Jvizcaino, Tiroides y Embarazo
Jvizcaino, Tiroides y Embarazo
Jvizcaino, Tiroides y Embarazo
¹ Médica, Especialista en Medicina Interna. Residente de Endocrinología, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Sección de En-
docrinología y Metabolismo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia. Medellín, Colombia. E-mail: vanessa.rueda@
udea.edu.co.
² Médico, Especialista en Medicina Interna, Especialista en Endocrinología. Departamento de Medicina Interna, Sección de
Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Hospital San Vicente Fundación. Medellín,
Colombia.
nal clearance of iodine, and alteration in deiodinase activity are included within
these modifications. These mechanisms offer enough thyroid hormone to the fetus,
which is dependent on the maternal supply. An imbalance in any of these can lead
to the development of hypothyroidism with multiple complications, such as preg-
nancy loss and gestational hypertension, among others. Timely screening and early
treatment can avoid these adverse outcomes, hence the importance of knowing
and understanding the regulation of the thyroid axis in pregnancy.
Hipotálamo
Hormona liberadora de tirotropina (TRH)
Pituitaria anterior
Retroalimentación Tiroides
negativa
La gonadotropina coriónica
Aumento de T3 humana (hCG) reacciona de
y T4 totales forma cruzada y estimula el
receptor de TSH (TSHR)
Producción de T3 y T4
Degradación de T3 y T4 por
↑ TBG desyodinasa tipo 3 (D3) Placenta
Hígado
↑ síntesis hepática ↑ producción
de globulina fijadora de estrógeno
de tiroxina (TBG) y
se prolonga su vida
media
TSH
<0,1 mUI/L 0,1 mUI/L a 2,5 mUI/L 2,5 mUI/L a 4,0 mUI/L 4,0 mUI/L a 10 mUI/L >10 mUI/L
Tabla 3. Condiciones de alto riesgo para bajo terapia de fertilidad asistida, con
padecer hipotiroidismo en el embarazo metas de TSH <2 mUI/L [2,66].
Síntomas de hipotiroidismo
Antecedentes familiares o personales de Si el valor de TSH es superior a 10
enfermedad tiroidea mUI/L, se recomienda dar tratamien-
Presencia de anti-TPO y/o bocio
to independiente de los niveles de
anti-TPO. Sin embargo, existe un rango
Edad >30 años
intermedio entre 4 mUI/L y 10 mUI/L,
Diabetes mellitus tipo 1 donde la ATA propone la medición de
Aborto espontáneo recurrente, parto anti-TPO, que en caso de ser positivos,
prematuro o esterilidad las pacientes deben recibir suplencia
Múltiples embarazos previos (>2) hormonal para prevenir la progresión
Irradiación de cabeza y cuello a hipotiroidismo manifiesto y sus com-
Obesidad con IMC >40 kg/m2 plicaciones, ya discutidas previamente
Cirugía de tiroides o cuello [2,66] (figura 2), pero en caso de resul-
tar negativos, se sugiere dejarlo a juicio
Uso de amiodarona o litio
médico; recomendación que fue cues-
Uso reciente de contrastes yodados
tionada por el panel experto italiano
Zona geográfica con déficit moderado o
(IEP, del inglés, Italian Expert Panel), en
severo de yodo
el que proponen tratamiento a todas
IMC: índice de masa corporal; anti-TPO: anti- las gestantes con TSH en este rango
cuerpos antiperoxidasa tiroidea.
[80]. El IEP considera que se le atribu-
ye mucho valor solo a los anticuerpos,
porque por el estado de inmunoto-
mientos de fertilidad se recomiendan lerancia relativo (incluso en el primer
valores <2,5 mUI/L, y se puede consi- trimestre), pueden ser negativos en el
derar tratamiento en aquellas con TSH embarazo, sobre todo en mujeres con
>2,5 mUI/L. Si la TSH es superior a 4,0 niveles previos de anticuerpos bajos;
mUI/L, se recomienda realizar la medi- tal como lo demostró el estudio de
ción de anti-TPO para guiar la decisión Rago y colaboradores, donde una pa-
terapéutica. ciente con anti-Tg y anti-TPO circulan-
tes negativos, y ecografía con patrón
tiroideo heterogéneo hipoecoico, de-
Tratamiento del sarrolló hipotiroidismo subclínico a los
hipotiroidismo gestacional 24 meses de seguimiento [81]. Llama
la atención que los dos estudios en los
La terapia del hipotiroidismo debe es- que la ATA basó la recomendación, no
tar dirigida a alcanzar la mitad inferior mostraron beneficio de tratamiento,
de las metas propuestas para la pobla- pero iniciaron tarde (semana 13 y 16)
ción si existen los rangos de referencia, la reposición hormonal, como se ex-
de lo contrario se propone mantener puso previamente [69,74]. Posterior al
la TSH menor a 2,5 mUI/L, con rango análisis del costo-beneficio, el IEP reco-
superior de 4 mUI/L. Cuando el valor mienda el uso de reemplazo hormonal,
inicial se encuentra entre 2,5mUI/L y 4 dado que no hay una evidencia robusta
mUI/L no se requiere intervención adi- a favor o en contra del reemplazo hor-
cional, no obstante, se ha demostrado monal en pacientes con hipotiroidismo
un beneficio de la suplencia en aque- subclínico con anti-TPO negativos, so-
llas pacientes dentro de este rango con pesando el riesgo de sobretratar a un
anti-TPO positivos, que se encuentran pequeño grupo de pacientes [80].
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