Orchestra
 orchestra | |
|---|---|
type of musical group (en)  | |
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
instrumental ensemble (en) da music organization (en) |
| Members have occupation (en) |
orchestral musician (en) |
Orchestra (/ˈɔːrkɪstrə/Italiyanci: Italian: [orˈkɛstra]) babban gungu ne na kayan kida na gargajiya, wanda ke haɗa kayan kida daga iyalai daban-daban. Akwai manyan sassa huɗu na kayan aikin:
- kayan kirtani na baka, kamar violin, viola, cello, da double bass
- woodwinds, kamar sarewa, oboe, clarinet, saxophone, da bassoon
- Kayan aikin ƙarfe, kamar ƙaho, ƙaho, trombone, cornet, da tuba
- kayan kida, irin su timpani, gangunan tarko, gangunan bass, kuge, triangle, da tambourine, da kayan kidan mallet.
Wasu kayan kida irin su piano, garaya, da celesta na iya fitowa a wani lokaci a cikin sashe na madannai na biyar ko kuma suna iya tsayawa su kadai a matsayin kayan kidan soloist, kamar yadda kidan kide-kide da wake-waken da, don wasan kwaikwayo na wasu kade-kade na zamani, electronic instruments da gita. [note 1]
Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙungiyar makaɗa ta yamma na iya zama wani lokaci ana kiranta a symphony orchestra ko kuma kade-kade na philharmonic (daga Girkanci phil-,"soyayya", da "jituwa"). Ainihin adadin mawakan da aka yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na iya bambanta daga mawaƙa saba'in zuwa sama da ɗari, ya danganta da aikin da ake kunnawa da girman wurin. Achamber orchestra (wani lokaci mawakan kide-kide) karamin gungu ne wanda bai wuce mawaka hamsin ba.[1] Mawakan da suka kware a waƙar Baroque, alal misali, Johann Sebastian Bach da George Frideric Handel, ko kuma repertoire na gargajiya, irin su Haydn da Mozart, sun kasance sun fi ƙanƙanta fiye da ƙungiyar mawaƙa da ke yin repertoire na Romantic kamar waƙoƙin Ludwig van. Beethoven da Johannes Brahms. Hankulan ƙungiyar makaɗa ta yau da kullun ta girma a cikin karni na 18th da 19thƘarnu, kololuwa tare da manyan makada (wanda ya kai 120 'yan wasa) sun yi kira ga ayyukan Richard Wagner, daga baya, kumaGustav Mahler.
Yawancin mawaƙa suna da jagorancin jagora wanda ke jagorantar wasan kwaikwayon tare da motsi na hannu da hannu, sau da yawa yana sauƙaƙa wa mawaƙa don gani ta hanyar amfani da sandar madugu. Jagora yana haɗa ƙungiyar makaɗa, saita lokaci kuma ya tsara sautin ƙungiyar. Jagoran yana kuma shirya makada ne ta hanyar jagorantar atisaye a gaban taron jama'a, inda jagoran ya ba wa mawakan umarni kan fassarar wakokin da ake yi.[2]
Jagoran sashin violin na farko -wanda aka fi sani da mai kula da kide-kide-shima yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen jagorantar mawakan. A zamanin kiɗan Baroque (1600–1750), mawaƙan kide-kide suna jagorantar ƙungiyar makaɗa, ko kuma mawaƙin mawaƙa da ke yin ɓangarorin basso continuo a kan garaya ko sashin bututu, al'adar da wasu 20th suka yi. karni da 21st An ci gaba da gungun wakokin farkon karni. Mawakan suna wasa da yawa na repertoire, gami da kade-kade, wasan opera da ballet overtures, kade-kade na kayan kida na solo, da kuma a matsayin tarin ramin wasan operas, ballets, da wasu nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo na kida (misali, Gilbert da Sullivan operettas).
Ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa masu son sun haɗa da waɗanda suka ƙunshi ɗalibai daga makarantar firamare ko sakandare, ƙungiyoyin kade-kade na matasa, da ƙungiyar makaɗa ta al'umma; biyun na ƙarshe yawanci sun ƙunshi mawaƙa daga wani birni ko yanki.
Kalmar ƙungiyar makaɗa ta samo asali ne daga harshen Girkanci ὀρχήστρα (ƙungiyar mawaƙa), sunan yankin da ke gaban wani mataki a tsohuwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Girka da aka keɓe don ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Girka.[3]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Baroque and classical eras
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A zamanin Baroque, girman da tsarin ƙungiyar makaɗa ba a daidaita ba. Akwai manyan bambance-bambance a cikin girman, kayan aiki da salon wasa-sabili da haka a cikin sautin sauti na ƙungiyar makaɗa da palette-tsakanin yankuna daban-daban na Turai. Mawakan Baroque sun fito ne daga ƙananan ƙungiyoyin kade-kade (ko ensembles) tare da ɗan wasa ɗaya kowane bangare, zuwa manyan kade-kade masu yawa tare da 'yan wasa da yawa a kowane bangare. Misalai na ƙananan nau'ikan su ne ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Bach, misali a cikin Koehen, inda ya sami damar yin amfani da tarin har zuwa 'yan wasa 18. Misalai na manyan kade-kade na Baroque zasu hada da makada na Corelli a Rome wanda ke tsakanin 'yan wasa 35 zuwa 80. Don wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun, ana haɓaka su zuwa 'yan wasa 150 don lokuta na musamman.[4]
A zamanin gargajiya, ƙungiyar makaɗa ta zama mafi daidaitawa tare da ƙarami zuwa matsakaicin yanki na kirtani da sashin iska mai ƙarfi wanda ya ƙunshi nau'i-nau'i na oboes, sarewa, bassoons da ƙaho, wani lokaci ana ƙara su da kiɗa da nau'i-nau'i na clarinets da ƙaho.
- ↑ Because of their hammer action, the piano and celesta are often included in the percussion instruments ("pitched percussion"); the harp, harpsichord, and guitar in the string section; and the pipe organ in the woodwinds. The harp is the only instrument which is (fairly) regularly included in modern orchestras, at least for romantic period music. The piano is regularly a part of pops orchestras, and the harpsichord is regularly included in baroque chamber orchestras.
- ↑ "The difference between chamber, philharmonic, and symphony orchestra". Ludwig van Toronto. Classical 101. 4 August 2014. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- ↑ Kennedy, Michael; Bourne-Kennedy, Joyce (2007). "Conducting". Oxford Concise Dictionary of Music (5th ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-920383-3 – via Archive.org.
- ↑ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (April 1999). "ὀρχήστρα". A Greek-English Lexicon. Tufts University – via Perseus.
- ↑ Pannain, Guido. "Arcangelo Corelli". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 9 November 2015.