joka

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See also: jokā, jōka, and jōkā

Basque

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): (Navarro-Lapurdian) /ɟoka/ [ɟo.ka]
 
  • IPA(key): (Gipuzkoan) /xoka/ [xo.ka]
  • IPA(key): (Biscayan) /d͡ʒoka/ [d͡ʒo.ka]
  • IPA(key): (Navarrese) /joka/ [jo.ka]

  • Rhymes: -oka
  • Hyphenation: jo‧ka

Etymology 1

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From jo (“to hit”) +‎ -ka.

Adverb

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joka (not comparable)

  1. hitting, punching

Etymology 2

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Verb

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joka

  1. Short form of jokatu (“to play”).

Further reading

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  • “joka”, in Euskaltzaindiaren Hiztegia [Dictionary of the Basque Academy], Euskaltzaindia
  • “joka”, in Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia [General Basque Dictionary], Euskaltzaindia, 1987–2005

Finnish

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Etymology

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From Proto-Finnic *joka, from Proto-Finno-Permic *jo. The nominative and genitive singular forms, which would have otherwise been monosyllabic, have been extended with -ka (as with kuka and mikä). Related to Karelian joka, Votic jõka, Northern Sami juohkẹ, juogọ, Erzya ю- (ju-) in юза-тоза (juza-toza, “back and forth”), Eastern Mari южо (južo, “some”) and Western Mari юж (juž, “some”).

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈjokɑ/, [ˈjo̞kɑ̝]
  • Audio:(file)
  • Rhymes: -okɑ
  • Syllabification(key): jo‧ka

Pronoun

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joka

  1. (relative) who, which, that (see usage notes)

Usage notes

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  • (relative):
    • joka refers only to the previous word or phrase, as opposed to a whole clause, in which case mikä is used.[1]
      Ostin uuden puhelimen, joka on toiminut hyvin. ("that" refers to the phone)
      I bought a new phone that has been working well.
      Ostin uuden puhelimen, mikä oli ihan hyvä kokemus. ("which" refers to the act of buying a phone)
      I bought a new phone, which was quite a good experience.
      Tässä on mies, joka sen teki.
      This is the man who did it.
      En tiedä, mitä hän haluaa. (no referent in the preceding clause)
      I don't know what he wants.
    • In colloquial usage, this distinction is usually not as clear-cut. Using the wrong relative pronoun is however seen as incorrect, e.g. in schools.
    • If the previous word is a pronoun not referring to a person, there exists variation between joka and mikä. In general, the former is used with more concrete or specifically defined concepts, while the latter is used with more abstract, less defined concepts. With locations, both joka and mikä can be used. With persons, joka is always used.
      se, jonka ostin ― the one that I bought
      se, mikä on tehtävä ― that which must be done
      se, joka ei sääntöjä noudata ― that who does not obey the rules
      paikka, jossa kävimme / paikka, missä kävimme ― the place (that) we visited
  • In many Eastern Finnish dialects, the indeclinable stem -ka is extended to all forms. These can occur in standard Finnish on occasion, but are considered colloquial or dialectal.
    joidenka, jotenka, joihinka, jonneka

Inflection

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Irregular. Some cases are practically never used. The conjunction jos is etymologically the s-lative singular of this pronoun.

Declension of joka
noun case singular pluraladverbial form singular plural
nominative joka jotkasuperessive – –
genitive jonka joiden
joitten		delative – –
partitive jota joitasublative jonne –
accusative joka, jonka jotkalative jos –
inessive jossa joissatemporal jolloin –
elative josta joistacausative joten –
illative johon joihinmultiplicative – –
adessive jolla joilladistributive – –
ablative jolta joiltatemp. dist. – –
allative jolle joilleprolative (joitse) –
essive jona joinasituative – –
translative joksi joiksioppositive – –
abessive (jotta) (joitta)
instructive – (join)
comitative – (joine)

Determiner

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joka (not inflected)

  1. every, each
    Hän käy lenkillä joka päivä.
    She goes jogging every day.
    joka kerta ― every time
    joka puolella/puolelta/puolelle, joka paikassa/paikasta/paikkaan ― everywhere
    joka tapauksessa ― in any case, at any rate
    joka toinen vuosi ― every two years, biannually

Derived terms

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Related terms

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Auli Hakulinen with Maria Vilkuna, Riitta Korhonen, Vesa Koivisto, Tarja Riitta Heinonen, and Irja Alho (2004) “§ 735 Relatiivipronominien ominaisuudet”, in Iso suomen kielioppi‎[1], Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, →ISBN

Further reading

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Anagrams

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Garo

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Noun

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joka

  1. to flow
    chibima jokangenga
    The river is flowing away

Guaraní

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Verb

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joka

  1. break

Ingrian

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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From Proto-Finnic *joka. Cognates include Finnish joka and Karelian joka.

Pronunciation

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Determiner

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joka (invariable)

  1. every, each
    joka päivä ― every day
    • 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 49:
      Joka paikaas flakut, väki.
      Everywhere there's flags, there's people
      (literally, “In every place flags, people.”)
    • 1936, L. G. Terehova, V. G. Erdeli, translated by Mihailov and P. I. Maksimov, Geografia: oppikirja iƶoroin alkușkoulun kolmatta klaassaa vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:
      No joka predmetan kupahain päivän pittuueel muuttuu.
      But the shadow of every object changes in length during the day.

Synonyms

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Derived terms

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References

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  • Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 105
  • Olga I. Konkova, Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014) Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку‎[3], →ISBN, page 79

Latvian

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Noun

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joka m

  1. genitive singular of joks

Swahili

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Etymology

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From ji- (augmentative prefix) +‎ nyoka (“snake”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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joka (ma class, plural majoka)

  1. Augmentative of nyoka: serpent (big snake)
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