ir

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ir"

Alemannic German

Etymology

From Old High German ir, from Proto-Germanic *jīz, a variant of *jūz.

Pronunciation

• (Zürich) IPA^(key): /ir/

Pronoun

ir

1. you (plural)

Declension

Alemannic German personal pronouns

		nominative	accusative	dative	possessive m
1st person singular		ich, i	mich, mi	mir, mier, mer	min, miin
2nd person singular	familiar	du	dich, di	dir, dier, der	din, diin
	polite	Si		Ine, Ene, -ne	Ire
3rd person singular	m	er	in, en	im	sin, siin
	f	si		ire
	n	es, 's, -s		im	sin, siin
1st person plural		mir, mer	üs, öis, ois, eus		üse, öise, oise, euse
2nd person plural		ir, ier	öi, eu		öie, eure
3rd person plural		si		ine, ene, -ne	ire

Aragonese

Etymology

Inherited from Latin īre.

Verb

ir

1. go

Chuukese

Pronoun

ir

1. them

Related terms

Chuukese personal pronouns

		singular	plural
1st person		ngaang, nganga, ngang	áám, am (exclusive) kiich, kich (inclusive)
2nd person		een, en	áámi, ami
3rd person		iiy, i	iir, ir

Danish

Etymology

Either the old word for "copper" or some derivation from it: Old Danish eer (“copper”), Old Norse eir, from Proto-Germanic *aiz.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈiɐ̯], [ˈiɐ̯ˀ]

Noun

ir c (singular definite irren, not used in plural form)

1. verdigris

Elfdalian

Verb

ir

1. singular present of wårå

Galician

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese ir, from Latin īre. The forms beginning with /b/ derive from corresponding forms of Latin vādere; those beginning with /f/ derive from corresponding forms of Latin esse.

Verb

ir (first-person singular present vou, first-person singular preterite fun, past participle ido)
ir (first-person singular present vou, first-person singular preterite fum or fui, past participle ido, reintegrationist norm)

1. to go (to move to a destination) [with para or a or en ‘to somewhere’; or with ata ‘as far as somewhere’]

   A Maruxa vai na casa ― Maruxa went home.

2. (auxiliary) will; to be going to; forms the future tense [with infinitive]

   A Maruxa vai marchar ― Maruxa is going to depart.

3. (pronominal) to go; to leave; to depart

   A Maruxa foise. ― Maruxa went away.

4. to work, function, run

   —Vai ou non vai? —Non vai.

   Does that work or does it not work? No, it doesn't work.

Conjugation

    Conjugation of ir (irregular)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti)	Third-person (el / ela / Vde.)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / Vdes.)
Infinitive
Impersonal	ir
Personal	ir	ires	ir	irmos	irdes	iren
Gerund
	indo
Past participle
Masculine	ido			idos
Feminine	ida			idas
Indicative
Present	vou	vas	vai	imos	ides	van
Imperfect	ía	ías	ía	iamos	iades	ían
Preterite	fun	fuches	foi	fomos	fostes	foron
Pluperfect	fora	foras	fora	foramos	forades	foran
Future	irei	irás	irá	iremos	iredes	irán
Conditional	iría	irías	iría	iriamos	iriades	irían
Subjunctive
Present	vaia	vaias	vaia	vaiamos	vaiades	vaian
Imperfect	fose	foses	fose	fósemos	fósedes	fosen
Future	for	fores	for	formos	fordes	foren
Imperative
Affirmative		vai	vaia	vamos	ide	vaian
Negative (non)		non vaias	non vaia	non vaiamos	non vaiades	non vaian

    Reintegrated conjugation of ir (irregular) (See Appendix:Reintegrationism)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti / tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	ir
Personal	ir	ires	ir	irmos	irdes	irem
Gerund
	indo
Past participle
Masculine	ido			idos
Feminine	ida			idas
Indicative
Present	vou	vás, vais	vai	imos, vamos	ides	vam, vão
Imperfect	ia	ias	ia	íamos	íades, íeis, íais1	iam
Preterite	fum, fui	foste, foche1	foi	fomos	fostes	fôrom, foram
Pluperfect	fora	foras	fora	fôramos	fôrades, fôreis, fôrais1	foram
Future	irei	irás	irá	iremos	iredes, ireis	irám, irão
Conditional	iria	irias	iria	iríamos	iríades, iríeis, iríais1	iriam
Subjunctive
Present	vaia, vá	vaias, vás	vaia, vá	vaiamos, vamos	vaiades, vades	vaiam, vão
Imperfect	fosse	fosses	fosse	fôssemos	fôssedes, fôsseis	fossem
Future	for	fores	for	formos	fordes	forem
Imperative
Affirmative		vai	vaia, vá	vaiamos, vamos	ide	vaiam, vão
Negative (nom)		nom vaias, nom vás	nom vaia, nom vá	nom vaiamos, nom vamos	nom vaiades, nom vades	nom vaiam, nom vão

¹Less recommended.

Derived terms

• ir fóra

See also

• saír

References

• Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “ir”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “ir”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “ir”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “ir”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

Interlingua

Etymology

From Latin īre, active present infinitive of eō; which its conjugation also influenced by French aller (present indicatives vais, vas, va, and vont all from Latin vadō).

Verb

ir

1. to go

Conjugation

    Conjugation of ir

infinitive		ir
participle		present	perfect
		iente	ite
active		simple	perfect
	present	i, va	ha ite
	past	iva	habeva ite
	future	ira	habera ite
	conditional	irea	haberea ite
	imperative	i

Antonyms

• venir

Kaera

Etymology

From Proto-Alor–Pantar *jira.

Noun

ir

1. water

References

• Gary Holton and Laura Robinson, The Internal History of the Alor-Pantar language family, in The Alor-Pantar languages: History and Typology, edited by Marian Klamer
• Marian Klamer, One item, many faces: ‘come’ in Teiwa (2010, in wing & Klamer) and Kaera (2014, in Schapper)
• Gary Holton, Marian Klamer, František Kratochvíl, Laura C. Robinson, Antoinette Schapper, The Historical Relations of the Papuan Languages of Alor and Pantar, Oceanic Linguistics 2012:1

Ladino

Alternative forms

• yir

Etymology

Inherited from Old Spanish ir (“to go”), from Latin īre. The forms beginning with /b/ derive from corresponding forms of Latin vādere; those beginning with /f/ derive from corresponding forms of Latin esse.

Verb

ir (Latin spelling, Hebrew spelling איר)

1. (intransitive) to go (away from speaker and listener)

   Ey senyor, voy a esnoga.

   Hi mister, I'm going to the synagogue.

2. (said of things or people, intransitive) to be suitable or apt for its purpose, to match or suit well (of clothing)

   Este vestido no te va. ― This outfit doesn't suit you.

4. (preceding the gerund of a verb, intransitive) denotes an ongoing action with a sense of progression or movement through space or time; to go on; carry on; continue

   va kaminando

   it continues

5. (auxiliary) to be going to; used to convey the near future tense [with a (+ infinitive) ‘do something’]

   Le vo dizir. ― I am going to tell him.

6. (intransitive) used with a hortative value to encourage or urge action; let's

   No vayamos mas leshos. ― Let's go no further.

Latgalian

Etymology

Shortened form of irā, from Proto-Baltic *irā. Akin to Latvian ir.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ir/
• Hyphenation: ir

Verb

ir

1. third-person indicative present of byut

Usage notes

• ir is mostly used in unstressed positions, while irā is mostly common for stressed positions in the sentence.

References

• Nicole Nau (2011) A short grammar of Latgalian, München: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 48

Latin

Alternative forms

• hir

Etymology

Cognate with Ancient Greek χείρ (kheír).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ir/, [ɪr]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ir/, [ir]

Noun

ir n sg (indeclinable, no genitive)

1. (rare, anatomy) hand

Declension

Not declined; used only in the nominative and accusative singular, singular only.

	singular
nominative	ir
genitive	—
dative	—
accusative	ir
ablative	—
vocative	—

Synonyms

• (hand): manus

References

• “ir”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• ir in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.

Latvian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Baltic *irā (cf. dialectal, archaic forms irād, iraid, irāg, and also Lithuanian yrà, which existed alongside *esti (cf. Old Church Slavonic єстъ (estŭ), Russian есть (jestʹ), Lithuanian dialectal ẽsti, Old Prussian ast), initially with basically existential (“there is”) meaning, but later on extending to all copular meanings, thus replacing *esti. In Sudovian, also the first person form irm (“I am”) is derived from this stem. The origin of Proto-Baltic *irā is, however, unclear. Various sources have been proposed: an older interjection (cf. Lithuanian aurè (“look!”)), the particle and conjunction ir (“both... and...”), a noun with the meaning “existence,” “reality,” “thing,” or even (more recently) the Proto-Indo-European secondary third-person verbal ending *-r with a later -ā-extension.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ir]

Verb

ir

1. (he, she, it) is; third-person singular present indicative of būt
2. (they) are; third-person plural present indicative of būt
3. (with the particle lai) let (him, her, it) be; third-person singular imperative of būt
4. (with the particle lai) let them be; third-person plural imperative of būt

Etymology 2

From Proto-Baltic *ir, from the reduced grade *h₂r̥ of Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (“so, then; question particle”) (whence also Latvian ar (“with”); see there for more). The original meaning “and” (compare Lithuanian cognate) is found in 16th- and 17th-century texts, but from the 18th century on ir was no longer used in this sense. Cognates include Lithuanian ir̃ (“and”), Old Prussian ir (“also”), er (“(along) with”), Ancient Greek ἄρα, ἄρ', ῥά (ára, ár', rhá, “so, then, therefore”).

Conjunction

ir

2. additive conjunction used to join several similar sentence elements, indicating their similar nature: both ... and ..., ... and also ..., ... as well as ...

   gribējas ir smieties, ir raudāt ― one wanted both to laugh and to cry

   nāca ir jaunie, ir vecie ― both the young and the old came

   tolaik ir tēvs, ir māte bija miruši ― at that time, both the father and the mother had died

   tā bija droša, interesanta un glīta meitene, kas prata būt ir jautra, ir nopietna ― that was a brave, fun (lit. interesting) and pretty girl, who knew how to be both cheerful and serious

   nakts kā jau nakts: ir mēness spīd, ir tālē rūsa plaiksnī ― the night is like the night (= as usual): the moon shines and also in the distance silent lightning flashes

Synonyms

• kā ... tā ...
• gan ... gan ...

Particle

ir

1. used to mark connection and emphasis, reinforcement; syn. arī

   Ludis nolēca lielā dubļu pančkā un tur ir palika, ratiem pakaļ skatīdamies ― Ludis jumped into a big mud puddle and there also he stayed, looking ahead at the cart

   Dūdums pateica: “man vēl laika diezgan”, un pārliecināt viņu par piegādes normu nodošanu pirms termiņa tā ir neizdevās — Dūdums said: “I still have enough time,” and also, so it was impossible to convince him about the rules for delivery before the deadline

2. used to mark emphasis, to reinforce; syn. pat: really, even

   tas viņam ir prātā nenāk ― that doesn't even come to his mind

   krūmos ir pa naktīm guļot, pilsētā viņš parādoties reti ― really sleeping at night in the bushes, he appeared rarely in the city

Synonyms

• arī
• pat

Lithuanian

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ir (“and, also”), compare Latvian ir, Old Prussian ir (“and, even”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥- (“thus, so”); compare Ancient Greek ἄρα (ára, “so, then, consequently”). If the original meaning was "fittingly, accordingly", the root may be identical to *h₂er- (“fit together”), see artì (“near”) for more.

Proto-Slavic *i (“and, even”) is probably not related.

Conjunction

ir̃

1. (coordinating, cumulative) and, too
2. (coordinating, illative) and, so

   Bùvo gražùs óras, ir̃ mẽs nùtarėme keliáuti. - the weather was nice, and (=so) we decided to travel.

3. (coordinating, correlative) both … and …

Particle

ir̃

1. (emphatic) even, and

   Mán ir̃ tõ nepavỹko padarýt! - I didn't even manage that!

2. (emphatic) exactly, just, precisely

   Jìs ir̃ yrà tàs žmogùs, apiẽ kùrį kal̃bame. - It's him that we're talking about

3. (interrogative) and, so

   Nà, ir̃ kàs! - So what!

Related terms

• ar
• irgi
• ir kas

Middle Dutch

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *jiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *jūz. Compare German ihr.

Pronoun

ir

1. ye, you (plural) (only in Southeastern texts)

Further reading

ir - instituut voor de Nederlandse taal

Middle English

Etymology 1

Determiner

ir

1. Alternative form of hire (“her”)

Pronoun

ir

1. Alternative form of hire (“hers”)

Etymology 2

Pronoun

ir

1. Alternative form of hire (“her”)

Middle High German

Etymology

From Old High German ir, from Proto-West Germanic *jiʀ, variant of Proto-Germanic *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ir/

Pronoun

ir

1. you: nominative plural of du

Descendants

• Alemannic German: ir
• Bavarian:
  • Cimbrian: iar, iart (Luserna)
  • Mòcheno: ir
• Central Franconian: ühr, ihr, dihr (d- from verb ending by rebracketing)
  • Hunsrik: deer
  • Luxembourgish: dir
• German: ihr
• Rhine Franconian:
  • Pennsylvania German: dihr
• Yiddish: איר (ir), איהר (ihr) — Daytshmerish

Mòcheno

Etymology

From Middle High German ir, from Old High German ir, from Proto-West Germanic *jiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *jīz. Cognate with German ihr, English ye.

Pronoun

ir

1. you (plural)

Inflection

Personal pronouns
	singular	plural
1st person	i	biar
2nd person	du	ir
3rd person	er, si, s	sei

References

• “ir” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.

Old High German

Alternative forms

• ier, er, aer, gi

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *jiʀ, variant of Proto-Germanic *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́.

Pronoun

ir

1. you (second-person plural pronoun)
2. (polite) you (second-person singular pronoun)
   • late 9th century, Otfrid of Weissenburg, Letter to Bishop Salomo of Constance v. 5-7:

     Lékza ih therara búachi / iu sentu in suábo richi,
     thaz ir irkíaset ubar ál, / oba siu frúma wesan scal;
     Oba ir hiar fíndet iawiht thés / thaz wírdig ist thes lésannes:

     I send to you in Swabia the selection of books,
     so that you can decide above all if it will be useful;
     [and] if you find here something that is worthy of being read.
     (quoted in and tr. by Horst J. Simon in Taavitsainen & Jucker 2003:88)

Usage notes

Some speakers of Old High German appear to have contrasted the "polite" singular (plural forms) with the regular, informal singular (singular forms), as in Modern German Sie versus du. This distinction is however not well-attested, and may have been regional, genre-dependent, or only in late Old High German.

Inflection

Old High German personal pronouns

Number	Person	Gender	Nominative	Genitive	Dative	Accusative
Singular	First		ih (ihha, ihcha)	mīn	mir	mih
	Second		dū	dīn	dir	dih
	Third	Masculine	er (her)	(sīn)	imu, imo	inan, in
		Feminine	siu; sī, si	ira (iru, iro)	iru, iro	sia
		Neuter	iz	es, is	imu, imo	iz
Plural	First		wir	unsēr	uns	unsih
	Second		ir	iuwēr	iu	iuwih
	Third	Masculine	sie	iro	im, in	sie
		Feminine	sio	iro	im, in	sio
		Neuter	siu	iro	im, in	siu
Polite form	Second		ir	iuwēr	iu	iuwih

Descendants

• Middle High German: ir
  • Alemannic German: ir
  • Bavarian:
    • Cimbrian: iar, iart (Luserna)
    • Mòcheno: ir
  • Central Franconian: ühr, ihr, dihr (d- from verb ending by rebracketing)
    • Hunsrik: deer
    • Luxembourgish: dir
  • German: ihr
  • Rhine Franconian:
    • Pennsylvania German: dihr
  • Yiddish: איר (ir), איהר (ihr) — Daytshmerish

References

1. Armitage, Lionel. (1911) An Introduction to the study of Old High German, p 200.

Old Swedish

Alternative forms

• ī, ᛁᚱ

Etymology

From Old East Norse *īʀ (compare West Norse ér), from Proto-Germanic *jīz, variant of *jūz.

Pronoun

īr

1. you (plural)

Declension

Old Swedish personal pronouns

	first person	second person	reflexive	third person
				masculine	feminine	neuter
singular
nominative	iak, iæk	þū	—	han	hōn	þæt
accusative	mik, mek	þik	sik	han	hana, hōna	þæt
dative	mǣ(r), mik	þǣ(r), þik	sǣ(r), sik	hōnum, hānum	hænni	þȳ, þī
genitive	mīn	þīn	sīn	hans	hænna(r)	þæs
dual
nominative	vit	it	—	—	—	—
accusative	oker	*iker	sik	—	—	—
dative	oker	*iker	sǣr, sik	—	—	—
genitive	okar	*ikar	sīn	—	—	—
plural
nominative	vī(r)	ī(r)	—	þē(r)	þā(r)	þø̄n, þē(n)
accusative	os, ōs	iþer	sik	þā	þā(r)	þø̄n, þē(n)
dative	os, ōs	iþer	sǣr, sik	þēm, þø̄m, þom	þēm, þø̄m, þom	þēm, þø̄m, þom
genitive	vār	iþar	sīn	þēra	þēra	þēra

Descendants

• Swedish: I, ni (← hafven I)

Old Welsh

Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Celtic *sindos.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ir/

Article

ir

1. (definite article) the
   • 9th c., Oxoniensis Prior (Bodleian Library, Oxford), v. 234:

     ir pimphet eterin

     the fifth bird

Descendants

• Middle Welsh: y, yr, 'r
  • Welsh: y, yr, 'r

Portuguese

Alternative forms

• hir (obsolete)
• yr (obsolete)

Etymology

Inherited from Latin īre. The forms beginning with /v/ derive from corresponding forms of Latin vādere; those beginning with /f/ derive from corresponding forms of Latin esse.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈi(ʁ)/ [ˈi(h)]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈi(ʁ)/ [ˈi(h)]
  • (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /ˈi(ɾ)/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /ˈi(ʁ)/ [ˈi(χ)]
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈi(ɻ)/

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈiɾ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈiɾ/
  • (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈi.ɾi/

• Homophones: i, e (with -r dropping)
• Hyphenation: ir

Verb

ir (first-person singular present vou, first-person singular preterite fui, past participle ido)

2. to go (to move to a destination) [with para or a or em ‘to somewhere’; or with até ‘as far as somewhere’]

   Vamos a pé?

   Do we go on foot?

   Eles foram ao centro comercial.

   They went to the shopping centre.

   Queríamos ir para casa.

   We wanted to go home.

4. (auxiliary) will; to be going to; forms the future tense [with infinitive]

   Vou comprar um sapato.

   I will buy a shoe.

   Nós não íamos fazer nada.

   We weren’t going to do anything.

6. (auxiliary) to keep on; to go on; ~ on; forms the continuative aspect [with gerund]

   A água vai escorrendo até acabar.

   The water keeps on leaking until it is all gone.

8. (pronominal) to go; to leave; to depart

   Os homens já se foram todos.

   All the men have left already.

10. to attend; to go to (to be present in an event) [with para or em or a ‘an event’]

    Sinto muito, não poderei ir à sua festa.

    I’m sorry, I won’t be able to go to your party.

12. (intransitive) to go on until; to last to [with até ‘a specified time’]

    A batalha foi até as duas da manhã.

    The battle went on until two AM.

14. to do; to fare (to have a good or bad result) [with em ‘a result’]

    Fui muito mal em quase todas as provas.

    I did very bad in nearly all the tests.

16. (intransitive) to be doing; formula used in greetings [with adverb]

    “Como vai?” “Vou bem, obrigado.”

    “How are you doing?” “I am doing fine, thanks.”

18. (pronominal) to be gone, be on the blink, on the fritz (depleted, destroyed; no longer usable)

    Porcaria! Minha TV se foi.

    Damn it! My TV is gone.

20. (euphemistic, pronominal) to leave (to die); to depart (to die)

    Uma oração para os que já se foram.

    A prayer for those who have already left us.

22. (intransitive) to go (to begin an action or process)

    Um, dois, três, vai!

    One, two, three, go!

    O sinal verde ainda não foi!

    The green light still didn’t light up.

    Vamos!

    Get on with it!

24. (intransitive) to match; to go with (to form a good combination with) [with com ‘someone/something’]

    Este casaco não vai bem com os sapatos.

    This jacket doesn't go well with the shoes.

26. (intransitive) to like or tolerate [with com ‘someone/something’]

    Parece que ninguém vai comigo.

    It seems nobody likes me.

28. (intransitive) to follow (to take into account when making choices) [with por]

    Vai pela razão, não pelos sentimentos.

    Follow reason, not feelings.

    Se a luz não acender, pode encontrar o livro indo pelo tato.

    If the light doesn’t turn on, you can find the book by following your sense of touch.

    Vai por mim.

    Trust me.

29. (intransitive) to range (to encompass values between two given extremes) [with de ‘from’ and a ‘to’]

    As perguntas iam do fácil ao difícil.

    The questions ranged from easy to difficult.

31. (poker, intransitive) to call (to match the amount of chips in the pot)
    • 2012, Luís Fernando Veríssimo, “Os pêssegos”, in Diálogos Impossíveis, Rio de Janeiro: Editora Objetiva, →ISBN, page 29:

      Não se ouvia mais nada, além dos ruídos naturais do pôquer. O clicar das fichas. Frases curtas: "Dou cartas." "Vou." "Não vou." "Pago pra ver." "Não é possível!"

      (please add an English translation of this quotation)

32. (reflexive) to depart; to leave

    Synonyms: ir embora, sair

33. (reflexive, euphemistic) to pass away; to depart; to die

    Synonyms: falecer, morrer

Usage notes

The use of auxiliary ir with lexical ir (e.g. Eu vou ir para casa “I'm going to go home”) is sometimes proscribed. A single ir (Eu vou para casa, even though this also means the present “I'm going home”) or the future tense form (Eu irei para casa, which is rather formal) can be used instead.

Usually used in the preterite and with the pronoun preceding the verb:

Ele se foi.

He departed.

Elas se foram.

They departed.

Conjugation

    Conjugation of ir (irregular) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	ir
Personal	ir	ires	ir	irmos	irdes	irem
Gerund
	indo
Past participle
Masculine	ido			idos
Feminine	ida			idas
Indicative
Present	vou	vais	vai	vamos	ides	vão
Imperfect	ia	ias	ia	íamos	íeis	iam
Preterite	fui	foste	foi	fomos	fostes	foram
Pluperfect	fora	foras	fora	fôramos	fôreis	foram
Future	irei	irás	irá	iremos	ireis	irão
Conditional	iria	irias	iria	iríamos	iríeis	iriam
Subjunctive
Present	vá	vás	vá	vamos	vades	vão
Imperfect	fosse	fosses	fosse	fôssemos	fôsseis	fossem
Future	for	fores	for	formos	fordes	forem
Imperative
Affirmative		vai	vá	vamos	ide	vão
Negative (não)		não vás	não vá	não vamos	não vades	não vão

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:ir.

Synonyms

• (go): andar
• (leave): partir

Derived terms

• ir ao cu

 

Romansch

Alternative forms

• eir (Surmiran)

Etymology

Inherited from Latin īre. The forms beginning with /v/ derive from corresponding conjugations of vādere, and those beginning with /m/ presumably from meāre.

Verb

ir

1. (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Sutsilvan, Puter, Vallader) go

Conjugation

    Conjugation of ir (Sursilvan)

infinitive			ir
gerund			mond
past participle			iu
	singular			plural
	1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative	jeu	ti	el/ella	nus	vus	els/ellas
present	mon	vas	va	mein	meis	van
imperfect	evel	evas	eva	evan	evas	evan
future	vegnel a ir	vegns a ir	vegn a ir	vegnin a ir	vegnis a ir	vegnan a ir
conditional	jeu	ti	el/ella	nus	vus	els/ellas
direct present	mass	masses	mass	massen	masses	massen
indirect present	massi	massies	massi	massien	massies	massien
direct future	vegness a ir	vegnesses a ir	vegness a ir	vegnessen a ir	vegnesses a ir	vegnessen a ir
indirect future	vegnessi a ir	vegnessies a ir	vegnessi a ir	vegnessien a ir	vegnessies a ir	vegnessien a ir
subjunctive	che jeu	che ti	ch'el/ch'ella	che nus	che vus	ch'els/ch'ellas
present	mondi	mondies	mondi	meien	meies	mondien
past	evi	evies	evi	evien	evies	evien
future	vegni a ir	vegnies a ir	vegni a ir	vegnîen a ir	vegnîes a ir	vegnien a ir
imperative	—	ti	—	—	vus	—
		va			mei

    Conjugation of ir (Grischun)

infinitive			ir
gerund			giond
past participle			ì
	singular			plural
	1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative	jeu	ti	el/ella	nus	vus	els/ellas
present	vom	vas	va	giain	giais	van
imperfect	gieva	gievas	gieva	gievan	gievas	gievan
future	vegnel a ir	vegns a ir	vegn a ir	vegnin a ir	vegnis a ir	vegnan a ir
conditional	jeu	ti	el/ella	nus	vus	els/ellas
present	giess	giesses	giess	giessen	giesses	giessen
future	vegness a ir	vegnesses a ir	vegness a ir	vegnessen a ir	vegnesses a ir	vegnessen a ir
subjunctive	che jeu	che ti	ch'el/ch'ella	che nus	che vus	ch'els/ch'ellas
present	giaja	giajas	giaja	giajan	giajas	giajan
future	vegni a ir	vegnies a ir	vegni a ir	vegnîen a ir	vegnîes a ir	vegnien a ir
imperative	—	ti	—	—	vus	—
		va			giai

Scots

Verb

ir

1. (Southern Scots) Second-person simple present form of to be
2. (Southern Scots) Plural simple present form of to be

See also

• im
• is

Spanish

Etymology

Inherited from Latin īre. The forms beginning with /b/ derive from corresponding forms of Latin vādere; those beginning with /f/ derive from corresponding forms of Latin esse.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈiɾ/ [ˈiɾ]
• Rhymes: -iɾ
• Syllabification: ir

Verb

ir (first-person singular present voy, first-person singular preterite fui, past participle ido)

1. (intransitive) to go (away from speaker and listener)

   Nos gusta ir al cine. ― We like to go to the movies.

2. (said of things or people, intransitive) to be suitable or apt for its purpose, to match or suit well (of clothing)

   Una blusa negra no le va a esa falda. ― A black blouse doesn't suit that skirt.

3. (intransitive) to head towards or lead to a place away from the speaker

   Este camino va a la aldea. ― This road leads to the village

4. (said of a thing, intransitive) to extend in time or space, from one point to another

   Esta red va de un lado del campo al otro.

   this net extends from one side of the field to the other

   El evento va de las 9 de la mañana hasta las 5 de la tarde.

   The event extends from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.

5. (intransitive, card games) to play

   Juan estaba seguro de su mano, así que decidió ir con todo.

   Juan was confident in his hand, so he decided to go all in.

   Si no estás seguro de tu baraja, es mejor no ir en esta ronda.

   If you're not confident about your deck, it's better not to play this round

6. (intransitive) to approach or consider (something) from a specific angle, or to direct attention towards a particular goal

   Si por honestidad va, ¿qué cosa más honesta que la virtud? Ahora va de veras.

   If it's about honesty, what could be more honest than virtue? Now I am serious.

   ir en serio — ir de veras — ir de verdad

   be serious about something, make a real attempt at something

8. (preceding the gerund of a verb, intransitive) denotes an ongoing action with a sense of progression or movement through space or time; to go on, to carry on

   Voy caminando.

   I go on walking

9. (preceding the gerund of a verb, intransitive) an action or process is beginning to occur or unfold; to grow (dark), get (cloudy)

   Va anocheziendo. ― It starts to get dark

10. (colloquial, commonly paired with pues, intransitive) used ironically with certain adjectives or passive participles

    Pues ya vas tu preparado para el exámen!.

    Well, you're ready for the exam! (implying that you are not prepared at all for the exam)

11. (auxiliary)
    2. used with the past participle of transitive verbs to indicate undergoing the action of the verb

       Ella va atormentada.

       She goes tormented (the fact of her being in a state of torment which isn't self imposed, she undergoes externally imposed torment)

    4. used with the past participle of reflexive verbs to indicate being in a state caused by the verb

       Ir arrepentido. ― Being remorseful

       Ir apresurado. ― Being in a hurry

       Él va enojado. ― He is angry

    5. (auxiliary) to be going to; used to convey the near future tense [with a (+ infinitive) ‘do something’]

       Voy a decirle la verdad. ― I am going to tell her the truth.

12. (intransitive, said of a thing, especially a sum of money) to be staked or bet in a dispute or competition (only used in the third-person singular present indicative form van to entice someone to engage in a bet)

    Van cinco euros a que gana el Madrid ― I bet five euros that Madrid will win the match

13. (intransitive) used with a hortative value to encourage or urge action; let's

    Vamos a trabajar ― . Let's get working

14. (intransitive, imperfective only) to habitually happen on a specific day or occasion; to habitually go

    En verano, vamos a la playa. ― In summer, we go to the beach.

15. (intransitive) used to describe the manner in which someone behaves or acts under specific conditions [with con (+ abstract noun)]

    ir con cuidado ― to be careful (literally, “to go with carefulness”)

16. (intransitive) indicates an inclination towards a particular profession or career path, especially one that is perceived in other people based on their current skills or personality

    Este niño va para médico. ― This child will become a doctor (perceived by the speaker).

17. (intransitive) indicates the pursuit of a particular career or vocation [with por ‘career or vocation’]

    Ella va por la música. ― She is pursuing a career in music

18. (intransitive) to go fetch [with por ‘something’ and a ‘somewhere’]

    Voy por leche al supermercado. ― I'm going to the supermarket to get milk.

19. (intransitive, of an element of a language) indicates adherence to a specific linguistic pattern or rules, like conjugation

    Esa palabra solo va en plural. ― That word is only used in the plural.

20. (intransitive) to come (towards or with the listener)

    Quiero ir contigo.

    I want to come with you.

    Iré a tu casa.

    I'll come to your house.

21. (reflexive) to go away, to leave, to depart, to go (when the destination is not essential; when something or someone is going somewhere else)

    Synonyms: andarse, marcharse

    Lo siento. Tengo que irme.

    I'm sorry. I have to leave.

    Él se va a salvar al mundo otra vez.

    He's off to save the world again.

22. (reflexive) to leak out (with liquids and gasses), to boil away, to go flat (gas in drinks)
23. (reflexive) to overflow
24. (reflexive) to go out (lights)
25. (reflexive) to finish, to wear out, to disappear (e.g. money, paint, pains, mechanical parts)
26. (reflexive) to die
27. (reflexive, informal) to break wind, to fart
28. (reflexive, informal) to wet/soil oneself (i.e., urinate or defecate in one's pants)
29. (reflexive, vulgar) to come, to cum, to ejaculate, to orgasm

Usage notes

• ir is similar to estar in many senses.
  • Estar + gerund expresses the fact that the action of the verb is happening on the immediate present, with no inherent sense of past or future movement through time or space. It's the standard and more common expression.
  • "Ella está cantando" (She is singing) could imply:
    • Current Action (She is singing right now)
    • Continuous State (She is currently engaged in an event where she regularly sings, but might not be doing so at the moment)
    • (now (dated) or (formal)): Habitual action "she sings in the morning every day"
  • ir + gerund expresses a kind of iterative or durative aspect. It emphasizes that the action involves movement or change over time, particularly along a longer process or journey, one that will usually be continued into the future. It is less common in casual speech and is mostly found in formal or literary works.
  • "Ella va cantando" (She goes on singing) could imply:
    • She is moving and singing, either simultaneously or independently (She could move, stop to sing, and then continue moving). Either moving and singing with no defined direction through different locations (She goes around singing wherever she is) or along a specified path.
    • The continuous and habitual nature and development of the action over the past, present and often future (She sings little by little and improves over time) Emphasizes progression and the gradual unfolding of a habitual action.

• The basic meaning "go" applies to any kind of animate or inanimate motion: walk, ride, sail, fly, etc.

Conjugation

• In contemporary Spanish, the first-person plural affirmative imperative form of ir is usually vamos; the alternative form vayamos, while not proscribed by the Royal Spanish Academy, is used almost exclusively in literary language and otherwise considered archaic. However, vayamos remains in use for the (first-person plural) present subjunctive and negative imperative forms (the use of vamos in these cases is nonstandard). This makes ir the only Spanish verb for which the two first-person plural imperative forms (i.e., the affirmative and the negative) are not identical.
• The verb does not have a standardised voseo form in the second-person singular imperative – instead, the imperative of andar (which has the form andá) is usually used in its place by voseo speakers. The form i is sometimes used as well, though this is considered nonstandard.
• It is also the only verb in Spanish in which the verb-final -d is not fully elided when the affirmative imperative vosotros form is combined with the pronominal suffix os. The correct form for id+os is either idos or iros; the more predictable form íos (analogous to such forms in other -ir verbs) had been in use in the past, but is viewed as nonstandard today.
• In the preterite indicative and the imperfect and future subjunctive, the conjugation of ir is identical to that of ser ("to be"). Thus, for example, yo fui can mean either "I went" or "I was", depending on context.

    Conjugation of ir (irregular) (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)

infinitive			ir
gerund			yendo
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		ido		ida
		plural		idos		idas
		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	voy	vas	va	vamos	vais	van
	imperfect	iba	ibas	iba	íbamos	ibais	iban
	preterite	fui	fuiste	fue	fuimos	fuisteis	fueron
	future	iré	irás	irá	iremos	iréis	irán
	conditional	iría	irías	iría	iríamos	iríais	irían
subjunctive		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	vaya	vayastú vayásvos2	vaya	vayamos	vayáis	vayan
	imperfect (ra)	fuera	fueras	fuera	fuéramos	fuerais	fueran
	imperfect (se)	fuese	fueses	fuese	fuésemos	fueseis	fuesen
	future1	fuere	fueres	fuere	fuéremos	fuereis	fueren
imperative		—	tú vos	usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ustedes
	affirmative		vetú andávos	vaya	vamos, vayamos	id	vayan
	negative		no vayas	no vaya	no vayamos	no vayáis	no vayan

¹Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
²Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

    Selected combined forms of ir (irregular)

These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
with infinitive ir	dative	irme	irte	irle, irse	irnos	iros	irles, irse
	accusative	irme	irte	irlo, irla, irse	irnos	iros	irlos, irlas, irse
with gerund yendo	dative	yéndome	yéndote	yéndole, yéndose	yéndonos	yéndoos	yéndoles, yéndose
	accusative	yéndome	yéndote	yéndolo, yéndola, yéndose	yéndonos	yéndoos	yéndolos, yéndolas, yéndose
with informal second-person singular tú imperative ve	dative	veme	vete	vele	venos	not used	veles
	accusative	veme	vete	velo, vela	venos	not used	velos, velas
with informal second-person singular vos imperative andá	dative	andame	andate	andale	andanos	not used	andales
	accusative	andame	andate	andalo, andala	andanos	not used	andalos, andalas
with formal second-person singular imperative vaya	dative	váyame	not used	váyale, váyase	váyanos	not used	váyales
	accusative	váyame	not used	váyalo, váyala, váyase	váyanos	not used	váyalos, váyalas
with first-person plural imperative vamos, vayamos	dative	not used	vámoste, vayámoste	vámosle, vayámosle	vámonos, vayámonos	vámoos, vayámoos	vámosles, vayámosles
	accusative	not used	vámoste, vayámoste	vámoslo, vayámoslo, vámosla, vayámosla	vámonos, vayámonos	vámoos, vayámoos	vámoslos, vayámoslos, vámoslas, vayámoslas
with informal second-person plural imperative id	dative	idme	not used	idle	idnos	idos, iros	idles
	accusative	idme	not used	idlo, idla	idnos	idos, iros	idlos, idlas
with formal second-person plural imperative vayan	dative	váyanme	not used	váyanle	váyannos	not used	váyanles, váyanse
	accusative	váyanme	not used	váyanlo, váyanla	váyannos	not used	váyanlos, váyanlas, váyanse

    Conjugation of irse (irregular) (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)

infinitive			irse
gerund			yéndose
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		ido		ida
		plural		idos		idas
		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
personal non-finite		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	infinitive	irme	irte	irse	irnos	iros	irse
	gerund	yéndome	yéndote	yéndose	yéndonos	yéndoos	yéndose
indicative		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	me voy	te vas	se va	nos vamos	os vais	se van
	imperfect	me iba	te ibas	se iba	nos íbamos	os ibais	se iban
	preterite	me fui	te fuiste	se fue	nos fuimos	os fuisteis	se fueron
	future	me iré	te irás	se irá	nos iremos	os iréis	se irán
	conditional	me iría	te irías	se iría	nos iríamos	os iríais	se irían
subjunctive		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	me vaya	te vayastú te vayásvos2	se vaya	nos vayamos	os vayáis	se vayan
	imperfect (ra)	me fuera	te fueras	se fuera	nos fuéramos	os fuerais	se fueran
	imperfect (se)	me fuese	te fueses	se fuese	nos fuésemos	os fueseis	se fuesen
	future1	me fuere	te fueres	se fuere	nos fuéremos	os fuereis	se fueren
imperative		—	tú vos	usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ustedes
	affirmative		vetetú andatevos	váyase	vámonos, vayámonos	idos, iros	váyanse
	negative		no te vayas	no se vaya	no nos vayamos	no os vayáis	no se vayan

¹Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
²Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

Derived terms

• agua va
• ahí va
• al ahí se va
• cosas que van y vienen
• cuando tú vas yo vengo de regreso
• ir a buscar
• ir a lo seguro (“to play it safe”)
• ir a más
• ir a medias
• ir a menos
• ir a parar
• ir a por (“to go get, to fetch; to go for, to come for”)
• ir al grano
• ir cada uno por su lado
• ir de
• ir de compras
• ir de copas
• ir de primero
• ir de putas
• ir de segundo
• ir del bracero
• ir del bracete
• ir demasiado lejos
• ir en serio (“to get serious, to be serious; to mean it”)
• ir en top
• ir para largo
• ir preso
• ires y venires
• irse a fondo
• irse a hacer gárgaras
• irse a la cama
• irse a la verga
• irse al cuerno
• irse al tacho
• irse chuco
• irse de culo
• irse de este mundo
• irse de las manos
• irse de vareta
• irse la fuerza por la boca
• írsele el avión
• írsele el pájaro
• írsele la onda
• ni ir ni venir
• no va más
• no vaya a ser que
• qué va
• quién va
• sin ir más lejos
• va de cuento
• vamos al caso
• vamos hablando
• vaya con Dios
• vaya por caso
• vete a chingar
• vete con Dios
• voy y vengo
• ¿dónde va Vicente? donde va la gente

 

See also

• andar
• caminar
• ser (common preterite verb forms)
• marchar

Further reading

• “ir”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

Sumerian

Romanization

ir

1. Romanization of 𒅕 (ir)

Welsh

Etymology

From Proto-Brythonic *ir (compare Cornish yr), from Proto-Celtic *ɸūros (compare Irish úr), from Proto-Indo-European *puHrós, from Proto-Indo-European *pewH- (“to be clean, pure”). Doublet of pur.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /iːr/
• Rhymes: -iːr

Adjective

ir (feminine singular ir, plural irion, equative ired, comparative irach, superlative iraf)

1. raw, unprocessed
2. fresh, succulent

Mutation

Mutated forms of ir

radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
ir	unchanged	unchanged	hir

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

• R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “ir”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

Yapese

Pronoun

ir

1. Third-person singular pronoun; he, she, it