Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hugjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Uncertain. Synchronically analyzable as *hugiz (“understanding, mind”) +‎ *-janą (“factitive suffix”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxuɣ.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hugjaną^[2]

to think, consider

Inflection

Conjugation of *hugjaną (weak class 3 j-present)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*hugjō	*hugjaų	—	—	—
2nd singular	*hugaisi	*hugjais	*hugai	—	—
3rd singular	*hugaiþi	*hugjai	*hugjaþau	—	—
1st dual	*hugjōs	*hugjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hugjaþiz	*hugjaiþiz	*hugjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*hugjamaz	*hugjaim	—	—	—
2nd plural	*hugaiþ	*hugjaiþ	*hugaiþ	—	—
3rd plural	*hugjanþi	*hugjain	*hugjanþau	—	—

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hugdǭ	*hugdēdį̄
2nd singular	*hugdēz	*hugdēdīz
3rd singular	*hugdē	*hugdēdī
1st dual	*hugdēdū	*hugdēdīw
2nd dual	*hugdēdudiz	*hugdēdīdiz
1st plural	*hugdēdum	*hugdēdīm
2nd plural	*hugdēdud	*hugdēdīd
3rd plural	*hugdēdun	*hugdēdīn

	present	past
participles	*hugjandz	*hugdaz

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *huggjan
- Old English: hyċġan
  - Middle English: huyen, hoyen
    - Scots: huik
- Old Saxon: huggian
  - Middle Low German: hugen, hogen, hügen, hȫgen
    - Low German: högen
- Old Dutch: *huggen
  - Middle Dutch: hōgen, huegen
    - Dutch: heugen
- Old High German: bihuggen, gihuggen
Old Norse: hyggja
- Icelandic: hyggja
- Faroese: hyggja
- Norwegian Nynorsk: hyggja, hygga
- Old Swedish: hyggia
  - Swedish: hygga
- Old Danish: hyggæ
  - Danish: hygge
    - Norwegian Bokmål: hygge
Gothic: 𐌷𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hugjan)

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hugi-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 252: “*hugjan-”
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xuʒjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 190-1

[1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hugi-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 252: “*hugjan-”

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xuʒjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 190-1

[1]

[2]