Daular Mali
 Daular Mali | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | |||||
|
| |||||
| Wuri | |||||
| |||||
| Babban birni |
Kangaba (en)  | ||||
| Yawan mutane | |||||
| Harshen gwamnati | Harsunan Mande | ||||
| Addini |
traditional African religion (en) | ||||
| Bayanan tarihi | |||||
| Mabiyi |
Baté Empire (en) | ||||
| Ƙirƙira |
<abbr title="Circa (en) ">c. 1235 | ||||
| Rushewa | 1670 | ||||
| Tsarin Siyasa | |||||
| Tsarin gwamnati |
empire (en) | ||||
| Gangar majalisa |
Gbara (en) | ||||
| • Shugaban ƙasa |
Mansa (en) | ||||
| Ikonomi | |||||
| Kuɗi | zinare | ||||
| Daular Mali | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
|
| |||||
| Wuri | |||||
| |||||
| Babban birni |
Kangaba (en) | ||||
| Yawan mutane | |||||
| Harshen gwamnati | Harsunan Mande | ||||
| Addini |
traditional African religion (en) | ||||
| Bayanan tarihi | |||||
| Mabiyi |
Baté Empire (en) | ||||
| Ƙirƙira |
<abbr title="Circa (en) ">c. 1235 | ||||
| Rushewa | 1670 | ||||
| Tsarin Siyasa | |||||
| Tsarin gwamnati |
empire (en) | ||||
| Gangar majalisa |
Gbara (en) | ||||
| • Shugaban ƙasa |
Mansa (en) | ||||
| Ikonomi | |||||
| Kuɗi | zinare | ||||
Daular Mali (Manding: Mandé [1] ko Manden; Larabci: مالي, romanized: Mālī) ta kasance daula a yammacin Afirka daga c. 1226 zuwa shekarar 1670. Sundiata Keita ce ta kafa daular (a shekara ta 1214–c. 1255) kuma ta shahara da dukiyar sarakunanta, musamman Mansa Musa (Musa Keita). Ana yin magana da harsunan Manding a cikin daular. A kololuwarta, Mali ita ce daula mafi girma a yammacin Afirka, inda ta yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun yankin ta hanyar yaɗa harshe, dokokinta da al'adunta. Yawancin bayanan da aka rubuta game da Daular Mali sun fito ne daga masanin tarihin Tunusiya na ƙarni na 14 Ibn Khaldun, ɗan Moroko na ƙarni na 14 Ibn Battuta da ɗan ƙasar Andalusian Leo Africanus na ƙarni na 16. Wata babbar hanyar samun bayanai ita ce al'adar baka ta Mandinka, kamar yadda masu ba da labari da aka sani da griots suka rubuta. [2]
Daular ta fara ne a matsayin wata karamar masarauta ta Mandinka da ke can saman kogin Neja, wacce ke kewayen Manding. [1] A cikin karni na 11 da na 12, wata daula ta fara tasowa bayan faɗuwar daular Ghana, ko Wagadu, zuwa arewa. A cikin wannan lokacin, hanyoyin kasuwanci sun ƙaura zuwa kudu zuwa savanna, suna ƙarfafa ci gaban jihohi irin su Bonoman. Tarihin farko na Daular Mali (kafin karni na 13) ba a sani ba, saboda akwai labaran da ke karo da juna da kuma ingantattun bayanai daga malaman tarihin Larabawa da na baka. Sundiata Keita shine shugaba na farko wanda aka samu sahihin rubutaccen bayani (ta hanyar Ibn Khaldun). Sundiata Keita wani jarumi ne na daular Keita wanda aka yi kira da ya 'yantar da al'ummar Mali daga mulkin sarkin Sosso daular Soumaoro Kanté. Yakin Sosso a c. 1235 ya ba daular Mali damar shiga hanyoyin kasuwanci tsakanin Sahara.
Bayan mutuwar Sundiata Keita a c. Shekarar 1255, ana kiran sarakunan Mali da taken mansa. [2] a c. 1285 Sakoura, wanda tsohon bawa ne na gidan sarauta, ya zama sarki kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan sarakunan Mali, wanda ya faɗaɗa yankin daular. Ya yi tattaki zuwa Makka a zamanin mulkin Mamluk Sultan An-Nasir Muhammad (r. 1298-1308), amma ya rasu a tafiyarsa ta gida. Bayan wasu sarakuna biyu Musa Keita ya zama mansa a c. 1312. Ya yi wata shahararriyar aikin hajji a Makka daga shekarar 1324 zuwa 1326. Kyautar da ya bayar ga Mamluk Masar da kuma yadda ya kashe zinare ya haifar da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a Masar. [3] Maghan I ya gaji mahaifinsa a matsayin mansa a shekarar 1337, amma kawunsa Suleyman ya kore shi a shekarar 1341. A lokacin mulkin Suleyman na shekaru 19 ne Ibn Battuta ya ziyarci kasar Mali. [2] Mutuwar Suleyman ta nuna ƙarshen Zamanin Zinare na Mali da mafarin raguwar koma baya.
An sani daga Tarikh al-Sudan cewa har yanzu Mali ta kasance kasa mai girman gaske a karni na 15. Wani mai binciken dan kasar Venetia Alvise Cadamosto da ‘yan kasuwan Portugal sun tabbatar da cewa har yanzu al’ummar Gambia na karkashin mansa na kasar Mali. [2] A ziyarar da Leo Africanus ya kai a farkon karni na 16, bayanin da ya yi game da yankunan Mali ya nuna cewa har yanzu daula ce mai girma. Duk da haka, daga shekara ta 1507 zuwa gaba jihohin da ke makwabtaka da su kamar Diara, Great Fulo da daular Songhay sun rabu a kan iyakar Mali. A shekara ta 1542, Songhay ya mamaye babban birnin kasar amma ba su yi nasara ba wajen mamaye daular. A cikin karni na 17, daular Mali ta fuskanci kutsawa daga Daular Bamana. Bayan yunkurin da Mansa Mama Maghan ta yi na cin birnin Bamana bai yi nasara ba, a shekara ta 1670 Bamana ya kori tare da kona babban birnin kasar, kuma daular Mali ta wargaje cikin hanzari kuma ta daina wanzuwa, inda aka maye gurbinsu da sarakuna masu zaman kansu. Keitas sun koma garin Kangaba, inda suka zama sarakunan larduna. [2]
Name (Suna)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mali, Mandé, Manden, da Manding duk wasu lafuzzan lafuzza iri ɗaya ne na kalma ɗaya a cikin yaruka daban-daban. [4] Larabci: مالي, romanized: Mālī. [5] Mali ita ce siffar Fula. [6] [5] A cikin harsunan Manding, zuriyar zamani na harshen da ake magana a cikin tsakiyar daular Mali, Manden ko Manding shine sunan yankin da ya dace da tsakiyar daular Mali. [7]
Majiya mai tushe ta rabu kan ko Mali sunan wani gari ne ko yanki. Ibn Battuta, wanda ya ziyarci babban birnin kasar daga shekarun 1352 zuwa 1353, ya kira kasar Mali. Catalan Atlas na 1375 ya kwatanta "birnin Melly" (Catalan) a Afirka ta Yamma. [8] Leo Africanus ya ce ana kiran babban birnin Melli. [9] Sai dai al-Umari ya bai wa Mali sunan babban birnin kasar kuma Ibn Khaldun yana kiran Mali a matsayin al'umma, inda kowanne ya ba da sunaye daban-daban ga kansa. [10] Ko Mali ta samo asali ne a matsayin sunan wani gari ko yanki, daga baya aka yi amfani da sunan ga dukan daular da ake mulki daga Mali. [10] [9]
Wani hasashe kuma ya nuna cewa sunan Mali ya samo asali ne daga Mandé mali "hippopotamus", dabbar da ke da mahimmanci ga Keitas, kuma Mandé yana nufin "karamin manatee". Wani almara ya yi iƙirarin cewa Sunjata ya rikiɗe zuwa hippopotamus. [5] Duk da haka, waɗannan hasashe sun ƙi su daga cikin gida kuma ba su dace da yanayin da ake gani na Mali da Mandé ba. [11]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ki-Zerbo, Joseph: UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Imperato & Imperato 2008.
- ↑ Goodwin 1957.
- ↑ Delafosse 1912a.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Niane 2006.
- ↑ Gomez 2018.
- ↑ Conrad 2004.
- ↑ Fauvelle 2018.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Hunwick 1973.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Levtzion & Hopkins 2000.
- ↑ Delafosse 1912a "On a voulou trouver à ce mto une étymologie totémique et on a traduit Mali par «hippopotame» et Mandé par «petit lamentin» : ces deux étymologies sont rejetées par les indigènes du pays, c'est-à-dire les Malinké, qui déclarent que Mandé ou Mali est simpliment le nom de leur patrie et qu'ils n'en connaissent pas la signification (1) et qui, au surplus, n'ont aucun totem de peuple, pas plus le lamentin que l'hippopotame: un de leurs clans seulement a pour tana ou «tabou» l'hippopotame et il n'en porte pas le nom (clan des Keïta)." "(1) Si d'ailleurs la forme mali peut signifier «hippopotame» dans certains dialectes, ce sens ne peut en aucune façon s'appliquer à la forme mandé; part contre, si l'on peut traduire mandé, mané, mani, etc. par «petit lamentin», il serait bien difficile de donner la même traduction aux formes mali, "mallé", etc.; on pourrait encore proposer l'étymologie de «fils de maitre», mais elle serait également fort douteuse."