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Gurbacewar iska ta gida

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Gurbacewar iska ta gida
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na indoor air pollution (en) Fassara
Rabon mace-mace ta ƙasa daga gurɓacewar iska a cikin gida a cikin 2017.

Gurbacewar iska na gida (Household pollution HAP) wani nau'i ne mai mahimmanci na gurɓataccen iska a cikin gida galibi dangane da dafa abinci da hanyoyin gumama da ake amfani da su a ƙasashe masu tasowa .[1] Tun da yawancin abincin da ake yin shi da man fetur na biomass, a cikin nau'i na itace, gawayi, taki, da sauran amfanin gona, a cikin gida da wanda ba shi da isasshen iska, miliyoyin mutane, da farko mata da yara suna fuskantar mummunar haɗari na kiwon lafiya. Gabaɗaya, kimanin mutane biliyan uku a ƙasashe masu tasowa ne wannan matsala ta shafa. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta kiyasta cewa gurbatar yanayi da ke da nasaba da dafa abinci na janyo mutuwar mutane miliyan 3.8, a duk shekara.[2] Binciken Duniya na Burden Cututtuka ya kiyasta adadin wadanda suka mutu a cikin 2017, a miliyan 1.6. Matsalar tana da alaƙa ta kut da kut da Makamancin talauci da dafa abinci.

Hayaki daga gidan gargajiya m konewar man fetur yawanci ya ƙunshi kewayon rashin cika kayayyakin konewa, ciki har da duka lafiya da m particulate kwayoyin halitta (misali PM 2.5, PM 10), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), sulfur dioxide (SO). 2), da nau'ikan gurbatacciyar iska.[3]

Abubuwan da suka dogara da fasaha na wannan matsala sun fi mayar da hankali kan samar da <ingantattun tantunan dafa abinci duk da cewa canje-canjen hali na iya zama mahimmanci.

Bayanin matsala da sikelin.

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Wuraren ƙone itace na gargajiya, yana haifar da gurɓataccen iska a gida

Mutane biliyan uku a kasashe masu tasowa sun dogara ne da man da ake amfani da shi na halitta, a matsayio|ita], gawayi, taki, da sauran amfanin gona, a matsayin girkinsu na gida da kuma dumama man fetur. Tun da yawancin girkin ana yin su ne a cikin gida a cikin wuraren da ba su da isasshen iska, miliyoyin mutane, da farko mata da yara suna fuskantar haɗarin lafiya. Manyan tushen gurɓacewar gida sun haɗa da konewa da kayan gini. A duniya baki daya, an danganta mutuwar mutane miliyan 4.3, sakamakon kamuwa da cutar IAP a kasashe masu tasowa a shekarar 2012, kusan duka a kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga. Yankunan Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da Yammacin Pasifik suna ɗaukar mafi yawan nauyi tare da mutuwar mutane 1.69, da miliyan 1.62, bi da bi. Kusan mutuwar 600,000, na faruwa a Afirka, 200,000, a yankin Gabashin Bahar Rum, 99,000 a Turai da 81,000, a Amurka. Ragowar mutuwar 19,000, na faruwa ne a kasashe masu tasowa.

Ko da yake yawan dogaro da man fetur na biomass yana raguwa, wannan albarkatun da ke raguwa ba za su ci gaba da haɓakar yawan jama'a ba wanda zai iya jefa muhalli cikin haɗari mafi girma.

A cikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata, an yi nazari da yawa da ke bincikar gurɓacewar iska ta hanyar konewar mai na gida na gargajiya don dumama sararin samaniya, haske, da dafa abinci a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Yanzu an tabbatar da cewa, a ko'ina cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, kona cikin gida na iskar gas mai ƙarfi (biomass, coal, da dai sauransu) ta hanyar rashin inganci, sau da yawa rashin isassun iska, na'urorin konewa suna haifar da ɗaukaka ga gurɓataccen iska. Hakan na faruwa ne saboda rashin ingancin konewar na'urorin konewa da kuma yanayin haɓakar hayakin. Bugu da ƙari, sau da yawa ana sakin su kai tsaye zuwa wuraren zama.[4] Hayaki daga gidan gargajiya m konewar man fetur yawanci ya ƙunshi kewayon rashin cika kayayyakin konewa , ciki har da duka lafiya da m particulate kwayoyin halitta (misali ">2,>, P">) ), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), sulfur dioxide (SO). 2), da nau'o'in gurɓataccen iska (misali, formaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, acetaldehyde, acrolein, phenols, pyrene, benzopyrene, benzo (a) pyrene, dibenzopyrenes, dibenzocarbazoles, da croutons). A cikin madaidaicin murhu mai ƙarfi, kusan kashi 6-20% na ƙaƙƙarfan mai ana juyar da shi zuwa hayaƙi mai guba (ta taro). Matsakaicin adadin da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwa kamar nau'in mai da abun ciki na danshi, nau'in murhu da aiki yana tasiri adadin. A cikin Janairu 2023, an buga hanyoyin inganta gurɓataccen iska a cikin gida lokacin amfani da murhun gas, wanda ke da alaƙa da haɓakar haɗarin asma da sauran cututtuka masu yuwuwa, an buga su a cikin The New York Times .

Tasirin lafiya.

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Yawancin ma'aunai an mayar da hankali ne kan matakan fallasa yanayin yanayin numfashi na ƙwayoyin cuta (PM) da carbon monoxide (CO), waɗanda sune manyan samfuran konewa da ba su cika ba kuma ana ɗaukar su haifar da haɗarin lafiya mafi girma. Na cikin gida PM 2.5 matakan fiddawa an ba da rahoton akai-akai suna cikin kewayon ɗaruruwa zuwa dubban micrograms a kowace mita mai kubu (μg/m 3 ). Hakazalika, an auna matakan bayyanar CO zuwa sama da ɗaruruwa zuwa sama da milligrams 1000, a kowace mita cubic (mg/m 3 ). Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan kan gidaje 163, a cikin kananan hukumomin kasar Sin guda biyu, ya ba da rahoton cewa, jimlar ma'ana na cikin gida PM 2.5 na 276, μg/m 3 (haɗin nau'ikan kayan shuka daban-daban, gami da itace, mai tushe na sigari, da masara), 327 μg/m 3 (itace), 144 μg/m 3 (kwal mai hayaƙi), da 96 μg/m 3 (kwal ɗin da ba ta da hayaki) don gidaje ta amfani da nau'ikan man fetur daban-daban da daidaitawar murhu (misali, vented, unvented, šaukuwa, ramin wuta, gauraye murhu). [5][6]

Rural Kenya ya kasance wurin da aka gudanar da ayyukan bincike daban-daban don tantance tsananin hayaƙi da ke faruwa daga amfani da makamashin biomass, musamman itace, taki, da ragowar amfanin gona. Hayaki ya samo asali ne sakamakon rashin cikar konewar mai da mata da yara kan yi wa illa har zuwa sa'o'i bakwai a kowace rana a wuraren da aka rufe.[7] Waɗannan hayaki sun bambanta daga rana zuwa rana, yanayi zuwa yanayi kuma tare da canje-canjen adadin iska a cikin mazaunin. Bayyanawa a cikin gidaje marasa galihu ya zarce matakan tsaro da aka yarda da su fiye da sau ɗari. [7] Domin yawancin matan Kenya suna amfani da wuta mai dutse uku, mafi munin laifin, kilogiram ɗaya na itace mai ƙonewa yana samar da ƙananan ɓangarorin soot wanda zai iya toshewa da kuma harzuka hanyoyin bututun ƙarfe. Har ila yau, hayakin ya ƙunshi iskar gas iri-iri kamar aldehydes, benzene, da carbon monoxide . Bayyanawa ga IAP daga konewar mai mai ƙarfi an haɗa shi, tare da nau'ikan shaidu daban-daban, a matsayin mai haifar da cututtuka da yawa. Mummunan cututtuka na ƙananan numfashi (ALRI) da kuma cututtukan huhu na yau da kullum (COPD) sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka da mutuwa ta hanyar shan taba. Cataracts da makanta, ciwon huhu, tarin fuka, haihuwar da ba a kai ba da ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa ana kuma zargin IAP ne ya haifar da su.Samfuri:Excerpt

Mata da 'yan mata.

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Mata da 'yan mata ne ke da alhakin tattara itacen mai don dafa abinci a yawancin gidaje, musamman a yankunan karkara da sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira. Mata da 'yan mata kuma su ne suka fi yawan mace-mace sakamakon gurbacewar iska a gida.[8] An nuna maye gurbin kananzir / itacen wuta na gargajiya da murhu mai tsafta a Najeriya don rage mummunan sakamakon ciki daga HAP.[9]

Hanyoyi.

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Masu dafa abinci na rana suna amfani da hasken rana azaman tushen kuzari don dafa abinci a waje.

Matsalolin farko.

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Abin takaici, samun mafita mai araha don magance yawancin tasirin IAP - inganta konewa, rage yawan shan taba, inganta tsaro da rage yawan aiki, rage farashin man fetur, da magance dorewa - yana da rikitarwa kuma yana buƙatar ci gaba da ci gaba.[10] Ƙoƙarin inganta murhun girki a baya, tun daga shekarun 1950, an yi shi ne da farko don rage sare itatuwa ba tare da damuwa da IAP ba, kodayake tasirin waɗannan ƙoƙarin na ceton itacen abu ne mai yuwuwa. Ƙoƙari daban-daban sun sami sakamako iri-iri. Misali, wasu ingantattun ƙirar murhu a Kenya sun rage yawan hayaƙi amma sun haifar da hayaƙin CO <sub id="mwpw">2</sub> da SO <sub id="mwqQ">2</sub> mafi girma. Ƙarƙashin cire hayaki yana da wuyar ƙira kuma yana da rauni.

Ingantacciyar nasara.

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Abubuwan da aka inganta na yanzu duk da haka, sun haɗa da murfin hayaƙi waɗanda ke aiki daidai da yadda hayaƙi, don fitar da hayaki, amma ana samun su rage matakan IAP yadda ya kamata fiye da gidajen da suka dogara kawai da tagogi don samun iska. Wasu fasalulluka na sabbin murhun wuta sun haɗa da bututun hayaƙi, rufe wuta don riƙe zafi, ƙirar tukunyar tukunya don haɓaka zafi, dampers don sarrafa kwararar iska, abin saka yumbu don rage asarar zafi, da tsarin tukwane da yawa don ba da damar dafa abinci da yawa. jita-jita.[11]

Yanzu an san tanda a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙanƙanta hanyoyin don cimma burin haɗin gwiwa na rage nauyin kiwon lafiya na IAP da kuma a wasu yankuna rage matsalolin muhalli daga girbi na halitta.[12] An samu wasu nasarori a cikin shigar da abubuwan da suka hada da ingantattun murhun girki, da farko saboda tsarin da ya hada da masu ruwa da tsaki da yawa. Wadannan ayyuka sun gano cewa dole ne a magance muhimman batutuwan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki don tabbatar da nasarar shirye-shiryen shiga tsakani. Yawancin al'amurra masu sarkakiya sun nuna ingantattun murhu ba kayan aikin ceton mai bane kawai.

Zaɓuɓɓukan makamashi masu dorewa.

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Babban konewar biomass yana yiwuwa ne kawai idan an aiwatar da shi cikin tsari mai dorewa. Damuwar ita ce mafi mahimmanci don sabunta hanyoyin da za a iya sabunta su da itacen mai idan ana son ci gaba da kasancewa na dogon lokaci. Ƙoƙarin samun mafita mai ɗorewa a Kenya zai iya haɗawa da haɓaka albarkatun makamashi (bishiyoyi da ciyayi) waɗanda kuma za su samar da ƙarin kudin shiga ga manoma. Wannan maganin zai amfanar gonakin noma ko kiwo mai saurin yashewa da ambaliya kamar yadda tushen tsarin da dattin ganye zai inganta kwanciyar hankali. Zaɓin zaɓi mai kyau na sabunta nau'ikan zai kasance mafi ɗorewa saboda kwanciyar ƙasa ba ta rushewa saboda shuka da shuka. Wasu mutane na kallon wannan mafita a matsayin wata hanya ta kara yin amfani da dazuzzuka, amma tare da kula da albarkatun dazuzzuka yadda ya kamata, hakan na iya zama mafita mai inganci.[13]

Other sustainable options include liquid and gas fuels that are combusted in high-performing efficient stoves. For instance, ethanol produced from cellulosic/non-food feedstocks (wood, agricultural residue) has lower environmental life cycle impacts compared to ethanol produced from sugar and starch

Za a iya tantance fasahar murhu da man girki akan abubuwa biyu: ingancin makamashi da hayaƙin da ke cikin gida. Babban aiki mai inganci na murhu zai iya inganta sakamakon muhalli har ma da ƙarancin mai (kamar itacen wuta da biomass). A cewar wani binciken da aka kwatanta tasirin muhalli, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki na rayuwa na tasirin makamashin dafa abinci, tare da ingantattun murhu "fiye da ƙimar dumama mai yana juyewa zuwa makamashin dafa abinci mai amfani don haka dole ne a samar da ƙarancin man fetur, jigilar kayayyaki, da ƙonewa zuwa ga mai. kai adadin girki”.[14]


Sauran zaɓuɓɓuka masu ɗorewa sun haɗa da mai da ruwa da iskar gas waɗanda aka kone su a cikin murhu mai inganci mai inganci. Misali, ethanol da aka samar daga kayan abinci na cellulosic/marasa abinci (itace, ragowar aikin gona) yana da ƙarancin tasirin yanayin rayuwa idan aka kwatanta da ethanol da aka samar daga sukari da kayan sitaci. LPG, ko da yake an yi shi daga burbushin burbushin da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba, har yanzu yana da ƙananan tasirin kiwon lafiya fiye da man fetur na gargajiya - don haka ko da yake ba madadin mai dorewa ba ne, yana haifar da ƙananan tasiri fiye da na gargajiya.

Kalubale.

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wadata

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Akwai sauye-sauye tsakanin inganci da dorewa a bangaren samar da murhu da kuma kasuwar mai. Yayin da ake haɓaka murhun dafa abinci da ke amfani da ingantacciyar hanyar samar da mai yana da kyau ga muhalli, galibi wannan ba mafita ce mai dacewa ba saboda shingen haɓaka samarwa da amfani da waɗannan abubuwan. Misali, murhun wutan lantarki ana ambaton su azaman madadin 'tsabta' mara fitarwa zuwa yanayin halitta a matakin gida. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai mummunan waje - gurɓataccen yanayi a yankunan da ke kusa da tashar wutar lantarki har yanzu yana haifar da hadarin lafiya, yayin da samar da wutar lantarki a Indiya da Sin (kasashen da suka dogara da kwal don samar da wutar lantarki) har yanzu suna haifar da haɗari mai mahimmanci na muhalli. Haka kuma, gidajen da ke da alaƙa da wutar lantarki a cikin ƙasa ko yanki ne kawai za su sami wutar lantarki don amfanin gida, ta yadda ba a haɗa da ɗimbin al'ummomin karkara.[15]

Bukata.

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A bangaren bukata kuwa, akwai kalubale ta fuskar samar da yanayi mai dacewa don siyan murhu. Haɗa dabarun canza ɗabi'a na al'ada (BCTs) cikin abubuwan da ake buƙata ya zama dole don haɓaka babban canjin ɗabi'a, kamar yadda aka tattauna a ƙasa. Wani abin da aka haramta na aikin murhu wanda ba ya haɗa da tanadi mai kyau na uba shine tsadar farashin ingantattun murhu. Masu cin kasuwa a kasan dala na samun kudin shiga galibi sune masu amfani da ƙarshen waɗannan ingantattun fasahohin, amma saboda rashin haɗin kai ko keɓancewa, ba sa samun damar yin amfani da tsarin gargajiya na kuɗin mabukaci da kiredit. Ƙirƙirar ƙima a cikin tsarin kasuwanci da haɓaka haɓakar cibiyoyin kuɗi (MFIs) suna magance waɗannan batutuwa - duk da haka, MFIs na fuskantar ƙalubale na haɓakawa.[ana buƙatar hujja]

shiga tsakani na gwamnati.

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Ganin mummunan abubuwan waje da ke hade da fasahar murhu mara tsabta - mummunan tasiri ga mata da 'yan mata; rashin dorewar muhalli; da kuma ƙara haɗarin cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da HAP - akwai babban lamari don sa hannun gwamnati. Misali, wani nau'i na sa baki na iya zama tallafin kai tsaye da ke da alaƙa da tasirin lafiya da yanayin - alal misali, tallafin da aka yi niyya kasuwannin carbon. Samar da kayayyakin jama'a kamar ilimin masu amfani, samun damar yin amfani da kudaden mabukaci suma zasu kasance masu amfani. Taimako don saka hannun jari a cikin R&D don fasahohi masu tsabta da mai, da kuma aiwatar da ka'idoji na asali da tsarin gwaji don tsabta da inganci (kuma samar da amfanin jama'a), ya zama dole don ƙirƙirar sarkar wadata mai inganci da dorewa.

Ingantattun abubuwan amfani na waje daga ingantacciyar amfani da murhu, yana ba da hujjar shiga tsakani na waje

Abubuwan haɓaka don ingantattun tantunan dafa abinci.

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  An sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin hanyoyin dafa abinci masu inganci ( ingantattun wuraren dafa abinci ), kamar su Wonderbag, wanda kuma zai iya rage buƙatun mai don dafa abinci na zama. Haɓaka fasahar fasaha ya ba da damar yin amfani da ƙarin hanyoyin dafa abinci mai ɗorewa tare da man fetur na gargajiya, irin su BioLite Home Stove, murhun biomass wanda ke rage yawan amfani da mai da kashi 50% da hayaƙi har zuwa 95%.[16] Sabbin sabbin abubuwa a cikin tsarin kasuwanci sun kuma ba da damar masu samar da murhu don "ingantacciyar haɓaka masana'antu da tattalin arziƙin masu amfani, yayin da ake samun manyan matakan kiwon lafiya da fa'idodin muhalli".[17] Misali, Inyeneri kamfani ne na samar da makamashi a Ruwanda wanda ke aiki kamar 'kamfanin mai dafa abinci'. Samfurin sa ya yi nasarar magance matsaloli da dama game da riƙon murhu da suka haɗa da haramtacciyar tsadar murhu, ɗabi'ar mabukaci na haɗa sabbin hanyoyin dafa abinci da tsoffin hanyoyin dafa abinci, da kuma rashin yuwuwar kasuwancin waɗannan kamfanoni. Bugu da ƙari, ƙirƙira a cikin fasahar wayar tafi da gidanka ya ba wa kamfanoni kamar PayGo Energy a Kenya da KopaGas a Tanzaniya damar shawo kan matsalar tsadar da masu karamin karfi ke fuskanta, gami da tsadar murhu na gaba da rashin samun damar siyan mai a cikin adadi kaɗan (a nau'i na hukuncin talauci ). Har ila yau MFIs sun fara mai da hankalinsu ga samar da makamashi mai tsafta, kamar yadda aka gani tare da nasarar da Hukumar USAID ta samu na Renewable Energy Microfinance and Microenterprise Program (REMMP).[18]

Na

Dole ne a kara kaimi na kasa da kasa don samar da mafita na gajeren lokaci da dogon lokaci ga miliyoyin mata da yara da ke fama da talauci da cututtuka sakamakon gurbacewar iska a cikin gida. Masana kimiya sun yi hasashen nahiyar Afirka za ta kasance ta farko da za ta fuskanci illar dumamar yanayi inda bala'in talauci zai kara jefa miliyoyin mutane cikin hadari saboda karancin karfin da suke da shi na daidaitawa. Yiwuwar tana da girma ga Afirka mai dorewa tare da himma daga ciki da wajen yankin. Cutar huhu ita ce ta daya mai kashe yara a duniya kuma gurbacewar iska a cikin gida abu ne mai matukar hadari ga cutar huhu. Hukumar kula da lafiya ta duniya ta ware ranar 2, ga watan Nuwamba a matsayin ranar yaki da cutar huhu ta duniya domin wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar da kuma dalilanta.

Shirye-shiryen ilimi da dabarun canza hali.

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Shisshigi na ilimi zai iya ba da gudummawa don rage fallasa hayaki ta hanyar aiwatar da dabarun canza ɗabi'a waɗanda mutane ke fuskantar haɗari da ƙarfafa niyyar canza rayuwar rayuwa da ayyukan al'adu waɗanda za su iya yin tasiri sosai kan rage fallasa ga IAP. Canjin dabi'a wani bangare ne na tasirin bukatu da za a iya samu ta hanyar yakin tallan tallace-tallacen da aka yi niyya, wanda galibi nau'ikan iri biyu ne: ko dai yakin kasuwa-nesa ko hanyoyin mayar da hankali a matakin gida da na gida wanda ke amfani da zanga-zangar da bin diddigin ziyara. Bincike ya nuna cewa a zahiri kamfen ɗin tallan tallace-tallace yana ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da haɗarin gurɓacewar iska a gida, amma galibi ba su yin nasara wajen haɓaka sayan ingantattun murhu.

Dole ne a gudanar da zayyana waɗannan ayyukan tare da sanin cewa "buƙatun mabukaci da abubuwan da ake so suna da rikitarwa kuma suna da tasiri da abubuwa da yawa na yanayi da zamantakewa waɗanda ke buƙatar zurfin fahimtar al'adu, wuce fasahar fasaha da tattalin arziki".[19] Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da batutuwan tsakanin jinsi, buƙatun jin daɗi, mahimmancin al'adu na abinci, da imani na addini da al'adu. Shaida guda daya da gwamnatin kasar Sin ta yi nasara ta nuna cewa, a tsakanin shekarar 1980, zuwa 1995, ta watsa ingantattun tantunan dafa abinci miliyan 172. Wannan ƙoƙarin ya sami nasara sosai saboda haɗa masu amfani da gida, musamman mata, waɗanda ke da hannu a cikin ƙira da aikin filin.

Shishigi na farko ga yara.

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Yara har zuwa shekaru biyar suna ciyar da kashi 90% na lokacinsu a gida.[20] A duniya baki daya, kashi 50% na mutuwar ciwon huhu a tsakanin yara 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar suna faruwa ne saboda wasu abubuwan da ake shaka daga gurbacewar iska ta cikin gida.[21] Yawancin gidaje a duk faɗin duniya sun yi amfani da ingantaccen mai don dafa abinci. Wadannan makamashin suna fitar da adadi mai yawa na carbon monoxide da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.[22] Wadannan sinadarai masu bacin rai idan an shakar su na iya haifar da yanayi daban-daban na huhu wanda ya kama daga ciwon daji na epithelial na huhu ko kamuwa da cutar huhu.[23]

Misalai na ƙasa.

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Kenya

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Tun daga shekara ta 2004, Kenya ta nuna niyyar aiwatar da al'amuran makamashin halittu tare da fahimtar cewa amfani yana da alaƙa da gurɓataccen iska na cikin gida da lalata muhalli. Shawarwari daga shirin raya kasashe na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun hada da kafa wata cibiyar da za ta yi aiki kadai da makamashin halittu ta hanyar samar da jagororin manufofi game da itace mai dorewa, gawayi, da kwayoyin halittu na zamani irin su makamashi mai tsafta da iska, hasken rana, da karamin karfin ruwa . Magani na ɗan gajeren lokaci yana da ingantacciyar amfani da makamashi na cikin gida ta hanyar ingantattun murhun dafa abinci waɗanda ke ba da zaɓuɓɓuka masu araha a nan gaba fiye da cikakken matsawa zuwa mai mara ƙarfi. Magani na dogon lokaci ya ta'allaka ne kan sauye sauyen man fetur na zamani da madadin hanyoyin samar da makamashi a cikin babban manufofin kasa da kasa da na kasa da kuma ajanda na tattalin arziki. Tallafin gwamnati don mafita na dogon lokaci yana da yuwuwa kamar yadda yunƙurin da ake yi yanzu a Zambiya ya shaida don haɓaka manufofi don haɓaka albarkatun halittu.

Kenya ita ce kan gaba a duniya a yawan tsarin wutar lantarki da aka girka kowane mutum (amma ba adadin watts da aka kara ba). Fiye da ƙananan na'urorin hasken rana 30,000, kowannensu yana samar da watts 12, zuwa 30, a Kenya kowace shekara. Don saka hannun jari na kusan $ 100, don panel da wiring, ana iya amfani da tsarin PV don cajin baturin mota, wanda zai iya ba da wutar lantarki don kunna fitilar kyalli ko ƙaramin talabijin na ƴan sa'o'i a rana. Yawancin 'yan Kenya suna amfani da wutar lantarki a kowace shekara fiye da yin haɗin kai zuwa tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙasar.[24]

Bayanin da ke biyowa yana wakiltar sa hannun nasara guda ɗaya wanda aka sani da Aikin Smoke and Health Project (1998-2001)[25] wanda ya ƙunshi gidaje hamsin a cikin yankuna biyu daban-daban, Kajiado da Kenya ta Yamma. An zaɓi waɗannan yankuna saboda yanayi daban-daban, yanayin ƙasa, da al'adu daban -daban. Haɗin gwiwar al'umma shine babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali kan wannan aikin kuma a sakamakon haka, waɗanda abin ya shafa sun nuna sakamakon ya zarce tsammaninsu. Ƙungiyoyin mata na gida da kuma, game da aikin a Yammacin Kenya, maza sun shiga tsakani. Ta hanyar haɗa masu amfani da ƙarshen aikin ya haifar da ƙarin karɓuwa kuma ya haifar da ƙarin fa'ida na samar da kudin shiga na gida.

An tattauna da kuma yada muhimman abubuwa guda uku; samun iska ta hanyar faɗaɗa tagogi ko buɗe wuraren buɗe ido, ƙara murfi na hayaƙi a kan wurin dafa abinci, ko zaɓin shigar da ingantacciyar murhu mai dafa abinci kamar murhu Upesi . Murfin hayaƙi raka'a ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke aiki kamar hayaƙi ko bututun hayaƙi a ƙoƙarinsu na fitar da hayaki daga cikin gidan. Ana iya amfani da su a kan bude wuta na gargajiya kuma wannan binciken ya nuna suna ba da gudummawa ga ƙananan matakan IAP. An yi samfurin murfin hayaƙi da takarda mai wuya sannan kuma a tura shi zuwa karfen galvanized mai nauyi mai nauyi kuma an kera shi cikin gida. Wannan ya haifar da ƙarin guraben aikin yi ga masu sana'ar hannu waɗanda aikin ya horar da su. Murhu Upesi, wanda aka yi da yumbu da murhu, Practical Action da abokan hadin gwiwar Gabashin Afirka ne suka samar da shi don amfani da sharar itace da sharar gonaki. Domin an ƙera wannan murhu kuma an daidaita shi don buƙatun gida ya samar da abubuwa masu nasara da yawa. Ba wai kawai ya yanke amfani da itacen mai da kusan rabin ba, da kuma rage yawan shan hayaki a gida, yana kuma baiwa matan gida karfin gwiwa ta hanyar samar da ayyukan yi domin su ne suke kera da sayar da murhu. Wadannan kungiyoyin mata sun sami damar samun horon fasaha a fannin samarwa da tallace-tallace kuma suna samun karin albashi da inganta zamantakewar jama'a sakamakon bullo da wannan ingantacciyar murhu.

An sami fa'idodi iri-iri ciki har da ingantacciyar lafiya; mafi mahimmancin al'amari ga kowane ɗan ƙauyen da abin ya shafa. Mutanen sun ba da rahoton ƙarancin zafi na ciki wanda ke ba da damar mafi kyawun bacci, ƙarancin ciwon kai da ƙarancin gajiya, ƙarancin ido da tari da dizziness . Tsaro ya karu saboda hayakin da ya hana awaki da yara fadawa cikin wuta kuma an samu raguwar gurbacewar goro, tare da macizai da berayen da ba sa shiga gidan. Windows yana ba da damar iya kallon shanu daga gida, da kuma rage buƙatun kananzir saboda ingantaccen hasken ciki. Gabaɗaya, yanayin cikin gida ya inganta sosai daga abubuwa masu sauƙi daban-daban waɗanda aka ɗauka da sauƙi a cikin gidajen yamma na zamani. Hasken cikin gida mafi girma yana ba da damar samun ƙarin samun kudin shiga ga mata saboda suna iya yin aikin katako ta taga lokacin da yanayi bai ba da izinin wannan aikin a waje ba. Yara kuma suna amfana da ƙarin hasken wuta don aikin gida.

Dangantaka tsakanin mata ya taso a sakamakon aikin, kuma maza sun fi tallafa wa shirin matansu idan sakamakon ya amfanar da su. Duk da yake ƙoƙarin farko na inganta murhun wuta yana da iyaka a cikin nasara, ƙoƙarin da ake yi na yanzu ya fi samun nasara saboda sanin cewa albarkatun makamashi mai dorewa na cikin gida "sun kasance tsakiya don rage talauci da yunwa, inganta kiwon lafiya ... da inganta rayuwar mata da yara.[26] mafi kyawun buri na ɗan gajeren lokaci don rage talaucin ƙauye shine samar da mafita mara tsada kuma karɓuwa ga jama'ar gari. Ba wai kawai murhu zai iya ba da gudummawa ga wannan shiga ba, amma yin amfani da mai mai tsabta zai kuma ba da ƙarin fa'idodi.

Guatemala.

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Irin wannan ingantattun ayyukan tantuna sun tabbatar da nasara a wasu yankuna na duniya. Ingantattun murhu da aka girka a matsayin wani ɓangare na Binciken Bazuwar Bazuwar Nazari na Gurɓata Cikin Gida da Nazari (RESPIRE) a Guatemala an gano cewa an yarda da jama'a kuma yana samar da fa'idodin kiwon lafiya ga iyaye mata da yara. Uwaye a cikin rukunin shiga tsakani sun sami raguwar hawan jini da raguwar rashin jin daɗin ido da ciwon baya.[27] [28][29] An kuma gano gidajen shiga tsakani suna da ƙananan matakan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da carbon monoxide.[30] Yara a cikin waɗannan gidaje kuma suna da ƙarancin asma.[31] Wannan shirin matukin jirgi na farko ya samo asali ne zuwa CRECER (Tsarin numfashi na yau da kullun na Bayyanar Yara na Farko zuwa Mahimmancin Halittu),[32] wanda zai yi ƙoƙarin bin yara a cikin gidaje masu shiga tsakani na dogon lokaci don sanin ko ingantattun murhun suma suna ba da gudummawa ga ƙarin lafiya akan tsawon rayuwa.

Indiya.

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shirin kasa kan Ingantattun Chulhas a Indiya ya kuma samu wasu nasarori wajen karfafa amfani da ingantattun murhu a tsakanin mutanen da ke cikin hadarin. An fara a tsakiyar 1980s, wannan shirin yana ba da tallafi don ƙarfafa iyalai don siyan chulhas masu ɗorewa kuma a shigar da bututun hayaƙi. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2005, ya nuna cewa murhu da bututun hayaki yana da alaƙa da ƙananan cutar cataracts a cikin mata.[33] Yawancin bayanan da ake samu daga Indiya sun fi halayen batun kuma akwai ƙarancin bayanai da ake samu daga gwajin shiga tsakani.

China.

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kasar Sin ta samu nasara musamman wajen karfafa amfani da ingantattun murhu, inda aka sanya daruruwan miliyoyin murhu tun farkon aikin a farkon shekarun 1980. Gwamnati ta yi niyya sosai ga matalauta, gidaje na karkara, kuma a ƙarshen 1990s kusan kashi 75% na irin waɗannan gidaje suna ɗauke da "ingantattun wuraren dafa abinci." [34] Wani bita na 2007, na gidaje 3500 ya nuna haɓakar ingancin iska na cikin gida a cikin gidaje masu shiga tsakani waɗanda ke da ƙarancin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da carbon monoxide a cikin iskan gida.[35] Shirin da aka yi a kasar Sin ya shafi shiga tsakani sosai, amma an ba da tallafi sosai kan farashin murhu don haka ba a san ko za a iya maimaita nasararsa ba.  

Nassoshi.

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Household air pollution and health". who.int (in Turanci). Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  2. ↑ "Household air pollution and health: fact sheet". WHO (in Turanci). 8 May 2018. Retrieved 2020-11-21.
  3. ↑ https://ourworldindata.org/indoor-air-pollution#indoor-air-pollution-is-one-of-the-leading-risk-factors-for-premature-death
  4. ↑ [1] Archived 2015-04-03 at the Wayback Machine, Long, C., Valberg, P., 2014. Evolution of Cleaner Solid Fuel Combustion, Cornerstone, http://cornerstonemag.net/evolution-of-cleaner-solid-fuel-combustion/ Archived 2015-04-03 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ↑ http://cornerstonemag.net/evolution-of-cleaner-solid-fuel-combustion/ Archived 2015-04-03 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ↑ http://cornerstonemag.net/evolution-of-cleaner-solid-fuel-combustion/ Archived 2015-04-03 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Smoke's increasing cloud across the globe, Practical Action, accessed 5 May 2007.
  8. ↑ Alexander, Donee A.; et al. (2018). "Pregnancy Outcomes and Ethanol Cook Stove Intervention: A Randomized-Controlled Trial in Ibadan, Nigeria". Environment International. 111: 152–163. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2017.11.021. PMID 29216559.
  9. ↑ "Burning Opportunity: Clean Household Energy for Health, Sustainable Development, and Wellbeing of Women and Children". World Health Organization. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016.
  10. ↑ Duflo E, Greenstone M, Hanna R (2008). "Indoor air pollution, health and economic well-being". S.A.P.I.EN.S. 1 (1).
  11. ↑ Health, Environment And The Burden Of Disease: A Guidance Note Archived 25 ga Yuni, 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Cairncross, S., O'neill, D., McCoy., A., Sethi, D. 2003. DFID. Accessed 10 May 2007.
  12. ↑ Healthy Stoves and Fuels for Developing Nations and the Global Environment, Kammen, D. 2003. Accessed 12 May 2007.
  13. ↑ Global Village Energy Partnership, Nairobi, Kenya Archived 13 ga Yuni, 2007 at the Wayback Machine, UNDP. 2005. Accessed 30 April 2007.
  14. ↑ "Comparative Analysis of Fuels for Cooking". Global Alliance for Clean Cook Stoves.
  15. ↑ ttp://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/22521
  16. ↑ "BioLite Home Stove". Archived from the original on 2022-03-28. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
  17. ↑ "Renewable Energy Microfinance and Microenterprise Program (REMMP)".
  18. ↑ "Renewable Energy Microfinance and Microenterprise Program (REMMP)".
  19. ↑ Bishop, S; Pursnani, P; Sumpter, C. "Social marketing in India: lessons learned from efforts to foster demand for cleaner cookstoves" (PDF). London: Shell Foundation; 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-20. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
  20. ↑ Mukesh Dherani; et al. (May 2008). "Indoor air pollution from unprocessed solid fuel use and pneumonia risk in children aged under five years: a systematic review and meta-analysis no.5 Genebra". Bull World Health Organ. 86 (1): 321–416. Archived from the original on 6 May 2008.
  21. ↑ Zheng, Li (October 2011). "Evaluation of exposure reduction to indoor air pollution in stove intervention projects in Peru by urinary biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites". Environment International. 37 (7): 1157–1163. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2011.03.024. PMID 21524795.
  22. ↑ Fullerton, DG.; et al. (September 2008). "Indoor air pollution from biomass fuel smoke is a major health concern in the developing world". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 102 (9): 843–851. doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.05.028. PMC 2568866. PMID 18639310.
  23. ↑ Rudan, I. (2004). "Global estimate of the incidence of clinical pneumonia among children under five years of age". Bull World Health Organ. 82 (12).
  24. ↑ The Rise of Renewable Energy
  25. ↑ Kenya Smoke and Health Project Archived 2012-02-05 at the Wayback Machine, ITDG. 1998-2001. Accessed 5 May 2007.
  26. ↑ "Kwafin ajiya" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
  27. ↑ "Randomized exposure study of pollution indoors and respiratory effects (RESPIRE)". Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health. University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original on 10 June 2007.
  28. ↑ McCracken JP, Smith KR, Diaz A, Mittleman MA, Schwartz J (July 2007). "Chimney stove intervention to reduce long-term wood smoke exposure lowers blood pressure among Guatemalan women". Environ. Health Perspect. 115 (7): 996–1001. doi:10.1289/ehp.9888. PMC 1913602. PMID 17637912.
  29. ↑ Diaz E, Smith-Sivertsen T, Pope D, Lie RT, Diaz A, McCracken J, et al. (January 2007). "Eye discomfort, headache and back pain among Mayan Guatemalan women taking part in a randomised stove intervention trial". J Epidemiol Community Health. 61 (1): 74–9. doi:10.1136/jech.2006.043133. PMC 2465594. PMID 17183019.
  30. ↑ Bruce N, McCracken J, Albalak R, Schei MA, Smith KR, Lopez V, et al. (2004). "Impact of improved stoves, house construction and child location on levels of indoor air pollution exposure in young Guatemalan children". J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 14 (Suppl 1): S26–33. doi:10.1038/sj.jea.7500355. PMID 15118742.
  31. ↑ Schei MA, Hessen JO, Smith KR, Bruce N, McCracken J, Lopez V (2004). "Childhood asthma and indoor woodsmoke from cooking in Guatemala". J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 14 (Suppl 1): S110–7. doi:10.1038/sj.jea.7500365. PMID 15118752.
  32. ↑ Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley. Chronic respiratory effects of childhood exposure to respirable particulate matter (CRECER). http://ehs.sph.berkeley.edu/guat/page.asp?id=1 Archived 24 ga Afirilu, 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 18 March 2008.
  33. ↑ Pokhrel AK, Smith KR, Khalakdina A, Deuja A, Bates MN (2005). "Case-control study of indoor cooking smoke exposure and cataract in Nepal and India". Int J Epidemiol. 34 (3): 709–10. doi:10.1093/ije/dyi077. PMID 15833790.
  34. ↑ Smith, KR. Household monitoring project in China. Environmental Health Sciences Department website. http://ehs.sph.berkeley.edu/hem/page.asp?id=29 Archived 19 ga Augusta, 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 18 March 2008.
  35. ↑ Edwards RD, Liu Y, He G, Yin Z, Sinton J, Peabody J, et al. (2007). "Household CO and PM measured as part of a review of China's National Improved Stove Program". Indoor Air. 17 (3): 189–203. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2007.00465.x. PMID 17542832.
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