural -ine)

2. (chemistry) -yne; -ine

Derived terms

German terms suffixed with -in (chemistry)

Etymology 3

From Proto-Slavic *-inъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-ˈiːn/

• Audio:

  (file)

Suffix

-in n (genitive -ins)

2. A suffix found in place names of Slavic origin, especially in northeastern Germany

Derived terms

German terms suffixed with -in (toponymy)

Ido

Suffix

-in

1. See -in-.

Indonesian

Etymology

Borrowed from Betawi -in, from Balinese -in.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɪn/
• Hyphenation: in

Suffix

-in (non-active/imperative/basic -in, active nge- -in, passive di- -in) (colloquial, dialectal)

1. Used to form benefactive aspect on a verb.

   beli (“to buy”) → beliin (“to buy (for)”)

   bikin (“to make”) → bikinin (“to make (for)”)

2. Used to intensify a verb.

   liat (“to see”) → liatin (“to look”)

   denger (“to hear”) → dengerin (“to listen”)

3. Used to form causative aspect on a verb.

   besar (“big”) → besarin (“to make big; to enlarge; to raise”)

   panjang (“long”) → panjangin (“to make long; to extend”)

4. Used to transitivize a verb

   naik (“to go up”) (intransitive) → naikin (“to go up”) (transitive)

   ketawa (“to laugh”) → ketawain (“to laugh at”)

Usage notes

• Especially for forming the causative aspect, this suffix can form a verb that is derived from an adjective or noun.

Derived terms

Indonesian terms suffixed with -in

Ingrian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-inën. Cognates include Finnish -inen, -nen and Estonian -ne.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-jne/, [-jne̞]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-in/, [-in]

Suffix

-in

2. Forms adjectives indicating the material of which something is made; -en

   ‎puu (“wood”) + ‎-in → ‎puin (“wooden”)

4. Forms diminutive nouns; -ie

   ‎lintu (“bird”) + ‎-in → ‎lintuin (“birdie”)

Declension

(back-vocalic) Declension of -in (type 1/kärpäin, no gradation) singular plural nominative -in -iset genitive -isen -isiin partitive -ista, -ist -isia illative -isee -isii inessive -isees -isiis elative -isest -isist allative -iselle -isille adessive -iseel -isiil ablative -iselt -isilt translative -iseks -isiks essive -isenna, -iseen -isinna, -isiin exessive1) -isent -isint 1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

(front-vocalic) Declension of -in (type 1/kärpäin, no gradation) singular plural nominative -in -iset genitive -isen -isiin partitive -istä, -ist -isiä illative -isee -isii inessive -isees -isiis elative -isest -isist allative -iselle -isille adessive -iseel -isiil ablative -iselt -isilt translative -iseks -isiks essive -isennä, -iseen -isinnä, -isiin exessive1) -isent -isint 1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms

Ingrian terms suffixed with -in (similative)

Related terms

• -hiin

Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *-in. Cognates include Finnish -in and Estonian -i.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-in/, [-in]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-in/, [-in]

Suffix

-in

2. Forms instrumental nouns from verbs.

   ‎avata (“to open”) + ‎-in → ‎avvain (“key”)

Declension

(back-vocalic) Declension of -in (type 15/syän, no gradation) singular plural nominative -in -imet genitive -imen -imiin partitive -inta, -int -imia illative -imee -imii inessive -imees -imiis elative -imest -imist allative -imelle -imille adessive -imeel -imiil ablative -imelt -imilt translative -imeks -imiks essive -imenna, -imeen -iminna, -imiin exessive1) -iment -imint 1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

(front-vocalic) Declension of -in (type 15/syän, no gradation) singular plural nominative -in -imet genitive -imen -imiin partitive -intä, -int -imiä illative -imee -imii inessive -imees -imiis elative -imest -imist allative -imelle -imille adessive -imeel -imiil ablative -imelt -imilt translative -imeks -imiks essive -imennä, -imeen -iminnä, -imiin exessive1) -iment -imint 1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms

Ingrian terms suffixed with -in (instrumental)

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-in/, [-in]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-in/, [-in]

Suffix

-in

1. inflection of -ia:
   1. first-person singular present indicative
   2. first-person singular past indicative

Irish

Suffix

-in f

1. (biochemistry) -in

Declension

Declension of -in (second declension, no plural)

bare forms case singular nominative -in vocative a -in genitive -ine dative -in forms with the definite article case singular nominative an -in genitive na -ine dative leis an -in don -in

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “-in”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

Japanese

Romanization

-in

1. Rōmaji transcription of いん

Livvi

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-in. Cognates include Finnish -in and Estonian -i.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-in/

Suffix

-in

1. Forms inanimate instrumental nouns from verbs.

   ‎avata (“to open”) + ‎-in → ‎avain (“key”)

Declension

This suffix needs an inflection-table template.

Derived terms

Livvi terms suffixed with -in

Luxembourgish

Etymology

From Middle High German -inne, -in, -īn. Compare German -in.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /in/

Suffix

-in

1. used to form the female versions of agent nouns

Derived terms

Luxembourgish terms suffixed with -in

Maltese

Etymology

From Arabic ـِينَ (-īna), oblique case form of ـُونَ (-ūna), masculine personal plural suffix.

Suffix

-in

1. a common plural suffix
   1. used in most nouns and adjectives derived with the native suffix -i

      ‎baħri (“sailor”) + ‎-in → ‎baħrin (“sailors”)

      ‎Malti (“Maltese”) + ‎-in → ‎Maltin

   2. used in participles and some other native adjectives

      ‎maqtugħ (“cut, cut-off”) + ‎-in → ‎maqtugħin

      ‎ħelu (“sweet”) + ‎-in → ‎ħelwin

See also

• -ejn
• -i
• -ijiet
• -iet

 

Marshallese

Alternative forms

• in

Pronunciation

• (phonetic) IPA^(key): [ʲ‿inʲ, ˠ‿inʲ, ˠ‿ɯnʲ, ʷ‿inʲ, ʷ‿unʲ]
• (phonemic) IPA^(key): /-inʲ/
• Bender phonemes: {-in}

Suffix

-in

1. of
2. from
3. for

Usage notes

This suffix is combined with nouns to create construct forms.

References

• Marshallese–English Online Dictionary

Middle Dutch

Etymology

From Old Dutch *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.

Suffix

-in

1. -en; creates adjectives for the material of which something is made.

Alternative forms

• -ijn
• -en

Derived terms

Middle Dutch terms suffixed with -in

Descendants

• Dutch: -en

Northern Sami

Pronunciation

• (Kautokeino) IPA^(key): /ˈ-in/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Samic *-jnē, originally the essive case of a possessive adjective in *-j-.

Suffix

-in

1. The ending of the comitative singular case.

Usage notes

• This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Samic *-jnē, originally the plural essive form.

Suffix

-in

1. The ending of the locative plural case.

Usage notes

• This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

Ojibwe

Final

-in

1. act on by hand (often with a sense of holding an object)

Derived terms

• aabaabiigin
• aabaabiiginan
• dagon
• dakon
• dakonan
• giziibiigin
• giziibiiginan
• zinigonan
• ziikoobiiginan

Suffix

-in

1. A suffix denoting the first-person singular to second-person singular form of a transitive animate verb (vta)

See also

• -n
• -on
• -oon

Suffix

-in

1. A local inverse them sign denoting that the second-person prefix gi- is the theme (object) of a transitive animate verb (vta) while the first-person agent (subject) is denoted by the verbal suffixes.

References

• The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/in-final
• The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/in-final-654923

Old Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-inъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (13^th CE) /ˈin/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ˈin/

Suffix

-in (adjective-forming suffix)

1. suffix deriving possessive adjectives from nouns of feminine gender, usually from proper and common personal nouns, sometimes also from nouns referring to animals

Declension

Declension of -in (possessive)

singular
	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	-in	-ina	-ino
genitive	-ina	-iny	-ina
dative	-inu	-ině	-inu
accusative	-ina, -in	-inu	-ino
locative	-ině, -inu	-ině	-ině, -inu
instrumental	-iným	-inú	-iným
dual
	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	-ina	-ině
genitive	-inú
dative	-inýma
accusative	-ina	-ině
locative	-inú
instrumental	-inýma
plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	-ini	-iny	-ina
genitive	-iných
dative	-iným
accusative	-iny		-ina
locative	-iných
instrumental	-inými

Related terms

• -óv
• -í

Descendants

• Czech: -in

Old High German

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.

Suffix

-īn

1. used to create adjectives from nouns

   ‎stein (“stone”) + ‎-īn → ‎steinīn (“made of stone”)

   ‎gold (“gold”) + ‎-īn → ‎guldīn (“golden”)

Descendants

• German: -en

Old Norse

Suffix

-in

1. inflection of -inn (adjective suffix):
   1. positive degree strong feminine nominative singular
   2. positive degree strong neuter nominative/accusative plural
2. inflection of -inn (participle suffix):
   1. strong feminine nominative singular
   2. strong neuter nominative/accusative plural
3. inflection of -inn (definite article suffix):
   1. feminine nominative singular
   2. neuter nominative/accusative plural

Old Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-inъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /i(ː)n/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /in/

Suffix

-in

1. forms adjectives

Derived terms

Old Polish terms suffixed with -in

Descendants

• Polish: -iny, -in

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• -in (Latin script)
• & (Brahmi script)
• & (Devanagari script)
• & (Bengali script)
• -ඉන් (Sinhalese script)
• & or & (Burmese script)
• & or & (Thai script)
• & (Tai Tham script)
• & or & (Lao script)
• & (Khmer script)
• & (Chakma script)

Suffix

-in

1. Adjective in -ī/-inī/-i, meaning possessing what is denoted by the base.

Usage notes

Independent vowels and vowel bearers are shown in the list of alternative forms to accord with basic grammar rules. These are converted to dependent vowels when the suffix is used.

Derived terms

Words using this suffix are listed in their own category. Note that normally only the Latin script forms are listed, as etymology sections are normally restricted to the Latin script form.

Pali terms suffixed with -in

Polish

Alternative forms

• -yn

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /in/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -in
• Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-in m inan

1. (chemistry) -ite

   ‎arsen + ‎-in → ‎arsenin

Declension

Declension of -in

	singular	plural
nominative	-in	-iny
genitive	-inu	-inów
dative	-inowi	-inom
accusative	-in	-iny
instrumental	-inem	-inami
locative	-inie	-inach
vocative	-inie	-iny

Derived terms

Polish terms suffixed with -in

Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Polish -in, from Proto-Slavic *-inъ.

Suffix

-in

1. Alternative form of -iny

Further reading

• -in in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Portuguese

Pronunciation

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈĩ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈĩ/

Suffix

-in

1. Pronunciation spelling of -inho.

Related terms

• -im, -in'

Scots

Alternative forms

• -in', -ing

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɪn/, /ɪŋ/

Etymology 1

From Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing, -ung, from Proto-West Germanic *-ingu, *-ungu.

Suffix

-in

1. Used to form present participles of verbs.
2. Used to form nouns from verbs.

Etymology 2

From Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing.

Suffix

-in

1. Forms diminutives or to form collectives.

References

• “-in, suff.”, in The Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries, 2004–present, →OCLC.

Spanish

Suffix

-in m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ines)

1. Alternative form of -ing

Tagalog

Alternative forms

• -hin
• -nin
• -rin

Etymology

From Proto-Philippine *-ən, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-ən, from Proto-Austronesian *-ən.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /in/ [ɪn̪], (colloquial) /en/ [ɛn̪]
• Rhymes: -in
• Syllabification: -in

Suffix

-in (verb-forming suffix, Baybayin spelling ᜒᜈ᜔ or ᜁᜈ᜔)

1. object trigger: to perform the action of the verb to someone or something

   Lulutuin ko ang isda. ― I will cook the fish (literally, “The fish will be cooked by me.”) (The fish is focused.)

2. directional trigger: to do something in the (physical or psychological) direction of

   Dinalaw namin ang lola ni Olivia. ― We visited the grandmother of Olivia. (literally, “Olivia's grandmother was visited by us.”) (The grandmother is focused.)

3. actor trigger: to be affected or overtaken by a condition, feeling or phenomenon

   Binabaha ang bahay niya. ― His house gets flooded. (His house is focused.)

4. object trigger: (with root word reduplication) to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there

   Iniisip ko minsan ang nakaraan ko. ― I sometimes think about my past. (literally, “My past is sometimes thought about by me.”) (My past is focused.)

Suffix

-in (adjective-forming suffix, Baybayin spelling ᜒᜈ᜔ or ᜁᜈ᜔)

1. prone to, susceptible to

   ‎lagnat (“fever”) + ‎-in → ‎lagnatin (“prone to fever”)

   ‎sakit (“illness”) + ‎-in → ‎sakitin (“prone to illness”)

Suffix

-in (noun-forming suffix, Baybayin spelling ᜒᜈ᜔ or ᜁᜈ᜔)

1. an object of the action expressed by the root

   ‎awit (“singing, song”) + ‎-in → ‎awitin (“song”)

   ‎aral (“lesson, studying”) + ‎-in → ‎aralin (“studies”)

2. (Quezon) nature and origin suffix

   ‎Quezon (“province”) + ‎-in → ‎Quezonin (“a native of Quezon”)

   ‎Sampaloc (“municipality”) + ‎-in → ‎Sampalukin (“a native of Sampaloc, Quezon”)

   ‎bayan (“town center or poblacion”) + ‎-in → ‎bayanin (“a local from the town center”)

   ‎linang (“farm or remote area”) + ‎-in → ‎linangin (“a local from the farm”)

Usage notes

• Normally, /h/ is inserted before -in when the root word ends with a vowel that is not followed by a glottal stop. In some cases, phoneme change can occur and /h/ becomes /n/.

  ‎sabi + ‎-hin → ‎sabihin

  ‎talo + ‎-nin → ‎talunin

• Sometimes, the final vowel of the root word disappears when the suffix is added.

  ‎sunod + ‎-in → ‎sundin

  ‎kamit + ‎-in → ‎kamtin

• Due to allophony, /d/ turns into /r/ when inserted before -in.

  ‎hangad + ‎-in → ‎hangarin

  ‎baligtad + ‎-in → ‎baligtarin

  ‎bayad + ‎-in → ‎bayarin

Derived terms

Tagalog terms suffixed with -in

Anagrams

• ni

Turkish

Etymology 1

From Proto-Turkic *-niŋ.

Suffix

-in

1. Genitive case suffix for the nouns which end in a consonant

   ‎öğretmen (“teacher”) + ‎-in → ‎öğretmenin (“teacher's/of the teacher”)

Usage notes

• It's used only when the word's last vowel is "e" or "i". It may change into -ün, -ın and -un according to the last vowel of the word.

  ‎yüz + ‎-ün → ‎yüzün (the last vowel is "ö" or "ü")

  ‎saç + ‎-ın → ‎saçın (the last vowel is "a" or "ı")

  ‎yol + ‎-un → ‎yolun (the last vowel is "o" or "u")

• If the word ends in "p", "ç", "t" or "k", it may change them into "b", "c", "d" and "ğ" (see below).

  ‎sebep + ‎-in → ‎sebebin

  ‎köpek + ‎-in → ‎köpeğin

  ‎çekiç + ‎-in → ‎çekicin

  ‎senet + ‎-in → ‎senedin

• It may cause the last vowel of the word dropped.

  ‎beyin + ‎-in → ‎beynin

• If the word ends in a vowel, it's used with an auxiliary consonant; "n".

  ‎peri + ‎-nin → ‎perinin

• It must be used with an apostrophe if it's appended to a proper noun. It cannot cause consonant voicing (point 3).

  ‎Canberk + ‎-in → ‎Canberk'in

Etymology 2

From Proto-Turkic *-iŋ.

Suffix

-in

1. Second-person singular possessive suffix denoting singular possession in words ending in a consonant.

   ‎ev (“house”) + ‎-in → ‎evin (“your house”)

   ‎ofis (“office”) + ‎-in → ‎ofisin (“your office”)

Usage notes

• If the noun ends in a vowel, it becomes -n

  ‎kedi + ‎-n → ‎kedin

• It's used only when the word's last vowel is "e" or "i". It may change into -ün, -ın and -un according to the last vowel of the word.

  ‎yüz + ‎-ün → ‎yüzün (the last vowel is "ö" or "ü")

  ‎saç + ‎-ın → ‎saçın (the last vowel is "a" or "ı")

  ‎yol + ‎-un → ‎yolun (the last vowel is "o" or "u")

• If the word ends in "p", "ç", "t" or "k", it may change them into "b", "c", "d" and "ğ".

  ‎sebep + ‎-in → ‎sebebin

  ‎köpek + ‎-in → ‎köpeğin

  ‎çekiç + ‎-in → ‎çekicin

  ‎senet + ‎-in → ‎senedin

• It may cause the last vowel of the word dropped.

  ‎beyin + ‎-in → ‎beynin

• It must be used with an apostrophe if it's appended to a proper noun.

  ‎Canberk + ‎-in → ‎Canberk'in

Etymology 3

Suffix

-in

2. Reflexive suffix

   ‎giy- (“to wear”) + ‎-in → ‎giyin- (“to dress oneself”)

Welsh

Etymology

From Proto-Brythonic *-in, from Proto-Celtic *-īnos, from Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɪn/
• Rhymes: -ɪn

Suffix

-in f

1. forms nouns characterised by root

   ‎hesb (“barren, sterile”) + ‎-in → ‎hesbin (“young ewe”)

   ‎crib (“comb”) + ‎-in → ‎cribin (“rake”)

2. (obsolete) forms adjectives from nouns, usually nouns of material

   ‎pridd (“soil, earth”) + ‎-in → ‎priddin (“earthen”)

   ‎aur (“gold”) + ‎-in → ‎eurin (“golden”)

   ‎lledr (“leather”) + ‎-in → ‎lledrin (“leathern”)

3. forms adjectives from other adjectives

   ‎garw (“rough”) + ‎-in → ‎gerwin (“severe, harsh”)

Usage notes

-in causes i-affection of preceding vowels, e.g., ‎aur (“gold”) + ‎-in → ‎eurin (“golden”), ‎garw (“rough”) + ‎-in → ‎gerwin (“severe, harsh”).

Derived terms

Welsh terms suffixed with -in

References

• R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-in”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

Wolof

Suffix

-in

1. forms nouns of manner

   ‎dox (“to walk”) + ‎-in → ‎doxin (“gait, walk, stride”)

   ‎sol (“to put on a garment of clothing”) + ‎-in → ‎colin (“a manner of dressing”)