Esser human

Wikipedia:Uso de taxobox

Homo sapiens
Rango fossile: Pleistoceno - Recente

Risco minimal

Classification scientific

Dominio:	Eukaryota
Regno:	Animalia
Subregno:	Bilateria
Phylo:	Chordata
Superclasse:	Tetrapoda
Classe:	Mammalia
Infraclasse:	Placentalia
Superordine:	Euarchontoglires
Ordine:	Primates
Familia:	Hominidae
Subfamilia:	Homininae
Tribo:	Hominini
Subtribo:	Hominina
Genere:	Homo

Nomine binomial

Homo sapiens
Linnaeus, 1758

Zonas le plus densemente habitate.

Un esser human o humano^[1] es un membro de un specie (nomine scientific Homo sapiens: litteralmente "homine sapiente") de mammiferos, le unic supervivente del genere Homo, amplemente diversificate in le ultime million e medie de annos, e pertinente al primates, le hominoides evolvite se in Africa e Asia del qual surgeva le familia del hominides, del qual le Homo sapiens es parte.

Nomine scientific

Le nomine scientific allude al characteristica biologic le plus characteristic: sapiens significa sapiente o capace de cognoscer, e se refere al consideration del homine como "animal rational", al contrario que tote le altere species. Le capacitate del esser human de realisar operationes conceptual e symbolic multo complexe —que include, per exemplo, le uso de systemas linguistic multo sophisticate, le rationamento abstracte e le capacitates de introspection e speculation— es precisemente un de lor characteristicas le plus distinctive. Possibilemente, iste complexitate, fundate neurologicamente in un augmento del dimension del cerebro e super toto de su complexitate, es etiam un del causas e un producto del multo complexe structura social que le esser human ha disveloppate e que forma un del bases del cultura. Illo es interpretate biologicamente como le capacitate a transmitter information e habitos per imitation e instruction, in vice de per hereditage genetic. Iste proprietate non es exclusive de iste specie, e es etiam importante in altere primates, sed attinge in H. sapiens un disveloppamento qualitativemente distincte, que ha justificate que A. Montagu situa in le cultura le niche ecologic de nostre specie. Le nomine taxonomic es H. sapiens. Il existe un sol specie de Homo in le actualitate o fossiles (non Neanderthalian) que se credeva de distincte subspecies (Cro-Magnon, Grimaldi, etc.) in le realitate son fossiles de nostre specie.

Emergentia in Africa

Le specie Homo sapiens resulta del mixtion de populationes human trans Africa.^[2]^[3]

Humanos moderne e lor diversitate genetice resulta de tres principal eventos radiative in Africa:^[4]

le plus ancian es le radiation, de 250 000 a 200 000 annos ante presente, de quatro linages human principal: le populationes de venator-collectores de Africa austral (Khoisan (en), haplogruppo L0 mitochondrial (fr)) e central (Pigmeos, haplogruppo L1), e etiam de duo lineages se recrucente inter le africanes occidental e le venator-collectores de Africa oriental (caverna Mota, Hadza (en) e Sandawe (en)); a notar que le lineage recente occidental conserva le marca genetic de un lineage plus archaic (haplogruppo A00 del chromosoma Y);
un radiation, 80 000 a 60 000 annos ante presente, que productava le Ethiopianes, Africanes oriental e Africanes occidental (haplogruppo L2), pauc ante le divergentia entre Africanes orientales y Extraafricanes que partira al conquesta del Eurasia e del Oceania; iste ultime ramification es consistente con le diversification del haplogruppo L3 del ADN mitochondrial, que deberea su origina en le Africa oriental 70 000 annos ante presente, y potentialmente con le provenientia del clado CT del chromosoma Y;
finalmente, in Africa, un radiation plus recente conduce al populationes actual de Africa occidental, populos bantu (en) incluite.

Homo sapiens extra Africa

Prime excursiones extra Africa

Preliminary excursiones extra Africa serea occurrite si tosto que 185 000 annos ante presente.^[5] Alcun escursiones permitteva de attinger China desde 125 000 annos ante presente. Ma iste excursiones non esseva installationes perenne.^[6]

Migration costal

Le colonisation del Eurasia comencia per un migration preter le costas del oceano Indian usque Papua Nove Guinea e Australia. Iste prime migration, de un parve gruppo de Africanes portante le haplogruppo mitochondrial L3 (en), occurreva circa 64 ka ante presente.^[6]^[7]

Le hybridation con duo gruppos distincte de Denisovanes (respectivemente a 46 e 30 ka ante presente)^[6] permitte de adaptar le systema immunitari del ancestres del Papus al maladias de regiones tropical.^[8]^[9] Actual Papus debe usque 5% de lor genomas al Denisovanes^[9].

Iste migration initiava le colonisation del interior del Eurasia con un bifurcation circa 51 ka AP.^[6] Tibetanes ha conservate un mutation del geno EPAS1 (en) heritate de Denisovanes que permitte un melior adaptation al manco de oxygeno causate per le altitude.

Installation in Europa

Nos sape que Homo sapiens ha arrivate in Europa al minus 42 000 annos ante presente.

Un discoperta recente predata su prime arrivate a 54 000 annos ante presente con le cultura neronian del cava Mandrin (fr). Ma iste incursion non essava durabile e non permitteva supplantar Neanderthalianes.^[10]^[11]

Un hybridation precoce con Neanderthalianes, probabilemente al Oriente medie, ha favorisate su adaptation al frigido. De 1,5 a 2,1 %^[12] del genoma del Europeanes moderne es heriditate de Nanderthalianes. Iste introgression (fr) concerne filamentos de keratina, metabolismo del sucro, contraction muscular, distribution del grassia corporal, spissor del email (es) dental e meiose (gl) de ovocytos; impacta alsi le dimension e le functionamento del cerebro.^[13] Capillos blande es heritate de iste humanos archaic; le adaptation al modo de vita neolithic in climate frigide conduceva a un selection positive de genes affectante le pigmentation del pelle.^[14]^[15]

Ante iste hybridation, le colonisation ha essite preparate per un previe adaptation genetic durante un installation in le peninsula Arabic inter circa 80 000 e 50 000 annos.^[16]

Installation in America

Humanos moderne arriva ad America al minus de 21 000 a 23 000 annos ante presente e possibilemente ante le ultime maximum glacial (en), pro venar/chassar le megafauna (en) (bison, mammut, cavallo, folivoras...).^[17]^[18]^[19] Alcun sitios archeologic serea plus ancian: Monte Verde I (fr) (Chile) datate de 33 ka AP e le albergamento rupestre de Santa Elina (es) (Brasil) datate de 27 ka AP.^[20]^[21]^[22]

Galeria

San
Masai (moda)
Femine punjabi
Amor familial
Nenets
Femine Yao
Infantes Wa (China)
Aborigen cultura (Australia)
Personas de Philippinas
Dansator tahitian
Personas peruvian

Vide etiam

Referentias

↑ Derivationes: (la) Gens humana - (de) Mensch; (en) Human; (pt) Humano; (es) Humano; (ca) Ésser humà; (fr) Humain; (it) Essere umano; (ro) ființă umană; (ru) Человек
↑
- "New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens" (2017). Nature 546 (7657): 289–292. doi:10.1038/nature22336. PMID 28593953. Bibcode: 2017Natur.546..289H.
- Press Kit 2017-06-07 The first of our kind (anglese). Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
↑ "Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species" (2019). Nature Communications 10 (1): 3406. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w. PMID 31506422. Bibcode: 2019NatCo..10.3406M.
↑ Mark Lipson et al., Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history, Nature, 22 janvier 2020
↑ "Scientists discover oldest known modern human fossil outside of Africa: Analysis of fossil suggests Homo sapiens left Africa at least 50,000 years earlier than previously thought", ScienceDaily.
↑ ^6,0 ^6,1 ^6,2 ^6,3 Guy S. Jacobs, Georgi Hudjashov, Lauri Saag, Pradiptajati Kusuma, Chelzie C. Darusallam, Daniel J. Lawson, Mayukh Mondal, Luca Pagani, François-Xavier Ricaut, Mark Stoneking, Mait Metspalu, Herawati Sudoyo, J. Stephen Lansing & Murray P. Cox (2019). "Multiple Deeply Divergent Denisovan Ancestries in Papuans". Cell 177 (4): 1010-1021.e32. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.035. ISSN 0092-8674.
↑ "Human Dispersal Out of Africa: A Lasting Debate" (2016). Evolutionary Bioinformatics 11s2 (Suppl 2): 57–68. doi:10.4137/EBO.S33489. ISSN 1176-9343. PMID 27127403.
↑ Morgane Gillard (2022-12-18). Denisova-Homo sapiens : une hybridation réussie pour le système immunitaire des Papous ? (francese). Futura.
↑ ^9,0 ^9,1 Vespasiani DM, Jacobs GS, Cook LE, Brucato N, Leavesley M, Kinipi C, Ricaut FX, Cox MP, Gallego Romero I. Denisovan introgression has shaped the immune system of present-day Papuans. PLoS Genet. 2022 Dec 8;18(12):e1010470. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010470. PMID: 36480515; PMCID: PMC9731433.
↑ Colonisation de l’Europe par Homo sapiens : une nouvelle étude rebat les cartes
↑ "The three waves: Rethinking the structure of the first Upper Paleolithic in Western Eurasia" (in en) . PLOS One 18 (5). doi:10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0277444. ISSN 1932-6203. Wikidata Q118287959.
↑ Prüfer K., Racimo F., Patterson N., Jay F., Sankararaman S., Sawyer S. (2014). "The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains". Nature 505 (7481): 43–49. doi:10.1038/nature12886. Bibcode: 2014Natur.505...43P.
↑ "Evolutionary and Medical Consequences of Archaic Introgression into Modern Human Genomes" (18 July 2018). Genes 9 (7): 358. doi:10.3390/genes9070358. PMID 30022013.
↑ Fidji Berio (2021-11-17). Couleur de peau et alimentation : ce que la sélection naturelle a changé chez l'Homme en 45.000 ans (francese). Futura.
↑ Weichen Song, Yueqi Shi, Weidi Wang, Weihao Pan, Wei Qian, Shunying Yu, Min Zhao & Guan Ning Lin (2021-11-15). "A selection pressure landscape for 870 human polygenic traits". Nature human behaviour 5: 1731–1743. doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01231-4.
↑ Raymond Tobler, Yassine Souilmi, Christian D. Huber, Nigel Bean, Chris S. M. Turney, Shane T. Grey, Alan Cooper (2023-05-23). "The role of genetic selection and climatic factors in the dispersal of anatomically modern humans out of Africa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120 (22). doi:10.1073/pnas.2213061120.
↑ Yasinski, Emma (2022-05-02). New Evidence Complicates the Story of the Peopling of the Americas.
↑ "New AMS Radiocarbon Ages from the Preceramic Levels of Coxcatlan Cave, Puebla, Mexico: A Pleistocene Occupation of the Tehuacan Valley?" (2021). Latin American Antiquity 32 (3): 612–626. doi:10.1017/laq.2021.26.
↑ Matthew R. Bennett et al. (2021). "Evidence of humans in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum". Science 373: 1528-1531. doi:10.1126/science.abg7586.
↑ Agueda Vilhena Vialou & Denis Vialou (2011). Les premiers peuplements de l’Amérique.
↑ Agueda Vilhena Vialou & Denis Vialou (2022). "Santa Elina, Mato Grosso, site ancien au centre de l’Amérique du Sud". Brésil(s) 21. doi:10.4000/bresils.11689.
↑ Thais R. Pansani, Briana Pobiner, Pierre Gueriau, Mathieu Thoury, Paul Tafforeau, Emmanuel Baranger, Águeda V. Vialou, Denis Vialou, Cormac McSparron, Mariela C. de Castro, Mário A. T. Dantas, Loïc Bertrand & Mírian L. A. F. Pacheco (2023-07-12). "Evidence of artefacts made of giant sloth bones in central Brazil around the last glacial maximum". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 290 (2002). doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.0316.

[1] Derivationes: (la) Gens humana - (de) Mensch; (en) Human; (pt) Humano; (es) Humano; (ca) Ésser humà; (fr) Humain; (it) Essere umano; (ro) ființă umană; (ru) Человек

[HublinBen-Ncer2017-2] 
"New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens" (2017). Nature 546 (7657): 289–292. doi:10.1038/nature22336. PMID 28593953. Bibcode: 2017Natur.546..289H.

Press Kit 2017-06-07 The first of our kind (anglese). Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

[3] "New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens" (2017). Nature 546 (7657): 289–292. doi:10.1038/nature22336. PMID 28593953. Bibcode: 2017Natur.546..289H.

[4] Press Kit 2017-06-07 The first of our kind (anglese). Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

[NAT-20190910-3] "Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species" (2019). Nature Communications 10 (1): 3406. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w. PMID 31506422. Bibcode: 2019NatCo..10.3406M.

[Lipson2020-4] Mark Lipson et al., Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history, Nature, 22 janvier 2020

[:0-5] "Scientists discover oldest known modern human fossil outside of Africa: Analysis of fossil suggests Homo sapiens left Africa at least 50,000 years earlier than previously thought", ScienceDaily.

[Jacobs2019-6] 6,0 ^6,1 ^6,2 ^6,3 Guy S. Jacobs, Georgi Hudjashov, Lauri Saag, Pradiptajati Kusuma, Chelzie C. Darusallam, Daniel J. Lawson, Mayukh Mondal, Luca Pagani, François-Xavier Ricaut, Mark Stoneking, Mait Metspalu, Herawati Sudoyo, J. Stephen Lansing & Murray P. Cox (2019). "Multiple Deeply Divergent Denisovan Ancestries in Papuans". Cell 177 (4): 1010-1021.e32. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.035. ISSN 0092-8674.

[Lopezvan_Dorp2016-7] "Human Dispersal Out of Africa: A Lasting Debate" (2016). Evolutionary Bioinformatics 11s2 (Suppl 2): 57–68. doi:10.4137/EBO.S33489. ISSN 1176-9343. PMID 27127403.

[8] Morgane Gillard (2022-12-18). Denisova-Homo sapiens : une hybridation réussie pour le système immunitaire des Papous ? (francese). Futura.

[Vespasiani2022-9] 9,0 ^9,1 Vespasiani DM, Jacobs GS, Cook LE, Brucato N, Leavesley M, Kinipi C, Ricaut FX, Cox MP, Gallego Romero I. Denisovan introgression has shaped the immune system of present-day Papuans. PLoS Genet. 2022 Dec 8;18(12):e1010470. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010470. PMID: 36480515; PMCID: PMC9731433.

[10] Colonisation de l’Europe par Homo sapiens : une nouvelle étude rebat les cartes

[11] "The three waves: Rethinking the structure of the first Upper Paleolithic in Western Eurasia" (in en) . PLOS One 18 (5). doi:10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0277444. ISSN 1932-6203. Wikidata Q118287959.

[pruf13comal-12] Prüfer K., Racimo F., Patterson N., Jay F., Sankararaman S., Sawyer S. (2014). "The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains". Nature 505 (7481): 43–49. doi:10.1038/nature12886. Bibcode: 2014Natur.505...43P.

[dol18-ev-13] "Evolutionary and Medical Consequences of Archaic Introgression into Modern Human Genomes" (18 July 2018). Genes 9 (7): 358. doi:10.3390/genes9070358. PMID 30022013.

[14] Fidji Berio (2021-11-17). Couleur de peau et alimentation : ce que la sélection naturelle a changé chez l'Homme en 45.000 ans (francese). Futura.

[15] Weichen Song, Yueqi Shi, Weidi Wang, Weihao Pan, Wei Qian, Shunying Yu, Min Zhao & Guan Ning Lin (2021-11-15). "A selection pressure landscape for 870 human polygenic traits". Nature human behaviour 5: 1731–1743. doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01231-4.

[16] Raymond Tobler, Yassine Souilmi, Christian D. Huber, Nigel Bean, Chris S. M. Turney, Shane T. Grey, Alan Cooper (2023-05-23). "The role of genetic selection and climatic factors in the dispersal of anatomically modern humans out of Africa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120 (22). doi:10.1073/pnas.2213061120.

[Yasinski_2022-17] Yasinski, Emma (2022-05-02). New Evidence Complicates the Story of the Peopling of the Americas.

[18] "New AMS Radiocarbon Ages from the Preceramic Levels of Coxcatlan Cave, Puebla, Mexico: A Pleistocene Occupation of the Tehuacan Valley?" (2021). Latin American Antiquity 32 (3): 612–626. doi:10.1017/laq.2021.26.

[19] Matthew R. Bennett et al. (2021). "Evidence of humans in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum". Science 373: 1528-1531. doi:10.1126/science.abg7586.

[20] Agueda Vilhena Vialou & Denis Vialou (2011). Les premiers peuplements de l’Amérique.

[21] Agueda Vilhena Vialou & Denis Vialou (2022). "Santa Elina, Mato Grosso, site ancien au centre de l’Amérique du Sud". Brésil(s) 21. doi:10.4000/bresils.11689.

[22] Thais R. Pansani, Briana Pobiner, Pierre Gueriau, Mathieu Thoury, Paul Tafforeau, Emmanuel Baranger, Águeda V. Vialou, Denis Vialou, Cormac McSparron, Mariela C. de Castro, Mário A. T. Dantas, Loïc Bertrand & Mírian L. A. F. Pacheco (2023-07-12). "Evidence of artefacts made of giant sloth bones in central Brazil around the last glacial maximum". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 290 (2002). doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.0316.

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