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Film noir

Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Foto dari The Big Combo (1955) ini memperlihatkan gaya visual film noir dalam bentuknya yang paling ekstrem. John Alton, sinematografer film, menciptakan banyak gambar-gambar yang menjadi ikon film noir.

Film noir adalah sebuah istilah sinematik yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan gaya film Hollywood yang menampilkan drama-drama kriminal, khususnya yang menekankan keambiguan moral dan motivasi seksual. Periode film noir klasik Hollywood biasanya dianggap merentang dari awal 1940-an hingga akhir 1950-an. Film noir dari masa ini dihubungkan dengan gaya visual hitam-putih dalam pencahayaan yang rendah yang berakar dalam sinematografi ekspresionis Jerman, sementara banyak dari cerita-cerita prototipnya dan sikap noir yang klasik berasal dari aliran fiksi detektif yang muncul di Amerika Serikat pada masa Depresi.

Istilah film noir (bahasa Prancis, yang artinya "film kelam"), pertama kali diberikan kepada film-film Hollywood oleh kritikus Prancis Nino Frank pada 1946, tak dikenal oleh kebanyakan profesional industri film Amerika pada era itu. Para sejarahwan dan kritikus film mendefinisikan kanon film noir di kemudian hari; banyak di antara mereka yang terlibat dalam pembuatan film-film noir klasik belakangan mengakui bahwa mereka tanpa sadar telah menciptakan suatu jenis film yang khas.

Referensi

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  • Aziz, Jamaluddin Bin (2005). "Future Noir," pasal dalam "Transgressing Women: Investigating Space and the Body in Contemporary Noir Thrillers." Disertasi Ph. D., Department of English and Creative Writing, Lancaster University (bab tersedia dalam bentuk online Diarsipkan 2008-12-02 di Wayback Machine.).
  • Biesen, Sheri Chinen (2005). Blackout: World War II and the Origins of Film Noir. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8217-6
  • Borde, Raymond, dan Etienne Chaumeton (2002 [1955]). A Panorama of American Film Noir, 1941–1953, terj. Paul Hammond. San Francisco: City Lights Books. ISBN 0-87286-412-X
  • Cameron, Ian, ed. (1993). The Book of Film Noir. New York: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-0589-4
  • Chopra-Gant, Mike (2005). Hollywood Genres and Postwar America: Masculinity, Family and Nation in Popular Movies and Film Noir. London: IB Tauris. ISBN 1-85043-838-2
  • Christopher, Nicholas (1997). Somewhere in the Night: Film Noir and the American City. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-684-82803-0
  • Clarens, Carlos (1980). Crime Movies: An Illustrated History. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-01262-X
  • Cochran, David (2000). America Noir: Underground Writers and Filmmakers of the Postwar Era. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-56098-813-4
  • Copjec, Joan, ed. (1993). Shades of Noir. London dan New York: Verso. ISBN 0-86091-625-1
  • Dancyger, Ken, dan Jeff Rush (2002). Alternative Scriptwriting: Successfully Breaking the Rules. Boston et al.: Focal Press. ISBN 0-240-80477-5
  • Dimendberg, Edward (2004). Film Noir and the Spaces of Modernity. Cambridge, Mass., dan London: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01314-X
  • Durgnat, Raymond (1970). "Paint It Black: The Family Tree of the Film Noir," Cinema 6/7 (collected in Gorman et al., The Big Book of Noir, dan Silver dan Ursini, Film Noir Reader [1]).
  • Gorman, Ed, Lee Server, dan Martin H. Greenberg, eds. (1998). The Big Book of Noir. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 0-7867-0574-4
  • Greenspun, Roger (1973). "Mike Hodges's 'Pulp' Opens; A Private Eye Parody Is Parody of Itself," New York Times, February 9.
  • Hannsberry, Karen Burroughs (1998). Femme Noir: Bad Girls of Film. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-0429-9
  • Hannsberry, Karen Burroughs (2003). Bad Boys: The Actors of Film Noir. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-1484-7
  • Hirsch, Foster (2001). The Dark Side of the Screen: Film Noir. New York: Da Capo. ISBN 0-306-81039-5
  • Holm, D. K. (2005). Film Soleil. Harpenden, UK: Pocket Essentials. ISBN 1-904048-50-1
  • Kaplan, E. Ann, ed. (1998). Women in Film Noir, edisi baru London: British Film Institute. ISBN 0-85170-666-5
  • Keaney, Michael F. (2003). Film Noir Guide: 745 Films of the Classic Era, 1940–1959. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-1547-9
  • Lyons, Arthur (2000). Death on the Cheap: The Lost B Movies of Film Noir. New York: Da Capo. ISBN 0-306-80996-6
  • Mason, Fran (2002). American Gangster Cinema: From Little Caesar to Pulp Fiction. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave. ISBN 0-333-67452-9
  • McArthur, Colin (1972). Underworld U.S.A. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-01953-4
  • McGilligan, Patrick (1997). Fritz Lang: The Nature of the Beast. New York dan London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-19375-7
  • Muller, Eddie (1998). Dark City: The Lost World of Film Noir. New York: St. Martin's. 1998, ISBN 0-312-18076-4
  • Naremore, James (1998). More Than Night: Film Noir in Its Contexts. Berkeley, Los Angeles, dan London: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21294-0
  • Neale, Steve (2000). Genre and Hollywood. London dan New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-02606-7
  • Ottoson, Robert (1981). A Reference Guide to the American Film Noir: 1940–1958. Metuchen, N.J., dan London: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-1363-7
  • Palmer, R. Barton (1994). Hollywood's Dark Cinema: The American Film Noir. New York: Twayne. ISBN 0-8057-9335-6
  • Palmer, R. Barton, ed. (1996). Perspectives on Film Noir. New York: G.K. Hall. ISBN 0-8161-1601-6
  • Palmer, R. Barton (2004). "The Sociological Turn of Adaptation Studies: The Example of Film Noir," dalam A Companion To Literature And Film, ed. Robert Stam dan Alessandra Raengo (hlm. 258–277). Maiden, Mass., Oxford, dan Carlton, Australia: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-23053-X
  • Rabinowitz, Paula (2002). Black & White & Noir: America's Pulp Modernism. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11481-8
  • Schatz, Thomas (1997). Boom and Bust: American Cinema in the 1940s. Berkeley, Los Angeles, dan London: University of California Press. ISBN 0-684-19151-2
  • Schatz, Thomas (1998 [1996]). The Genius of the System: Hollywood Filmmaking in the Studio Era, edisi baru London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-19596-2
  • Schrader, Paul (1972). "Notes on Film Noir," Film Comment 8, no. 1 (dikumpulkan dalam Silver dan Ursini, Film Noir Reader [1]).
  • Selby, Spencer (1984). Dark City: The Film Noir. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 0-89950-103-6
  • Shadoian, Jack (2003). Dreams and Dead Ends: The American Gangster Film, edisi ke-2 Oxford dan New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514291-8
  • Silver, Alain (1995). "Kiss Me Deadly: Evidence of a Style," versi revisi (dikumpulkan dalam Silver dan Ursini, Film Noir Reader [1]; available online).
  • Silver, Alain, dan James Ursini (1999). The Noir Style. Woodstock, N.Y.: Overlook Press. ISBN 0-87951-722-0
  • Silver, Alain, dan James Ursini (dan Robert Porfirio—vol. 3), ed. (2004 [1996–2004]). Film Noir Reader, vol. 1–4. Pompton Plains, N.J.: Limelight Editions (pengantar untuk vol. 1 dan 2 dan esai-esai terpilih terdapat secara online).
  • Silver, Alain, dan Elizabeth M. Ward, ed. (1992). Film Noir: An Encyclopedic Reference to the American Style, edisi ke-3 Woodstock, N.Y.: Overlook Press. ISBN 0-87951-479-5
  • Spicer, Andrew (2002). Film Noir. Harlow, UK: Pearson Education. ISBN 0-582-43712-1
  • Telotte, J. P. (1989). Voices in the Dark: The Narrative Patterns of Film Noir. Urbana dan Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06056-3
  • Tuska, Jon (1984). Dark Cinema: American Film Noir in Cultural Perspective. Westport, Conn., dan London: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-23045-5

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