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Kwame Nkrumah

Sesa lenke no mu
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Kwame Nkrumah
human
Bɔbeamale Sesa mu
Ɔman a ofir doGold Coast Colony, Ghana Sesa mu
Name in native languageKwame Nkrumah Sesa mu
Dzin a wɔdze ama noKwame Sesa mu
Ebusua dzinNkrumah Sesa mu
Da a wɔwoo no21 Fankwa 1909 Sesa mu
Bea a wɔwoo noNkroful Sesa mu
Owu da27 Ebɔbira 1972 Sesa mu
Bea a owuiBucharest Sesa mu
Manner of deathnatural causes Sesa mu
Cause of deathskin cancer, prostate cancer Sesa mu
Place of burialKwame Nkrumah Museum, Nkran Kuropɔn Mantɔw, Nkroful Sesa mu
Spouse Sesa mu
ChildGamal Nkrumah, Samia Nkrumah, Sekou Nkrumah Sesa mu
Native languageFante Sesa mu
Languages spoken, written or signedAkan, Nzema, Fante, English Sesa mu
N'edwumapolitician, writer, diplomat, lecturer Sesa mu
Educated atLincoln University, London School of Economics and Political Science, University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education, Achimota School, Lincoln University Sesa mu
Honorific suffixPrivy Council of the United Kingdom Sesa mu
Work locationElmina, Axim Sesa mu
Member of political partyConvention People's Party, United Gold Coast Convention Sesa mu
Candidacy in election1960 Ghanaian presidential election Sesa mu
Religion or worldviewChristianity Sesa mu
Partner in business or sportDavid Wilberforce Kwami Dawson Sesa mu
Participant inConference on Africa Sesa mu
Military or police rankfield marshal Sesa mu
Notable workAfrica Must Unite Sesa mu
Member ofPhi Beta Sigma Sesa mu
Abawdobɔ a ɔwɔLenin Peace Prize, Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo, Collar of the Order of the White Lion, Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta Sesa mu
Ghana Place Names URLhttps://sites.google.com/site/ghanaplacenames/places-in-perspective/birthplaces#h.gb1ksetz76dk Sesa mu

Wɔwoo Ɔsagyefo Kwame Nkrumah wɔ Fankwa 21, 1909. Ebɔbira 27, 1972 mu na owui. Nna ɔyɛ Ghana amanyɛnyi na ɔsan so yɛ obi a nna n'enyi gye amanyɛnsɛm ho. Ɔno nye Ghana manpanyin a odzi kan ber a odzii nkan no Sika Mbew do, ndɛ Ghana enyim ma wɔgyee fahodzi fii Ngyiresi Aborɔfo nsamu wɔ afe 1957 mu.[1] Pan-African hɔn kasamafo, Nkrumah nna ɔyɛ nyimpa a ɔtseew dɛm Ebibifokuw a ɔdze nkabom na nyimpa odzii nkumnyim wɔ Lenin asomdwee abadobɔdze a ofir Soviet nkabomkuw wɔ 1962 mu.[2]

Ber a osuaa nwoma mfe duebien wɔ aborɔkyir ekyir no, onyaa ne amanyɛ enyidoadzehu no, na ɔnye ebibifo bi nyaa nkabom no, Nkrumah san baa Gold Coast bɛhyɛɛ n'amanyɛ edwuma no ase dɛ ɔkasafo ma ɔmanmu fahodzi.[3] Ɔtseew Convention People's Party, a onyaa mpontu ntsɛm ɔnam dɛ nna obiara nnye hɔn mper abatow ho ntsi.[4] Ɔbɛyɛɛ ɔman ananmusinyi wɔ 1952 na okuraa dɛm dzibew no ber a Britainfo no hyɛɛ dɛ Ghana enya ne fahodzi no wɔ 1957 mu. 1960 mu no, Ghanafo gyee mbra fofor too mu na wɔtoow aba maa Nkrumah bɛyɛɛ Ɔmampanyin.[5]

N'amambu nna ne ngyinado no yɛ dɛ aban no bɔtoto biribiara nna dɛ ɔmamfo no so bɔdwen ɔman n'ahiadze bedzi kan. Iyi maa ɔyɛɛ ɔman egyapadze na enyinam ndzɛmba, ɔdze ɔman nwomasua nhyehyɛɛ a odzi mu baa na ɔmaa ebibir mu amambra tuu mpon.[6] Nkrumah amambu mu no, Ghana dzii dwumasom wɔ Ebibirmu amanaman nkitsahodzi wɔ fahodzi ber no mu.[7]

Odzii nkogu beberee wɔ n'abrabɔ mu ekyir no, dɛ ɔman ne sikasɛm tɔɔ ape ka ho no, Nkrumah n'amambu bɛyɛɛ dɛ ɔkaa obi nnka bi wɔ 1960 mu, dɛ ɔhyɛɛ amanyɛkuw a wɔnye no dzii esi no hɔn do na ɔhyɛɛ abatow bi a nna no mu nnda hɔ.[8][9][10][11][12] 1964 mu no, nsesamu a ɔbaa Ghana ɔman mbra mu maa Ghana bɛyɛɛ ɔmanyɛkuw kor pɛr na odzi do, Nkrumah na ɔyɛ ɔmampanyin ma ɔman no nyinara na ne amayɛkuw no so.[13] Ɔhyɛɛ nsumaa mu bea, ɔhyɛɛ tsirmupɔw kuw na onyaa dɛm abodzin yi 'Ɔsagyefo Dr.[14] Wotuu Nkrumah adze do wɔ 1966 wɔ nsordafo ntokwa bi mu a ɔyɛ CIA a National Liberation Council taa hɔn ekyir, ɔno ne nhwɛdo na ɔman ne sikasɛm hyɛ ne nsa.[15] Nkrumah bɔɔ ne bra nkaa no wɔ Guinea, a wɔtoo ne dzin dze hyɛɛ no enyimnyam dɛ hɔn mampanyin no mu kor.[16][7][17]

Abrabɔ Ahyɛse na Nwomasua

[sesa mu | sesa ekyirsɛm]

Gold Coast

[sesa mu | sesa ekyirsɛm]

Wɔwoo Kwame Nkrumah wɔ Benada,bosoom Fankwa da ɔtɔ do eduonu kor (21), afe 1909[18][19] wɔ Nkroful, Gold Coast (ndɛ Ghana).[20][21] Nkroful yɛ ekura ketseaba bi a wɔ Nzema,[22] wɔ Anaafoatɔe wɔ Gold Coast, a ɔbɛn French nkurow a odzii do Ivory Coast. N'egya nye ebusua no anntsena, mbom ɔyɛɛ edwuma wɔ Half Assini hɔ na ɔyɛɛ dɛ ɔyɛɛ edwuma dɛ obi a otu sika kɔkɔɔ kesi ber a owui.[23] Kwame Nkrumah ne maame na ebusuafo na wɔtsetsee no, wɔtsenaa ase wɔ amambra mu na ɔwɔ ebusuafo mpɛn pii no wɔbɛsra hɔn.[24] Ɔbɔɔ n'abrabɔ biarabiara wɔ ne mbofrase, wɔ ekurase hɔ, haban mu na po a ɔbɛn hɔn no.[25]

Aber a nna ɔkɔ skuul wɔ United States no, nna wonyim no dɛ Francis Nwia Kofi Nkrumah, Kofi nye dzin a wɔdze ma mbanyimfo a wɔwoo hɔn Fida.[25] Ekyir no ɔsesaa dzin bɛyɛɛ Kwame Nkrumah wɔ 1945 wɔ UK, nna wɔpɛ dzin Kwame.[26][27] Dɛ mbrɛ Ebenezer Obiri Addo kae wɔ ne nwomasua wɔ daakye ɔmampanyin ho no, dzin Nkrumah no, ɔyɛ dzin a amambra mu no wɔdze ma abofra ɔtɔ do akron wɔ n'awofo mba mu, ɔkyerɛ dɛ kwame wɔ dɛm bea no wɔ ne papa fie, a ɔwɔ yernom beberee.[28]

Ne papa, Ɔpanyin Kofi Nwiana Ngolomah, fi Nkrofuol a ɔwɔ Nzemah Epuei seseiara wɔfrɛ no Ellembele, a ɔyɛ Asona ebusuakuw ne dze.[29] Nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ dɛ, Ngolomah tsenaa Tarkwa-Nsuaem na ɔtsenaa sika kɔkɔɔ edwuma no mu.[30]

Ngolomah nna wɔdze enyidze ma no osian n'afotupa ntsi wɔ hɔn a wobisa no hɔ afotu wɔ amambra ho nsɛm na efisɛm. Owui wɔ 1927.[21][31]

Kwame nna ɔyɛ ne maame dzi no ba kor.[25] Ɔdze no kɔr mbofraber mu skuul a ɔyɛ Catholic asɛmpakafo a wɔwɔ Half Assini, a ɔkyerɛɛ dɛ ɔyɛ osuanyi a ɔbɔ no ho mbɔdzen.[32]

Mbom ne maame a ne dzin nye Elizabeth Nyanibah (1876/77-1979),[33][34] ekyir yi wɔkyerɛɛ afe a wɔdze woo no dɛ 1912, Nkrumah kyerɛɛw dɛ wɔwoo no Fankwa 21,1909. Ne maame fi Nsuaem na ɔka Agona ebusuakuw noho.[35] Nna ɔtɔn nam na ɔtɔn ndzɛmba ber a ɔwar ne papa no. Nda awɔtwe wɔ n'awo ekyir no, ne papa dze no to ebusuanyi bi wɔfrɛ na wɔfrɛɛ no Francis Nwiah-Kofi mbom ekyir no,[21] n'awofo too no dzin Francis Kwame Ngolomah.[36]

Ɔkɔr do wie mfe du mbofraber mu elementary skuul no wɔ mfe awɔtwe mu.[37] 1925 mu no, Nna ɔyɛ osuanyi kyerɛkyerɛnyi wɔ skuul no mu na wɔbɔɔ n'esu wɔ Catholic gyadzi mu. Ber a ɔwɔ skuul no hɔ no, nna Sofo panyin Reverend Alec Garden Fraser a ɔyɛ Aban Training College(ɔnnkyɛr biara nna ɔrebɛyɛ Achimota skuul) panyin rohwɛ no dwumadzi wɔ Gold Coast ahenkurow, Nkran. Fraser nhyehyɛɛ dɛ ɔnye Nkrumah behyia dɛ wɔbɛtsetse no dɛ kyerɛkyerɛnyi wɔ no skuul hɔ.[32][38] Ha no, Columbia- nwomasuanyi Skuul panyin abadziekyir Kwegyir Aggrey maa ohun adwen ɔfa Marcus Garvey na W.E.B. Du Bois. Aggrey, Fraser, na nkorɔfo binom a wɔwɔ Achimota dween dɛ ɔwɔ dɛ anyenkofa ba ntsinoahyew ɔda ebibifo na aborɔfo ntamu a ɔfa Gold Coast amambu ho, mbom Nkrumah, bɔpen Garvey, hyease gye dzii dɛ ebibifo dzin hɔnho do a nna obeyi ntsinoahyew a ɔda aborɔfo na ebibifo ntsamu.[39][40]

Onyaa n'abɔdzin krataa wɔ Prince of Wales' College wɔ Achimota 1930 mu no,[27] wɔmaa Nkrumah adzekyerɛ bea wɔ Roman Catholic mbofraber mu skuul wɔ Elmina 1931 mu,[27] Afe kor ekyir no, Wɔyɛɛ no skuul panyin wɔ a skuul a ɔwɔ Axim. Axim mu no, ɔhyɛɛ ase dze noho hyɛɛ amanyɛsɛm mu na ɔtseew Nzema Literary Society. 1933 mu no, wɔfaa no dɛ skuul panyin wɔ Catholic Seminary wɔ Amissano.[41][42] Mbom arabɔ a ɔwɔ hɔ yɛ nhyɛdo, nna ɔpɛ, na ɔyɛɛ dɛ ɔbɛyɛ mbrɛ ɔtse. Nkrumah nna ɔatse nsɛmkyerɛw na daakye Nigeria Mampanyin Nnamdi Azikiwe kasaa ber a ɔyɛ osuanyi wɔ Achimota; nyimapa ebien no hyiaa na Azikiwe no nsunsuando maa Nkrumah nyaa ɔpɛpa wɔ ebibifo hɔn amambu mu.[43] Kyerɛkyerɛnyi obaabun yi sii n'adwen dɛ ɔbɔtoa no nwomasua do.[42] Azikiwe nna ɔakɔ Lincoln Osuapɔn, abakɔsɛm mu no, ɔyɛ ebibifo skuul a ɔwɔ Chester County, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Atɔe, na ɔmaa Nkrumah afotu dɛ ɔnkɔ skuul wɔ hɔ.[44]

Nkrumah a oenntwa London Osuapɔn nyienyim nsɔwhwɛ no, nyaa sika maa akwantu no na no nwomasua no fir n'ebuafo nkyɛn. Ɔfaa anamɔn kwan kɔr Britain, bea osuaa adze, wɔ no nkwaado, wɔ Italy dzii Ethiopia do, Ebibir aman no mu kor nna ɔdze noho. Odur United States, Ɔbɛsɛ 1935 mu.[45][46][47]

United States

[sesa mu | sesa ekyirsɛm]

Dɛ mbrɛ abakɔsɛmnyi John Henrik Clarke kaa no n'atekel wɔ Nkrumah Amɛrika akwantu,''nsunsuado a mfe du a ɔhwer no Amɛrika nyaa nsunsuando wɔ nsunsuado dɛ ɔkyɛr hɔ wɔ n'abrabɔ mu''. Nkrumah pɛɛ dɛ onya kwan wɔ Lincoln Osuapɔn mu ber kakra nna ɔahyɛ n'adzesua ase wɔhɔ. Wɔ Fida, Ɛbɔw 1,1935, ɔkyerɛɛw krataa kɛmaa skuul no dɛ ɔrepɛ skuul no edzi afe a wɔmmaa no mbuae biara. Ber obodur New York wɔ Ɔbɛsɛ 1935 mu no, otuu kwn kɔr Pennsylvania, hɔ na wogyee no mpo a nna ohia sika a ɔdze botum etua skuul kaw no nyinara. Onyaa kradze a otuaa ne skuuul akaw wɔ Lincoln Osuapɔn mu. Sikasɛm hiaa no mber a odzii no US mu nyinara. Ɔpɛ dɛ ɔsɔw ano no, ɔyɛɛ edwuma nketseketse dɛ ɔtɔn enam na nkokɔ, apepa dwuma, adzewor dwuma na dza ɔkeka ho. Kwesida biara, ɔkɔ asɔr wɔ Ebibifo Baser Asɔr wɔ Philadelphia na wɔ New York so.

Nkrumah wiee Bachelor of Arts degree in economics na sociology wɔ 1939 mu. Lincoln no dɛ Kyerɛkyerɛnyi abadziekyir wɔ Adwenkyerɛ adzesua mu. Ɔhyɛɛ ase nyaa nsato dɛ ɔbɛyɛ asɛmpakanyi wɔ Baser asɔrasɔr a ɔwɔ Philadelphia na New York. 1939 mu no, Nkrumah kɔr Lincoln's seminary na wɔ Ivy League institution no, Pennsylvania Osuapɔn no a ɔwɔ Philadelphia mu na 1942 mu no, wɔdze no hyɛɛ Mu chapter mu a ɔyɛ Phi Beta Sigma fraternity a ɔwɔ Lincoln Osuapɔn mu. Nkrumah nyaa Bachelor wɔ Theology degree fir Lincoln 1942 mu, osuanyin a odzii kan. Onyaa ne Master of Arts degree in philosophy na Master of Science nwomasua mu fir Penn. Ber a ɔwɔ Penn no, Nkrumah nye kasasuanyi bi a wɔfrɛ no William Everett Welmers yɛɛ edwuma, ɔno na n'akenkan ndzɛmba na ɔno na ɔyɛɛ ahyease adze a odziikan boa no ma otum hun nkasafua dwumadzi wɔ ne Fante kasa mu a ɔyɛ Akan kasa. Nkrumah wɔsan dze no kɔr Prince Hall Freemasonry ber a nna ɔtse United Statses no.

Nkrumah hweer ne ɔpɛ ber no w Harlem, Ebibifo abrabɔ finimfin, adwen na amambra. Onyaa dan na edwuma wɔ New York City wɔ ahokyer mu na ɔdze noho hyɛɛ nkorɔfo no mu. Ɔhweer ewimbir pii a otsie nsɛm na ɔnye nkorɔfo a wɔkasa kwan do no nya akasakasa, na Clarke kyerɛ a, Kwame Nkrumah mfe a odzii no Amɛrika no nye yi;

Ewimbir yi no boaa Kwame Nkrumah N'amerika nwomasua yie. Nna ɔrokɔ Osuapɔn - Osuapɔn no a ɔwɔ Harlem abɔntsen no. Iyi nnyɛ mber kakra na dɛm abontsen akasafo wɔnnyɛ nyimpa a wɔda famu.... Harlem abontsen yɛ beebi a obiara tum kasa, iyi nyimpa bi ɔakadar wɔ kasa mu tse dɛ Arthur Reed na ne protege Ira Kemp. Ɔbaabun Carlos Cook [sic], nyaa ɔtseew Garvey oriented African Pioneer Movement nna ɔwɔ hɔ bi, nna ɔdze anadwe nsɛm bi rebrɛ n'ekyirdzifo. Ber a woridzi dwuma bi no, Suji Abdul Hamid [sic], Harlem edwumayɛnyi a ɔagyɛ dzin, dze anadwe yɛkyerɛ ba na ɔper ndwuma ahorow bebiree ma ebibifo wɔ hɔn akansa kurow mu. Iyi ka Harlem abɔntsen agordzi ho osuanyi Kwame Nkrumah bɛseen na ɔhwɛɛ.

Nkrumah nna ɔyɛ osuanyi a ɔdze noho hyɛ dwumadzi nyinara mu, wɔtseew kuw bi a nna ɔyɛ Ebibirfo esuafo a wɔwɔ Pennsylvania na otsimtsim no bɛyɛɛ Ebibifo esuafo kuw a wɔwɔ Amɛrika na Canada, ɔbɛyɛɛ hɔn panyin. Binom dween dɛ dɛm kuw no bɔboa ma woenya hɔnara hɔn fahodzi; Nkrumah faa Pan-African adwɛmpɔw bi. Nkrumah yɛɛ edwumasom wɔ Pan-African nhyiamu a ɔkɔr do wɔ New York 1944 mu, ɔno na ɔmaa United States, ber wiadze ɔko a ɔtɔdo ebien baa ewiei no, bɔhwɛ aboa Ebibiman etumpɔn na wɔadze hɔnho.

Ne Kyerɛkyerɛnyi a ɔayɛ panyin Aggrey nna oewu 1929 mu wɔ US, na 1942 mu no, Nkrumah dzii amambra som enyim maa Aggrey wɔ ne nda mu. Iyi ma ɔnye Lincol dzii mpaapaamu, mbom ber a ɔsɔr dɛ ɔreba Gold Coast no,ɔsan nekyir wɔ 1951 dɛ ɔbɛgyɛ enyimnyamhɛ abodzin. Ekyirsan mu no, Nkrumah ne dɔkota akyerɛwtsen no ennwie mudzi, Nna ɔafa Francis ber ɔwɔ Amissano seminary no; 1945 mu, ɔfaa dzin Kwame Nkrumah.

Nkrumah kenkaan mbuukuu a ɔfa amanyɛsɛm ho na Nyamesɛm ho, na ɔkyerɛɛ esuafo adze wɔ philosophymu. 1943 mu no, Nkrumah hyiaa Trinidadian Marxist C. L. R. James, Russian expatriate Raya Dunayevskaya, na Chinese-American Grace Lee Boggs, a hɔn nyinara ka American-based Marxist enyimdzefo cohort ho. Nkrumah ekyir no bɔɔ James abawdo dɛ ɔkyerɛɛ no adze. ''kwan a edwuma kuw nketsenketse yɛɛ edwuma''. Federal Bureau of Investigation ndzɛmba ɔfa Nkrumah ho, dze siee fir Sanda kɛpem Esusuowa aketseaba 1945, hun dɛ obotum ayɛ nyimpa tsitsir dzibew wɔ no. Nkrumah yɛɛ dɛ ɔbɔkɔ London, ɔpɛɛ dɛ ɔbɔtoa ne nwomasua do wɔ hɔ seisiara a wiadze ko z ɔtɔdo ebien no etwa mu no. James, wɔ 1945 nsɛm bi kɛmaa Nkrumah dɛ Trinidad-born George Padmore wɔ London, kyerɛɛw: ''Dɛm obaabun yi reba wo nkyɛn. ɔhyɛda nnyɛ nyimpa a noho tsew, mbom yɛ dza wobotum biara boa no osiandɛ ɔpɛ dɛ otu Aborɔfo no fi Ebibiman mu''.

London

[sesa mu | sesa ekyirsɛm]

Nkrumah san kɔɔ London wɔ bosoom Esusow Akestaba afe 1945 mu na ɔdze ne din kɔhyɛɛ London School of Economics dɛ PhD kandzifo wɔ Anthropology mu. Ɔtwee nye ho wɔ afe kor ekyi na afe a edzi hɔ no ɔdze nye dzin kɔhyɛɛ Suapɔn Kɔlege (University College London), a nna n'adwen nye dɛ ɔbɛkyerɛw nyansapɛ ho asɛm a ɔfa "Nyimdze na Ntsease mu Positivism (Knowledge and Logical Positivism)" ho.[48] Nye ɔhwɛsofo (supervisor), A. J. Ayer, ammpɛ dɛ ɔbɛbu Nkrumah dɛ "nyansapɛfo a ɔdzi kan - (first-class philosopher)", na ɔkaa dɛ, "M'anyi gyee nye ho na m'anyi gyee ho dɛ me na ɔno bɛkasa mbom nna ɔtse dɛ dza onnyi adwen a ɔyɛ nhwehwɛmu wɔ m'anyi do. Na ɔpɛ mbuae ntsɛntsɛm dodo. Me susuw dɛ ebia ɔhaw no fa bi nye dɛ nna ɔmfa n’adwen nsi n’asɛmti no do dzendzendzen nna ɔyɛ ɔkwan a ɔfa do hyɛ ber ahyɛnsewdzi kesi dɛ hokwan no baa dɛ ɔbɛsan aba Ghana."[49] Ewiei koraa no, Nkrumah dze nye dzin kɔhyɛɛ mbra ho adzesua mu (study in law) wɔ Gray’s Inn, mbom oennwie.[49]

Nkrumah dze nye ber yɛɛ amanyɛsɛm ahyehyɛdze ahorow. Nna ɔnye Padmore ka nhyehyɛɛfo tsitsir, na sikakorafo a wɔka ho, wɔ Pan-African Congress a ɔtɔ do enum (5th) wɔ Manchester (15–19 bosoom Ɔbɛsɛ afe 1945).[50] Nhyiam no kyerɛkyerɛɛ ɔkwan bi a wɔbɛfa do dze Afrika sohyialism (African socialism) esi etubrafo ananmu. Wɔgye toom dɛ wobedzi Afrika United States a ɔyɛ ɔman kor (1) ekyi, a mantɔw ahyehyɛdze ahorow a ɔka bom wom, a ɔnam aman ahorow a ɛsono emu biara a hɔn tumidzi kakraa bi do dzi do.[51] Wɔyɛɛ nhyehyɛɛ dɛ wɔbɛdzi Afrika amambra fofor ekyi a mbusuakuw nnyi mu, demokrase wɔ sohyialism nhyehyɛɛ mu (democratic within a socialist system), dze atsetsesɛm afa horow na ndɛyi nsusuwii afra, na sɛ ɔbɛyɛ yie a, wɔbɛfa akwan a basabasayɛ nnyim do ayɛ eyi.[52] Hɔn a wɔbaa nhyiam no ase no bi nYe obufo W. E. B. Du Bois na ibinom a ekyir wodzii kan dzii hɔn aman enyim kɔɔ ahofadzi mu, a Hastings Banda a ofi Nyasaland (a ɔbɛyɛɛ Malawi), Jomo Kenyatta a ofi Kenya na Obafemi Awolowo a ofi Nigeria ka ho.[53][54]

Nhyiam no hwehwɛɛ dɛ wɔdze Afrikafo dwumadzi a ɔkɔ do wɔ Britain besi hɔ a wɔnye Afrika Atɔe Fam Ɔman Ɔkyerɛwfo Dwumadzibew (West African National Secretariat - WANS) abom ayɛ edwuma dze eyi Afrika etubrafo efi hɔ. Nkrumah bɛyɛɛ WANS kyerɛwfo (secretary). Wɔ hwehwɛ a ɔhwehwɛɛ dɛ ɔbɛhyehyɛ Afrikafo ma wɔanya hɔn aman ahofadzi ekyi no, Nkrumah hwehwɛɛ dɛ ɔbɛboa Afrika Atɔe Fam po so hyɛn mu adwumayɛfo pii a na wɔakɔda, ahia wɔn, wɔ London wɔ ɔko no awiei no, na ɔhyehyɛɛ Edwumayɛfo a hɔn Kɔla Ahorow Fekuw bi dɛ wɔbɛma hɔn tumi na wɔaboa hɔn. U.S. Ɔman Dwumadzibew na MI5 hwɛɛ Nkrumah na WANS, na wɔdze hɔn adwen sii ebusuabɔ a ɔda wɔnye Komunis ntsam no do. Nkrumah na Padmore hyehyɛɛ kuw bi a wɔfrɛ no The Circle dɛ wondzi enyim mma Afrika Atɔe fam ahofadzi na koryɛ; kuw no botae nye dɛ wɔbɛhyehyɛ Afrika Sohyialist Aman Nkabom Kuw (Union of African Socialist Republics). Wohuu krataa bi a efi The Circle, a ɔkyerɛ dɛm botae no wɔ Nkrumah do ber a wɔkyeree no wɔ Accra wɔ afe 1948 mu no, na Britania etumfo (British authorities) dze dzii dwuma tsiaa no.[55]

San baa Gold Coast no

[sesa mu | sesa ekyirsɛm]

United Gold Coast Convention

[sesa mu | sesa ekyirsɛm]

1946 Gold Coast ɔmambra no maa ebibifo dodow noara bɛkɛɛ mbrahyɛbagua kuw noho ber a odzikan. Hɔn dɛ anamɔn tsitsir a ɔdze rokɔ hɔn ankasa woridzi hɔnho do, dɛm nhyehyɛɛ fofor yi maa amambu fofor yi hɔn amanyɛkuw a odzikan a wɔtseew no Fankwa, 1947, The United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC). UGCC no hwehwɛɛ hɔn ankasa amambu amonmu hɔara. Dɛ mbrɛ hɔn akandzifo no nyinara yɛ abenfo no, nna wohia dɛ wptua obi kaw ama woedzi hɔn enyim, na hɔn pɛ no tɔɔ Nkrumah do wɔ Ako Adjei no nsusui. Nkrumah ampɛn mbom ohun dɛ UGCC no nna hɔn wodzi enyim nna hɔn botae yɛ kor na ohun dɛ dɛm dzibew no bobue kwan ama no n'amanyɛ nsɛm mu na ɔpɛn do. British mpanyimfo ho bisaa no n'sɛm faa dɛ ɔbɛyɛ kandzinyi biribiara bɛhyɛ aban no nsa wiei no, Nkrumah for MV Nkran wɔ Liverpool wɔ 1947 mu dɛ ɔreba fie.

Akwansiwdze tsiawa bi a osii n'akwan mu wɔ Sierra Leone, Liberia, na Ivory Coast no, odur Gold Coast hɔ na ɔtsenaa kakra na ɔnye ne maame nyaa nkabom wɔ Tarkwa. Ɔhyɛɛ edwuma ase wɔ amanyɛkuw hɛdkɔtɛse wɔ Saltpond wɔ Mumu 29,1947 hɔ na cyɛɛ edwuma dɛ hɔn kyerɛwkyerɛwfo panyin. Nkrumah ntsɛmpanara dze adwen bi baa dɛ wɔntsetsew UGCC nkorbata bebiree wɔ Ɔman no nyinara mu na wɔntsew etua sɛ ɔbɛyɛ yie a ama aboa hɔn amanyɛkuw no. Dɛm dwumadzinyi yɛ ndzeyɛɛ no kyɛɛ amanyɛkuw amambu kuw no mu, a nna J.B Danɛuah dzi hɔn enyim. Nkrumah hyɛɛ ase tuu akwan ama oenya sika ama UGCC no na ɔatsetseew nkorbata afofor.

Yɛhwɛɛ a nna Gold Coast no etumpɔn akyen Bristainfo amanyɛkuw a ɔwɔ Ebibir Atɔe a wɔdzi do no, nna hɔn bo ndwe do na ntsease wɔ mu. Ako a ɔbaa ekyir no ama amansan no nyinara hɔn bo efuw dɛ ndzɛmba bo akɔ sor, ɔtoado dɛ woguu ndwuma nketseaba a nna Arabafo yɛ ɔhyɛɛ ase Sanda 1948. Kookoo Ekuafo hɔn bo fuuw osiandɛ kookoo aba a ɔsow paa yie akatse sɛɛ no, mbom nna kookoo no sow aba, eso nkorɔfo a wodzi hɔn do so sɛɛ no. Nna nyimpa bɛyɛ 63,000 ɔko a ɔtɔdo ebien no hɔn ho kaa no wɔ Gold Coast, bebiree nna wɔwowɔ ɔhaw dɛ wobenya edwuma ayɛ na wohum dɛ hɔn a woridzi hɔn do no nnyɛɛ biribiara asɔw hɔn enyinsua no ano. Nkrumah na Danquah nye nsordarfo a ɔakɔ ahomgye mu no kuw no dzii nhyiamu wɔ Nkran wɔ Kwarkwar, 1948, a wɔyɛɛ ansaana woetu anamɔn akɔ osiananmu no hɔ dze han adzesrɛ akɔto n'enyim. Dɛm anamɔntu no kɔr do Kwarkwar 28, nyimpa ebiasa a wodzi mu akotsen no Porisifo hɔn itur kuum hɔn, iyi dze 1948 Kran oyene no bɔbɔɔ adze, a ɔmanmu no nyinara tsee. Nkrumah noho nsɛm kyerɛ dɛ, David Birmingham, "West Africa's erstwhile "model colony" Dze n'enyi hun oyene na edwumayɛfo bea wɔtɔn hɔn ndzɛmba sɛɛ. Ebibifo hɔn rɛboluhyɛn no ahyɛ ase.

Ndzido aban no nna ɔdwen dɛ UGCC aban wɔyɛ nkorɔfo bi a wɔnngye hɔn ahom, na wɔkyer akandzifo esia, a ɔyɛ Nkrumah na Danquah ka ho bi. Dɛm akɛsefo esia yi nyinara wɔdze hɔn bɔɔ mu wɔ Kumase, wotsiiw adzesoa a ɔda Nkrumah na nkaa no ntamu, a wɔdze etiɔtsew no ho kwaadu bɔɔ no na hɔn adwempɔw. Ekyir yi a Ndzidofo yi hun dɛ binom ahyehyɛ dɛ wɔbɛsɛɛ efiadze no, wɔtsetsee nkorɔfo esia no mu, a wɔdze Nkrumah kɔr Lawra; nyimpa esia no nyinara wogyaa hɔn wɔ Ɛbɔwbira 1948. Esuafo na Akyerɛkyerɛfo bebiree yɛɛ ɔyɛkyerɛ dɛ wobegyaa hɔn na wotuu hɔn hyɛɛ da fofor; Nkrumah, ɔdze noara ne fotow, hyɛɛ Ghana National College ase. Iyi dwumadzi ahorow bi ho a UGCC kuw mba no bɔɔ no kwaadu dɛ ɔreyɛ edwuma wɔ amanyɛkuw no dzin mu a wɔanngyɛ tum biara. Wosuroo dɛ wɔbɛyɛ hɔn bɔn dɛ wobefi amanyɛkuw no ho dɛ wɔbɛka ho, wɔyɛɛ adwen dɛ wɔbɛyɛ no hɔn fotow hwɛdofo enyimnyam mu. Nkrumah dɛ ɔagye dzin, ɔatahye beebira, ɔayɛ kɛse dɛ ɔtseew Accra Evening News,a nna ɔnnyɛ amanyɛɛkuw ne dze mbom nna Nkrumah noara na nyimapa bi dze. Ɔsanso tseew kuw bi wɔ Youth Organization (CYO) ɔyɛ mbaabun fa ɔwɔ UGCC mu. Annkyer biara na ɔtseew no ho na onyaa ngyedo dzin ''Ahodzido Aban seisiara''. CYO no kaa eusafo bɔɔ mu, Nsordarfo a wɔkɔ ahomgye mu, na mbasiafo eguadzifo. Nkrumah san dzii ehyia wɔ no ho nsɛm mu dɛ ɔbɛtsew noho efi UGCC ho no yɛ adze a ɔyɛ ho biribiara a ɔnnyɛ yie, na ɔpɛ dɛ nkorɔfo no nyinara bedzi n'ekyir ber woentwiwoentwi aba no. Nkrumah n'ebisa ama fahodzi "Free-Dom" ama mbaabun bebiree a wonya edwuma nnyɛ a woefi kuayɛ na nkurase aba kurow kɛse mu. Wɔfaa ndwom adadaw bɛyɛɛ ndwom afofor a wɔkyerɛ fahodzi a ɔdze ɔgyee akwantufo, na Nkrumah noara noho, na nyimpadzm yɛkyerɛ wɔ Gold Coast nkwaado.

Amansan kasa bi a Aaron Mike Oquaye dze too gua kyerɛ dɛ, ɔkyerɛɛ dɛ nhyiamu bi kɔr do wɔ Saltpond, kurow bi a ɔwɔ Finimfin Mantɔw mu, a Nkrumah na UGCC nkorɔfo bi hɔ na Nkrumah kaa dɛ ɔnngye adwenkyerɛ bi a ɔbɛma nkorɔfo hɔn fahodzi nntum.

Convention People's Party

[sesa mu | sesa ekyirsɛm]

Ɔhyɛɛ ase wɔ Ɛbɔwbira 1949 mu, nna nhyɛdo bi wɔ Nkrumah do fir n'ekyirdzifo wofii UGCC mu na wɔtseew hɔnara amanyɛkuw. Wɔ Ɔbiredzr 12,1949 mu no, ɔdze too gua dɛ ɔatsew Convention People's Party (CPP) no, a ɔyɛ kasafua "convention" a wɔfaa, Nkrumah kyerɛ a, '' ɔbɛfa nyimpadɔm n'aka hɔnho''. Nna ɔyɛ kwan a ɔdze resa UGCC hɔn nfirmu no; Ayɛwoho kor bi, ɔyɛɛ adwen dɛ wɔbɛyɛ Nkrumah dɛ hɔn kyerɛwkyerɛwfo na ɔasɛe CPP no. Mbom Nkrumah n'ekyirdzifo no anngye annto mu, na wɔtotɔoserɛɛ no dɛ mma ɔngyɛ nto mu na ongyina dɛ hɔn panyin.

CPP faa Akokɔ banyim kɔkɔɔ no dɛ n'ahyɛnsewdze - Ebuasuakuw ahorow nyim dɛm adze yi, na ɔyɛ akandzifo hɔn ahyɛnsew, kradoyɛ, na mbanyimyɛ. Amanyɛkuw n'ahyɛnsew na n'ahosu(Kɔkɔɔ, Fitaa na ahambanmon) ɔda edzi wɔ atam mu, frankaa, ahɛn na adan ho. CPP dwumadzifo twiw ahɛn a ɔyɛ Kɔkɔɔ-Fitaa na Ahabanmon wɔ ɔman no nyinara mu, robɔ ndwom na amansan ekyirdzifo ɔyɛkyerɛ ma amanyɛkuw no na nkankan ama Nkrumah. Dɛm dwumadzi yi kɔr do dwodwoodwo, nkankanara osiandɛ amankuw a oetwa mu no hɔn dwumadzi wɔ Gold Coast mu no nyinara dzi hɔn enyi esi nkurow akɛse enyimdzifo no do.

British no faa nkorɔfo kumaa bi a wɔka finimfin kuw a wɔyɛ Ebibifo, a akɛsefo esia no ka ho kyedɛ Nkrumah pɛr, dɛ wɔbɛyɛ ɔmanbra fofor a ɔbɛma Gold Coast no hɔn ankasa hɔn aban obedzi hɔn do. Nkrumah hun, mpo ber a dwumadzi yi ho nsɛmkaa bɛba, dɛ noho nyimpa wɔdze bɛba no bɔtɔ sin wɔ ndzido gyinapɛn ho., na ɔhyɛɛ ase faa nkorɔfo a wɔbɔbɔ dwumadzi pa ho amandzɛɛ. Nkrumah pɛɛ dɛ wobenya kuw bi a wɔbɛkyerɛw amanbra no. Ber a panyin, Charles Arden-Clarke, bɛtse iyi ase no, Nkrumah frɛɛ dwumadzi papa no, a kuw no nyinara tseew etua a ɔhyɛɛ ase wɔ Sanda 8, 1950. Etuatsew no dze oyene baa, na Nkrumah na CPP mpanyimfo nkaa no wɔkyer hɔn wɔ Sanda 22, na Evening News woguu no. Wɔdze Nkrumah kɔtio efiadze afe ebiasa, na wɔdze kwaadu a ɔyɛ bɔn nketsenketse too no do wɔ Accra's Fort James.

Nkrumah n'abedziekyir Komla Agbeli Gbedemah, dzii CPP enyim ber Nkrumah nnyi hɔ no; ɔkandzinyi a ɔda efiadze no tum hyehyɛɛ dwumadzi ɔnam nwiamu kwan do a ɔkyerɛw krataa wɔ tiefi krataa do. British no hyɛhyɛɛ abatow bi maa Gold Coast ɔnam ɔman mbra fofor no do, na Nkrumah hyɛɛ dɛ CPP mba no mper ngua no nyinara. Nna ndzɛmba mu adwe ɔnam dɛ Nkrumah wɔ afiadze no, na CPP na Bristish yɛɛ edwuma bɔɔ mu dɛ wɔbɛma abatow no aba do. Nkrumah gyinaa wɔ efiadze hɔ, dɛ obedzi nkunyim wɔ Nkran egua no. Gbedemah yɛɛ edwuma dɛ ɔbɛyɛ ɔman mu kasakyerɛ kuw, ɔnam ahɛn a kasafir sisido ama aka amanyɛkuw no nsɛm. UGCC no dzii nkugu dɛ wɔbɛyɛ ɔmanmu adze bia ɔbɛda ne nsɛm edzi, na ɔdaa no edzi dɛ no nkorɔfo hɔ efiadze ntsi onntum nnyɛ adze biara.

Kwarkwar 1951 mbrahyɛbagua abatow mu no, abatow a odzikan a wɔhyehyɛɛ wɔ dɛ nyimpadɔm bifi hɔn pɛ atow wɔ ebibir a aborɔfo dzi do, CPP no dzii nkunyim wɔ kwankyɛn. CPP dzi nkunyim wɔ ngua 34 a ɔwɔ ngua 38 wɔper ho wɔ amanyɛkuw do, a Nkrumah woyii no wɔ Nkran abatow mpasoa do. UGCC dzii nkunyim ngua ebiasa na ankorankor bi so nyaa kor. Arden-Clarke hun dɛ Nkrumah ne fahodzi gyina dɛ wobogu amambra wɔdze reyɛ edwuma no. Nkrumah woyii no fir efiadze wɔ Kwarkwar 12, n'ekyirdzifo no maa no akɔaba yie. Adzekyee no, Arden-Clarke somaa ma wɔkɔfrɛɛ no na ɔkakyerɛɛ no dɛ ɔntsew n'aban.

Nkrumah wiaa Arden-Clarke ne kyerɛwkyerɛwnyi Erica Powell ber woyii no edzi na wɔpam no kɔr fie osiandɛ nna ɔdze noho rehyehyɛ Nkrumah. Powell san n'ekyir baa Ghana wɔ Sanda, 1955 dɛ ɔrebɛyɛ Nkrumah ne kyerɛkyerɛwnyi, dzibew okuraa mu mfe du. Powell nna ɔbɛn no paa na ber wɔbɔ mu no, ɔkyerw Nkrumah noho nsɛm bebiree, mbom iyi wɔannfa kesi ekyir yi.

Ɔkandzifo Aban Amambu na Ɔsoafo Panyin

[sesa mu | sesa ekyirsɛm]

Nkrumah hyiaa ɔhaw pii ber ɔhyɛɛ edwuma sae. Nna ɔnnyɛɛ edwumma wɔ aban mu da, na ɔtwar dɛ osua dɛm yɛ. Gold Coast no nna ɔwɔ Mantɔw anan, ananmusifo bebiree bɔɔ mu yɛɛ kor. Nkrumah pɛɛ dɛ ɔka hɔn bɔmu bɛyɛ amansan kor, na ɔdze ɔman no ba fahodzi mu. Dɛ ɔbɔhwɛ ehiadze na nna wɔredadaa British no dɛ CPP hɔn dwumadzi nna ɔnnyɛ ntɔyɛɛ, mbom nna wɔyɛ ho biribiara a ɔnnyɛ yie, na Nkrumah na Arden-Clarke wɔyɛɛ edwuma bɔɔ mu. Opanyin no hyɛɛ dɛ wɔmma afotufo no aban no mboa, na British nkorɔfo ebiasa wɔka mpanyimfo noho no yɛɛ hɔn adwen dɛ wɔnkɔtoɛ aba ntsia dɔm dodow no.

Ansaana ɔrebedzi dwuma no, British ankandzifo ayɛ mfe du nhyehyɛɛ a ɔwɔ hɔ ma mppontu. A adansi ho mpontu a ɔyɛ ebisadze a amamfo a wɔwɔ kurow no mu no nyinara hwehwɛɛ, Nkrumah pen no nyinara doo, mbom ɔkyekyɛɛ mu mfe enum ntsamu. Nna amambu no wɔ fapem wɔ sikasɛm afa mu, a ɔfɛ kookoo a oesie no afe bebiree a ɔwɔ London, na Nkrumah nna ɔdze sika no yɛ edwuma a obo nnhyɛ no do. Wɔyɛɛ abaɛfor akwan ahorow nsu ano kwantsempɔn do na no nkwaa do. Tserani akwan so wɔyɛɛ no abaɛfor kwan do na wɔtserɛɛ mu. Abaɛfor nsusɛm na nsɔndo ndzɛmba so wɔyɛɛ no nkurow bebiree mu, a adan ho nhyehyɛɛ so wɔhyɛɛ ase. Ɔhyɛɛ Tema Habɔ fofor ase, ɔbɛn Nkran na dza ɔwɔ hɔ dada wɔ Takoradi no so wɔtserɛɛ mu. Wɔyɛɛ nhyehyɛɛ bi a wɔdze besi skuul adan na wɔtserɛɛ skuul ahorow mu, fir mbofraber mu kesi akyerɛkyerɛfo na edwuma suafo, wɔhyɛɛ ase. Fir 1951 kɛpem 1956, nyimpa dodow a nna wɔyɛ nwomanyimfo wɔ dɛm amambu no mu fir 200,00 kɛpem 500,00. Mbom no, esuafo a wowiee skuul no nna wosuar dɛ wobotum ewura aban edwuma ne ehia mu, na wɔ 1953 mu no, Nkrumah kaa dɛ Afrikafo wɔbɛma hɔn etsirdaa, ɔmanmu no bɛdan aborɔfo hɔn mboa mfe bebiree.

Nkrumah tsirpɔw nye dɛ nna ɔyɛ panyin a ɔdɛ aban edwumayɛ ano a Arden-Clarke yɛ guamutsenanyi. Amonmu nkɔrdo daa edzi, na wɔ 1952 mu no, ɔman hwɛdofo no fir mpanyimfo kuw no mu, ogyaa Nkrumah dɛ Ɔman soafo, na ogyaa ndzɛmba a ɔfa aborɔfo a wɔrokɔ ebibibirman mu. Wɔdze kwaadu a ɔfa ewisɛm, nyimpa mu nyiyimu, dɛ kandzifo, odzi ebibirmu amadze ekyir, wɔyɛɛ iyi dɛ ɔbɔboa hɔn ebusua tsentsen na hɔn ebusuakuw. Nsesa odzi 1948 ako nna dɛ worotow aba eyi aban mpanyimfo nkumaa kyɛn dɛ nhyehyɛɛ dadaw a nna ahemfo na wɔda enyim no ka ho bi. Iyi nna ɔkyer adwen kosi dɛ no mu daa hɔ dɛ CPP na ɔdze bɔto gua. Amanyɛkuw no dodow a wɔwɔ mbrahyɛbaguafie hyɛɛ mbra ber 1951 rokɔ ewiei a oyii tum fir ahemfo no nsa bɛhyɛɛ hɔn ngua no nsa, mbom nna ɔko nkakrankakra hyehyɛ hɔnho ber a wɔdze tow fofor maa hɔn no.

Nkrumah wɔsan dze soafo panyin tum hyɛɛ ne nsa nna ɔmmaa no tum fofor, na ɔhwehwɛɛ ɔmambra nsesa mu a ɔdze fahodzi bɛba. 1952 mu no, ɔnye kyerɛwkyerɛwfo panyin a ɔwɔ ɔman no mu no Oliver Lyttelton dzii ehyia, a ɔkaa dɛ Britain benya enyimnyam dɛ wɔbɛyɛ mpontu dwuma bio, sɛ ahemfo na aban ndwumakuw ndedaanofo nya tum na dɛ wɔbɛkyerɛ hɔn adwen. Ahyɛase no Nkrumah n'amambu ho nhwɛdosɛm no British MI5 ahyehyɛ Nkrumah ho adwempɔn pii ɔnam mboa ahorow do, ɔka dɛ wɔrehwɛ tɛlɛfon do na meel do ɔnam kood dzin a ɔyɛ SWIFT. Ɔhyɛɛ ase wɔ Ɔbrɛfɛw ,1952, Nkrumah hwehwɛɛ adwenkyerɛ ɔnam afotudo na na fir amanyɛkuw nsesa mu ho, na ɔhwehwɛɛ mu yie fir ɔmanmu no nyinara, ɔka amanyɛkuw a wɔnye no reper. Amba a wɔtoow no afe a odzi do no ɔyɛ dza nomu krɔgyeen a ogyina amambra fofor do, hun dɛ anamɔn a otwa tun ansaana fahodzi ber. Wɔdze too gua Ɔbrɛdzi, 1953, amambra ho nsɛmkaa no wɔgyee too mu a ɔyɛ asɛmbli no na British no, na ɔbɛyɛɛ edwuma wɔ Ɛbɔwbira mu afe a odzido no. Nkyerɛkyerɛw fofor a wɔdze maa asɛmbli a ɔyɛ nyimpa 104, hɔn nyinara wɔtow aba yii hɔn, a ɔyɛ hɔn kuw no yɛ Ebibifo nkotsee a hɔn dwumadzi nye dɛ wɔbɔtoto amambu a ɔfa ɔman noho. Abotow a ɔkɔrdo Ɔbrɛdzi 15,1954, CPP no dzii nkunyim 71, a Mantɔw Northern People's Party a hɔn na wɔyɛ akansifo a woeyi hɔn enyim.

Akansifo amanyɛkuw bebiree tseew National Liberation Movement. Nna hɔn ebisadze yɛ dɛ ɔbɛyɛ kabimamenkabi kyɛn dɛ ɔbɛyɛ aban kor pɛr a ɔyɛ fahodzi Gold Coast, na dan a ɔwɔ sor no yɛ bea a ahemfo na nananomatsenankungua nkaa no botum edzi dwuma dɛ CPP dodow a wɔwɔ asɛmbli hɔ no. Wɔmaa Northern Territory na Esuantseman ahemfo mboa a wɔdze adzeserɛ kɔtoo British baahemaa enyim, Elizabeth II a woribisa no adzedzi adze a ɔbɛyɛ a Gold Coast amamu besi ayɛ. Iyi n'ban anngyɛ annto mu, a 1955 mu ɔkaa dɛ dɛm dwumadzi wɔdze bedzi dwuma a ɔwɔ dɛ nyimpa wɔwɔ Gold Coast no da no edzi dɛ hɔnankasa nntum nnyɛ hɔn amambu. Amanyɛkuw wentwiwentwi mu no, amayɛkuw ebien no yɛɛ dɛ wobesiesie hɔn ntsamu, mbom NLM anngye annto mu dɛ ɔnye CPP dodow no hɔn ehyia biara. Nananomatsenankugua no so wɔdze tabo too hɔn do ɔnam mbra bi a wɔdaa no edzi, a ɔmaa ahemfo nkumaa dze hɔn ehiasɛm kɔtoo aban n'enyim wɔ nkran, a wɔdze nananom atsenankungua tumdzi daa edzi. British no nna wɔmmpɛ dɛ wogya nsɛm ɔfa mbrɛ Gold Coast nya ne fahodzi a wobesi ebu hɔn man, na Ɔbrɛdzi 1956 mu no, oborɔnyi kyerɛwkyerɛwnyi, Alan Lennox-Boyd dze too gua dɛ abatow fofor bɛba do wɔ Gold Coast, na sɛ yenya nyimpa dodow tsia CPP dodow dzibew no a,Britain bɛhyɛ da ama hɔn fahodzi. 1956 abatow nyiano no nna ɔsɛ dza ɔkɔr do afe anan mu no nna wɔ Dzifuu 3 no asɛmbli no tow aba maa fahodzi a dzin Kwame Nkrumah nna oedzi ho dwuma wɔ Ɛbɔwbira mu. Fankwa mu no, Aborɔfo no dze too gua dɛ Fahodzi da aba wɔ Ɛbɔw 6, 1957.

Nna akotsiafo no hɔn bo nngye do wɔ adwen a ɔfa Fahodzi noho, na wɔhwehwɛɛ dɛ tum no wɔnkyekyɛ no Mantɔw ahorow mu. Mpɛnsampɛnsamu kɔr do wɔ 1956 mu kowuraa 1957 mu. Mbom Nkrumah antoto ase wɔ ne mper ama dɛ aban no bedzi ɔmanmu nodo no, wɔkyekyɛɛ ɔman no mu ekuw enum, a nna tum no fi Nkran, na ahemfo no dwumadzi wɔ hɔn amambu mu. Kwarkwar 21,1957, British Soafo panyin, Harold Macmillan, dze too gua dɛ Ghana bɛkɛ commonwealth of Nations fir Ɛbɔw 6.

Ghanafo Hɔn Fahodzi

[sesa mu | sesa ekyirsɛm]

Tsetse Gold Coast Frankaa no kyerɛ British Ahendzi no tumdzi

Nkrumah no Ghana frankaa fofor no kyerɛ Ebibirmu ɔmanyɛ na tumdzi

Ghana nyaa no fahodzi wɔ Ɛbɔw 6, 1957 dɛ Ghana a ɔdze noho. Dɛ British ndzido man a onyaa ne fahodzi a odzi kan, enyigye a ɔkɔr do wɔ Nkra no ɔtwee wiadze afanaa nyina hɔn adwen; nsɛmkyerɛwfo bɛyɛ ɔha na fɔtotwafo botwaa dwumadzi n o. United States Mampanyin Dwight D. Eisenhower somaa abadobɔ nkrato na n'abadziekyir Richard Nixon bosii U.S ananmu wɔ dwumadzi n'ase. Soviet delegation no serɛɛ Nkrumah dɛɛ ɔnkɛsera Moscow Amon mu hɔ ara. Amanyɛ mu abɔdzemunyasapɛnyi Ralph Bunche, Africanyi Amɛrikanyi nna ɔwɔ hɔ ma wiadze nkabom kuw, nna Duchess a ofi Kent so bosii Queen Elizabeth II n'anan. Wiadze afanaa nyinara bɔboae. Mpo sɛ nkyɛ wɔnka ho a, ɔman nna wohu hɔn dɛ ahonyafo, a kookoo akatua wɔ sor na hɔn fagudzi ahorow so rotu mpɔn.

Dɛ mbrɛ Ɛbɔw enum sesaa bɛyɛɛ esia no, Nkrumah sɔr gyinaa du a ɔwɔ mpempem a wɔyɛ ekyirtaafo na ɔkaa dɛ,'' Ghana bɛdze noho afebɔɔ''. Ɔkasae wɔ Ghana mbrahyɛbagua a hɔn ntsenasee a odzikan wɔ Fahodzi da, ɔkakyerɛɛ n'amamba fofor no dɛ '' yɛwɔ asodzi dɛ yɛbɛkyerɛ wiadze afanaa dɛ Ebibifo so botum ebu hɔn man wɔ nkɔrdo na ahohyɛdo na dɛ wobɛdzi kabinamenkabi do. Ɔwɛ dɛ yɛyɛ nhwɛdo ma Ebibifo nkaa no nyinara.

Nkrumah nna wɔbɛ no nsabran Osagyefo a ɔkyerɛ dɛ '' ɔgyefo'' wɔ akan kasa mu. Dɛm fahadzi ehursi yi nna Duchess a ofi Kent na Governor otsiban Charles Arden-Clarke ka ho bi. A nna nsɛmkyerɛwfo a wɔbor 600 bɛkaa ho bi, Ghanafo hɔn fahodzi bɛyɛɛ amanaman hɔn kaseɛbɔ wɔ Ebibirmu abakɔsɛm mu.

Ghana frankaa no Theodosia Okoh na ɔyɛɛ, Ɔfaa Ethiopiafo hɔn ahabanmon-akokɔangua-kɔkɔɔ Judah mu Gyata na ɔdze Nsorma tumtum sesaa Gyata no. Kɔben no gyina hɔ ma bogyahwiegu; ahabanmon no gyina hɔ ma adzefɛw, nduadzewa, na nkɔrdo; akokɔangua gyina hɔ ma sika kɔkɔɔ; nsorma tumtum no gyina hɔ ma Ebibifo hɔn fahodzi. Ɔman no coat of arms fofor no Amo Kotei dzii dɛm dwuma no, ɔdze ɔkɔr, gyata, St. George's Cross, na Nsorma Tumtum a copious gold na gold trim. Philip Gbebo wɔhyɛɛ no dɛ wɔkyerɛw ɔmanmu ndwom, '' Onyankopɔn nhyira hɛn man Ghana''.

Dɛ ɔbɛyɛ nkadum ama ɔman fofor no, Nkrumah buee Black Star Square a ɔbɛn Osu Castle wɔ Nsuano a ɔyɛ Osu Mansin, Nkran. Wɔdze dɛm square yi bedzi dwuma dɛ ɔman n'ahyɛnsewdze na nyimpadɔm nkabom yɛkyerɛ.

Nkrumah n'amambu mu, Ghana faa kabimamenkabi ndzɛmba na ndzdeyɛɛ. Nkrumah yɛɛ nyɛnma nhyehyɛɛ, hyɛɛ nkurow ahorow dwumadzin na ɔtsetseew skuuls ahorow.

Ghanafo Hɔn Mampanyin (1957–1966)

[sesa mu | sesa ekyirsɛm]

Amanyɛsɛm Mpontu na mampanyin abatow

[sesa mu | sesa ekyirsɛm]

Nkrumah dzi ber kakra dɛ ɔwar nkyer no ekyir a nna ne mamfo nnyɛ ahomgye wɔ ne man mu no. Aban no somaa nsordarfo kɔr Togo-land dɛ wɔnkɛgye nkorɔfo a wɔnnya asomdwee a ofi ntokwa a ɔfa amambasɛm ho wɔ ɔman fofor no mu. Hɛnkafo tsew etua wɔ Nkran wɔ mentse moho ase a osii Gafo nkorɔfo mu, a nna wɔgye dzi dɛ nkorɔfo a wofi ebusuakuw fofor mu rinya akwanya wɔ aban dwuma mu, na iyi dze oyene baa wɔ Dzifuu mu. Nkrumah n'ano yi nye dɛ ɔsɔn aban mu edwumayɛfo nkumaa nodo a ogyinaa Discrimination Act (6 December 1957) a ɔdze tabɔn too Mantɔw anaa ebusuasɛm amanyɛkuw do. Ebusuasɛm kor so sii wɔ Esuantseman mu, bet Nkrumah na CPP no nyaa ahenfo nkumaa no a nna wonndzi amanyɛkuw biara ekyir no wotuu hɔn egua do. Dɛm dwumadzi yi nna ɔfa akotsiafo amanyɛkuw ho, a wɔbɔbɔɔ mu tseew United Party a ɔyɛ Kofi Abrefa Busia hyɛase.

1958 mu no, wɔkyer ɔkotsianyi MP bi a kwaadu a wɔdze bɔɔ no nye dɛ nna ɔpɛ dɛ ɔfa akodze bi fir aborɔkyir a nna wɔahyehyɛ dɛ ɔdze bɛsesa Ghana Army (GA) hɔn ndzɛmba. Nkrumah nyaa ngyentum dɛ binom ayɛ hɔn adwen dɛ wobotu n'adze do, na ne nyiano nye dɛ mbrahyɛbaguafo no bɛgye Preventive Detention Act no ato mu, a ɔbɛma oedzi no dwuma kɛpem mfe enum a obiara nntum mbɔ no sombo, a Nkrumah pɛr na otum yi efiadzefo fir efiadze ntsɛm. Dɛm mbrɛ nyimapa ɔkyerɛw Nkrumah ho asɛm, David Birmingham kaa no, ''obiara enntum annyɛ biribi annsɛɛ Nkrumah ne dzin dɛ ɔnoara per dɛ ɔtsena egua nodo kyɛr a wɔanhwehwɛ ahobambɔ yie. Nkrumah pɛɛ dɛ oyi British atsembuafo a wɔagye ntsetsee fir hɔ, ohun dɛ nna wɔko tsia ne nhyehyɛɛ ber wɔdze hɔn hyɛɛ ɔmambra n'ase.

Nsu a nna ɔsɔn gumu kor so nye Mantɔw ananmusifo no, a nna wɔdze hɔn abɔ mu dɛ wongyina hɔ mma amambra ho nsɛnkae no. Akotsiafo no, a nna hɔnho yɛdzen wɔ Esuantseman mu no na Etsifi no, wɔhyɛɛ asɛmbli no kutupa; CPP no nna wɔpɛ dɛ wodzi dwuma dɛ afotufo. 1959 mu no, Nkrumah faa no dɔm dodow a ɔwɔ no mbrahyɛbaguafie no do tsiw dɛ wɔnnsa ɔmambra no mu, a ɔno maa woguu asɛmbli no na obuei kwan maa mbrahyɛbaguafo no dɛ wobotum asesa ɔmambra a ohia dɔm dodow no pɛr.

Queen Elizabeth II dzii Ghana do fir 1957 kɛpem 1960. William Hare, 5th Earl a ofi Listowel nna ɔyɛ Governor-General, na Nkrumah gyinaa dɛ Soafo Panyin. Ɛbɔw 6, 1960 mu no, Nkrumah dze ne tsirmupɔw a ɔfa Ghana amambra fofor ho ɔbɛma Ghana ayɛ amambu, a ɔmampanyi bedzin hɔn enyim a ɔwɔ asoafo na mbrahyɛbagua tum. Dɛm asɛm yi na ɔka ho dɛ ɔbɛma Ghana ahyɛ tum a ɔwɔ Union of African States ase. Wɔ Ɛbɔwbira 19,23 na 27 wɔ 1960 mu dɛ ɔyɛ mampanyin abatow nna abatow nkyekyɛmu a ɔwɔ amambra no mu kɔr do. Amambra no kasae na woyii Nkrumah dɛ mampanyin wɔ J. B. Danquah do, nyimpa a ogyinaa ma UP, 1,016,076 kɛpem 124,623. Ghana sanso kaa British-led Commonwealth of Nations.

Ebusuasɛm ho nsɔrntsia

[sesa mu | sesa ekyirsɛm]

Nkrumah hwehwɛɛ dɛ obeyi ebusuasɛm efi hɔ, adehyesɛm nna ɔkɔr do kyɛn hɔn a nna wɔwɔ ɔman no mu no, dɛ mbrɛ ɔkyerɛɛw no Africa Must Unite: '' Yɛdze hɛnho ahyɛ ɔko bi mu no, ɔko a yɛdze ritsia ohia na yarba, ritsia adwenmu ntsew, ritsia ebusuasɛm na wentwiwentwi. Ɔwɔ dɛ yenya ndzzɛmba a ɔbɔboa ma yeetum esisi adan na mpontu dwuma. '' Bodur dɛm ber yi, 1958 mu no, n'amambu no peen mbra bi do a otsia kuw bi a wɔyɛ nyuimpa su mo nyiyimu anaa ɔsom ho akasakasa ɔdze nyimpasu mu nyiyimu anaa ɔsom ahorow, anaa dɛ wobenya nkorɔfo a wɔbɔtow aba ama wo ɔnam hɔn nyimpasu inyiyimu ntsi anaa ɔsom ahorow bi ntsi, anaa botae bi a ɔnye iyi sɛ. '' Nkrumah pɛɛ dɛ ɔdze Ghana afrankaa twa ɔman no nyinara mu, na ɔdze tabon too ebusuasɛm afrankaa do dɛm obiara nyɛ asobrakye ntsia.

Kofi Abrefa Busia a ofi United Party (Ghana) no, nyaa ekyirtaafo dɛ ɔkotsianyi panyin wɔ anokɔnkɔn bi dɛm mbra yi do, dɛ wɔbɛfa enyimdzifo edzi hɔn enyim na wobobu tabon a ɔda ebusuasɛm amanyɛsɛm dɛ nhyɛdo. Iyi ekyir, ofii ɔman no mu. Nkrumah nna ɔyɛ mambayin wɔagye ntsin paa. The New York Times wɔ 1972 mu no kyerɛw dɛ: ''Ber no tumdzi wɔ sor dɛ Ghana mampanyin wɔ 1950 mu na 1960 mu no, Kwame Nkrumah nna ɔyɛ wɔagye dzin wɔ amamfo hɔn ano mu. Wɔ fie, ɔgyee dzin na onyaa enyimnyam abotsir a ɔyɛ Osagyefo (Ɔkyerɛ Ɔgyefo Akan mu). Aborɔkyir nna ɔnye wiadze mpanyimfodɛ ɔyɛ nyimpa odzikan a odzii Afrika enyim dze per fahodzi wɔ Wiadze Ɔko a ɔtɔdo ebien ekyir no.

Ber odzii dzii dɛ Soafo Panyin na Ɔmampanyin a odzikan no, Nkrumah dzii nkunyim dɛ ɔtsew amanyɛkuw ho mfaso a ɔfa ahemfo ho no (mfatoho: Akan ahemfo no na na Esuantse manhen) Dɛm ahemfo yi nna woetsintsim tumdzi ber aborɔfi no ridzi hɛndo ɔnam nkabom wɔnye British akandzifo no wɔ no; nokwar mu, nna mpɛn pii no wɔyɛ nhwehwɛɛnyim ɔnam hɔn dzibew ntsi, a ɔye British kuw no nya manso tse dɛ Aborigines' Rights Protection Society. Convention People's Party no nna wɔnye ahemfo no wɔ nkitsahodzi ber wobebuu ɔman no, na dɛm ayɛnkofa yi bɛyɛɛ dzen dɛ CPP yɛɛ ahemfo amamyɛkuw akotsiafo na wobuu amambu no dɛ ɔnnyɛ kabimamenkabi. Mbra a wɔhyɛɛ nio 1958 na 1959 mu maa aban no tum kɛse paa dɛ noara botum etu ahemfo adze do,na ɔyɛɛ amambu a ɔyɛ ahensɛm na sikasɛm. Dɛm dwumadzi yi yɛɛ ma ahemfo no bɛyɛɛ ahɔwo na ɔmaa wɔbɛyɛɛ nkorɔfo a wɔpɛɛ dɛ wotu Nkrumah na n'amanyɛkuw no.

60 Burghley Road, Kentish Town, London, where Nkrumah lived when in London between 1945 and 1947

Mboaedze

[sesa mu | sesa ekyirsɛm]
  1. ↑ "President Kennedy, Prime Minister Macmillan and the Gold Market, 196063", Governing Post-War Britain, Palgrave Macmillan, 11 April 2012, doi:10.1057/9780230361270.0010, ISBN 978-0-230-36127-0
  2. ↑ Nhwɛdo:Cite ODNB
  3. ↑ "Political Progress", The Political Philosophy of Confucianism, Routledge, pp. 258–273, 5 November 2013, doi:10.4324/9781315018775-19 (inactive 6 September 2024), ISBN 978-1-315-01877-5{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of Fankwa 2024 (link)
  4. ↑ Proceedings of the convention at which the American federation of arts was formed. B. S. Adams. 1909. doi:10.5479/sil.380651.39088006011662.
  5. ↑ "Prime Minister 1957–60", Kwame Nkrumah. Vision and Tragedy, Sub-Saharan Publishers, pp. 192–214, 15 November 2007, doi:10.2307/j.ctvk3gm60.17, ISBN 978-9988-647-81-0
  6. ↑ Stanek, Łukasz (2020). Architecture in global socialism: Eastern Europe, West Africa, and the Middle East in the Cold War. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-19455-4. OCLC 1134854794.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Nkrumah, Kwame (1953). [Letter: Kwamé Nkrumah to Richard Wright]. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  8. ↑ Mazrui, Ali (1966). "Nkrumah: The Leninist Czar". Transition (26): 9–17. doi:10.2307/2934320. ISSN 0041-1191. JSTOR 2934320.
  9. ↑ Kilson, Martin L. (1963). "Authoritarian and Single-Party Tendencies in African Politics". World Politics (in English). 15 (2): 262–294. doi:10.2307/2009376. ISSN 1086-3338. JSTOR 2009376. S2CID 154624186. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  10. ↑ Bretton, Henry L. (1958). "Current Political Thought and Practice in Ghana*". American Political Science Review (in English). 52 (1): 46–63. doi:10.2307/1953012. ISSN 1537-5943. JSTOR 1953012. S2CID 145766298. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  11. ↑ "Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah: visionary, authoritarian ruler and national hero". Deutsche Welle (in British English). 2016. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  12. ↑ "Portrait of Nkrumah as Dictator". The New York Times (in American English). 3 May 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  13. ↑ "VII. The Reluctant Nation", One-Party Government in the Ivory Coast, Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 219–249, 31 December 1964, doi:10.1515/9781400876563-012, ISBN 978-1-4008-7656-3
  14. ↑ Commanding Heights, 1998
  15. ↑ "Country capabilities and the strategic state: How national political institutions affect multinational corporations' strategies". Long Range Planning. 28 (1): 142. 1995. doi:10.1016/0024-6301(95)92200-8. ISSN 0024-6301.
  16. ↑ "Birthday Quote 21st September". AudlemOnline (in English). 21 September 2017. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  17. ↑ "Kwame Nkrumah: Ghana's first president and a revered panafrican". The New Times | Rwanda (in English). 31 October 2017. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  18. ↑ "Kwame Nkrumah: Non-Violence of Mahatma Gandhi in Ghana | Articles : On and By Gandhi". www.mkgandhi.org. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  19. ↑ "Dr Kwame Nkrumah's History & LSE Application Form". London School of Economics. 10 October 2018. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
  20. ↑ "Man in the News; An African Enigma; Kwame Nkrumah". The New York Times. 3 January 1964. Archived from the original on 1 November 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Botwe-Asamoah, Kwame (2005). Kwame Nkrumah's Politico-cultural Thought and Policies: An African-centered Paradigm for the Second Phase of the African Revolution. Psychology Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-415-94833-3. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  22. ↑ Berry, LaVerle Bennette; Library of Congress, Federal Research Division (1995). Ghana: a country study. Washington DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 27. ISBN 0844408352. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  23. ↑ "Ghana: The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah | University of Education, Winneba". www.uew.edu.gh. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  24. ↑ "Athelstan 'Half King' and his Family", The Danelaw, Bloomsbury Academic, 1992, doi:10.5040/9781472598837.ch-021, ISBN 978-1-4725-9883-7
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Rooney, p. 7.
  26. ↑ Yakubu, Mutala (21 September 2019). "Kwame Nkrumah Memorial Day: Dr Kwame Nkrumah 'A son of the soil'". Prime New Ghana. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 "Biography of Ghana's first President, Dr Kwame Nkrumah". Graphic Online. 8 March 2016. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  28. ↑ Service, Support. "Kwame Nkrumah". TV Afrique (in American English). Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  29. ↑ "Details of Opanyin Kofi Nwiana Ngolomah, father of Dr. Kwame Nkrumah". GhanaWeb (in English). 2021-09-21. Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  30. ↑ "From Ngolomah To Nkrumah". Peace FM. 21 September 2009. Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
  31. ↑ "Nkrumah's Family". Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah Infobank. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Rooney, pp. 7–8.
  33. ↑ "Biography of Ghana's first President, Dr Kwame Nkrumah". Graphic Online. 8 March 2016. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  34. ↑ "Fathia Nkrumah: Farewell to all that". Al-Ahram Weekly. 20 September 2009. Archived from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017. Grandmother Nyaneba, then well into her 90s, waited patiently for her son. Mother stood by her side. Grandmother was determined to remain alive to witness Nkrumah's triumphant return to Ghana. Only after her hand was placed on his coffin did the old woman at last accept that he was dead. Grandmother was to pass away seven years later in my mother's arms, aged 102.
  35. ↑ "Nkrumah, Dr Kwame, ((21 Sept. 2009 – 27 April 1972)", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u158013
  36. ↑ "From Ngolomah To Nkrumah". Peace FM. 21 September 2009. Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
  37. ↑ Brooks, E. C. (1913). "Seven, Eight, and Nine Years in the Elementary School". The Elementary School Teacher. 14 (1): 20–28. doi:10.1086/454260. ISSN 1545-5858. S2CID 144643192.
  38. ↑ Owusu-Ansah, p. 239.
  39. ↑ Rooney, p. 9.
  40. ↑ Addo, pp. 53–54.
  41. ↑ Biney, Barbara Ama (April 2007). "Kwame Nkrumah: An Intellectual Biography" (PDF). University of London. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "WOMEN, TRUE FIGHTERS OF FREEDOM – AFRICA NAKUA" (in American English). Archived from the original on 21 April 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  43. ↑ "Azikiwe, Nnamdi", African American Studies Center, Oxford University Press, 7 April 2005, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.40103, ISBN 978-0-19-530173-1
  44. ↑ Rahman, Ahmad A. (2007). The Regime Change of Kwame Nkrumah (in British English). doi:10.1057/9780230603486. ISBN 978-1-349-52903-2.
  45. ↑ "WOMEN, TRUE FIGHTERS OF FREEDOM – AFRICA NAKUA" (in American English). Archived from the original on 21 April 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  46. ↑ "Kwame Nkrumah: Ghana's first president and a revered panafrican". The New Times | Rwanda (in English). 31 October 2017. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  47. ↑ Rooney, pp. 9–12.
  48. ↑ Matera, Marc (2010). "Colonial Subjects: Black Intellectuals and the Development of Colonial Studies in Britain". Journal of British Studies. 49 (2): 388–418. doi:10.1086/649838. ISSN 0021-9371. JSTOR 23265207. S2CID 143861344.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Sherwood, p. 115.
  50. ↑ Martin, G. (2012). African Political Thought. Palgrave Macmillan US. ISBN 978-1-137-06205-5. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  51. ↑ Fulcher, James (1 November 2000). "Globalisation, the Nation-State and Global Society". The Sociological Review (in English). 48 (4): 522–543. doi:10.1111/1467-954X.00231. ISSN 0038-0261. S2CID 145019590.
  52. ↑ Gebe, Boni Yao (March 2008). "Ghana's Foreign Policy at Independence and Implications for the 1966 Coup D'état" (PDF). Journal of Pan African Studies. 2 (3). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 June 2014.
  53. ↑ "Running away from our own shadows". www.ippmedia.com (in English). 23 March 2020. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  54. ↑ Rooney, p. 23.
  55. ↑ Rooney, p. 25.
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