jꜣd

Egyptian

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /iɑd/
  • Conventional anglicization: iad

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (intransitive) to suffer
2. (intransitive) to experience a lack or deficiency (+ ḥr: of)
3. (transitive) to torment, to hurt, to make suffer

Inflection

Conjugation of jꜣd (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: jꜣd, geminated stem: jꜣdd

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
jꜣd	jꜣdw, jꜣd	jꜣdt	jꜣd	jꜣd

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
jꜣd	ḥr jꜣd	m jꜣd	r jꜣd

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	jꜣd.n	jꜣdw, jꜣd	consecutive	jꜣd.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	jꜣdt
perfective3	jꜣd	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	jꜣd.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	jꜣd	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	jꜣd	jꜣdd	potentialis1	jꜣd.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	jꜣd	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	jꜣd.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	jꜣd	active + .tj1, .tw2	jꜣd	jꜣd, jꜣdw5, jꜣdy5
imperfective	jꜣd, jꜣdy, jꜣdw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	jꜣd, jꜣdj6, jꜣdy6	jꜣd, jꜣdw5
prospective	jꜣd, jꜣdtj7	—	jꜣdtj4, jꜣdt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jꜣd  

jꜣd

Derived terms

• jꜣdw

Noun

 m

1. Alternative form of jꜣdw (“pestilence”)

Inflection

Declension of jꜣd (masculine)

singular	jꜣd
dual	jꜣdwj
plural	jꜣdw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jꜣd  

jꜣd	jꜣd	jꜣd
[18th Dynasty]	[18th Dynasty]	[Late Egyptian]

References

• “jꜣd (lemma ID 21140)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[2], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 35.9–35.12
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 9