International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning, 2021
The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential of synergising of two major theories that s... more The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential of synergising of two major theories that sprang from two entirely different disciplines, namely the human-computer interaction (HCI) and the arts. Indeed, there are vast and diverse gaps when two different theories, such as technology and art, are to be combined to develop a new element that complements to both disciplines. In this paper, the proposition is to measure the user experience when dealing with an art object that infuses with digital technology. Augmented reality (AR) derived from the HCI discipline and customarily to UX as a measurement tool. On the other hand, a comic is an aesthetic object that requires an aesthetic-friendly method as its measurement tool. Ultimately, this paper proposes an integration of the UX and AX theories to evaluate an AR comic.
In recent years, study on movement has risen among industry professionals and scholars. This also... more In recent years, study on movement has risen among industry professionals and scholars. This also apply to the dance area where movement and kinesthetic play the major role. However, to measure the dance movement and kinesthetic is not complete without considering several element that affects the dance performance such as emotion, knowledge, and technical parts. The aim of this research is to observe both the potentials and challenges in digitising facial expressions by the dancer in expressing different type of emotions as part of preserving a Malay folkdance known as Mak Yong. The intention is to use facial motion capture (MoCap) device to record the facial expressions then applying the data in different form of visual representations. Further discussions are based on theory and model known as the Aesthetic Experience (AX) and Uncanny Valley.
International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 2021
A pedagogical agent is an on-screen virtual character that is used to serve instructional purpose... more A pedagogical agent is an on-screen virtual character that is used to serve instructional purposes in virtual learning environment (VLE). Of late, research about pedagogical agents has received increasing interest among researchers, but still there is little research on the facial appearance of animated pedagogical agent. Facial design of pedagogical agent is a key method to achieve believability among students. Pedagogical agent with more ideal facial design has greater motivational impact. Notably, a "cute" looking face is very essential as audience identifies with it the most. The term "cute" reminds one of the famous Japanese cultural term which is known as kawaii. Hence, this study aimed to develop kawaii design of pedagogical agent and look at its effect on students' satisfaction in VLE. Successive Approximation Model (SAM) is the basis for design and development of the pedagogical agents and VLE. A set of Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire (PSSUQ) was used to obtain feedback from students after the completion of learning process with the kawaii design of pedagogical agent in VLE. Overall, it can be concluded that the level of acceptance and satisfaction of students towards the kawaii design of pedagogical agent in VLE is good and positive.
The criteria for measuring the competency levels of graphic design (GD) graduates have continuous... more The criteria for measuring the competency levels of graphic design (GD) graduates have continuously been shaped by the changing context of practice. However, previous studies provide little evidence on the existence of an effective competency assessment scale for GD graduates. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the psychometric properties of a preliminary competency assessment scale for GD graduates in Malaysia. 207 final year GD degree students in Malaysia were sampled to validate the scale. The data was analysed using exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach’s reliability test. The results suggested that the preliminary scale consists of 12 constructs and 59 items under five competency dimensions. All 12 constructs yielded high internal consistency values, ranging between .723 and .914. Theoretically, the validated scale contributed to a new body of knowledge to the competency assessment of GD graduates in Malaysia. Practically, the findings provided relevant stakeholders wit...
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2020
Although a number of studies on identifying the competency constructs required by future graduate... more Although a number of studies on identifying the competency constructs required by future graduates for working effectively in the professional practice of graphic design (GD) have been conducted, there is a lack of empirical evidence within the literature showing the ranking of importance of these constructs. Therefore, the study intends to determine the perceived level of importance among GD experts regarding the essential competency constructs for future GD graduates in the context of Malaysia. Survey questionnaire was used to collect data from 19 university-level design academics and 13 industry practitioners. Relative of Importance Index (RII) was used to analyse the data. The top 10 competency constructs in order of their ranked importance as perceived by the experts were: teamwork and leadership skills, project management skills, marketing fundamentals, self-efficacy, advertising design skills, reflective thinking skills, communication skills, industry knowledge, emotional intelligence, and design fundamentals. The results suggested that education of graphic designers must go beyond the conventional scope of technical training to prepare students for the evolving work of design practice.
Proceedings of the Serious Games Conference 2014, 2014
This paper presents a game-based learning study in Malaysia in which a game has been designed for... more This paper presents a game-based learning study in Malaysia in which a game has been designed for remedial Mathematics students at primary school level. Mathematics is a core subject taught in all primary schools in Malaysia. However, for students who are recognized as weak in Mathematics, teachers use remedial modules supplied by the Ministry of Education in teaching and learning activities. A research study has been initiated to propose digital game-based learning for the remedial students, aiming to enhance the effectiveness of the modules. A prototype game is designed to be playable on tablet computers. The game contains lessons under the title of Whole Numbers: Addition in Year Two syllabus. This paper reveals the concepts and rationale behind the study and the game design. The research plan is also included to justify the ecological validity of the study.
Traditionally, graphic design (GD) education focuses on the training of technical production skil... more Traditionally, graphic design (GD) education focuses on the training of technical production skills to prepare graduates for entry-level employment. However, due to the new challenges and the expanding opportunities of emerging practices, GD graduates are expected to master a wide range of additional competencies beyond traditional scope. The study aims to identify the competencies required by future GD graduates in the context of Malaysia. A two-round modified Delphi technique was used to gain consensus from a panel of experts consisted of design educators and industry practitioners regarding the competencies needed by the graduates for effective work performance. A total of 108 competencies were generated. All accepted competencies were ranked ‘very important’ and ‘extremely important’ by at least 75 percent of the respondents in Round Two. These competencies could be classified into 29 subdomains under five components, i.e., cognitive competence, functional competence, personal c...
Traditionally, graphic design (GD) education focuses on the training of technical production skil... more Traditionally, graphic design (GD) education focuses on the training of technical production skills to prepare graduates for entry-level employment. However, due to the new challenges and the expanding opportunities of emerging practices, GD graduates are expected to master a wide range of additional competencies beyond traditional scope. The study aims to identify the competencies required by future GD graduates in the context of Malaysia. A two-round modified Delphi technique was used to gain consensus from a panel of experts consisted of design educators and industry practitioners regarding the competencies needed by the graduates for effective work performance. A total of 108 competencies were generated. All accepted competencies were ranked 'very important' and 'extremely important' by at least 75 percent of the respondents in Round Two. These competencies could be classified into 29 subdomains under five components, i.e., cognitive competence, functional competence, personal competence, ethical competence, and meta-competencies. The findings of this study are useful for enhancing the education and employability of graphic designers as they provide a common vocabulary to relevant stakeholders about the standards of performance for new entrants to the GD profession.
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2020
Although a number of studies on identifying the competency constructs required by future graduate... more Although a number of studies on identifying the competency constructs required by future graduates for working effectively in the professional practice of graphic design (GD) have been conducted, there is a lack of empirical evidence within the literature showing the ranking of importance of these constructs. Therefore, the study intends to determine the perceived level of importance among GD experts regarding the essential competency constructs for future GD graduates in the context of Malaysia. Survey questionnaire was used to collect data from 19 university-level design academics and 13 industry practitioners. Relative of Importance Index (RII) was used to analyse the data. The top 10 competency constructs in order of their ranked importance as perceived by the experts were: teamwork and leadership skills, project management skills, marketing fundamentals, self-efficacy, advertising design skills, reflective thinking skills, communication skills, industry knowledge, emotional intelligence, and design fundamentals. The results suggested that education of graphic designers must go beyond the conventional scope of technical training to prepare students for the evolving work of design practice.
As compared to other professionals such as architects, doctors, engineers, and accountants, graph... more As compared to other professionals such as architects, doctors, engineers, and accountants, graphic designers have relatively lower professional status. Some people argue that this is in large part due to the fact that graphic designers have lighter responsibilities, i.e., they deal only with 'the making of things and beautiful things' instead of 'life and death' or 'safety' issues of their clients. However, many design scholars perceive graphic design as a strategic tool that can bring massive values to global organizations, markets, societies, and economies. In light of this 'perception gap', graphic designers must reconsider how they can strengthen or elevate their professional status among the public. Through conducting a comprehensive literature review, this paper aims to investigate and discuss the possible factors that have failed graphic designers to be recognized as professionals. It concludes that the conventional definition of the term 'graphic design' can no longer reflect the current state of the profession and that governing bodies must work towards developing an professional accreditation for graphic designers.
Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science, 2018
This paper aims to illustrate a systematic procedure in developing a model and measurement instru... more This paper aims to illustrate a systematic procedure in developing a model and measurement instrument to measure the competency levels of graphic design graduates. A review of literature indicated that the development of a competency model and instrument for a specific job or profession begins with identifying competency constructs and items through observation, literature review, document analysis, and interviewing. The methodological process described in this paper is furthered by means of modified Delphi Technique to gain consensus from a panel of experts and survey questionnaire to test the validity and reliability the competency instrument. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches are used in this process.
International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling, 2019
The competencies of graphic design graduates are always a concern for design educators and indust... more The competencies of graphic design graduates are always a concern for design educators and industry professionals. However, limited evidence has been offered by past studies on the existence of a set of competency standards for new entrants to graphic design profession. Also, there seems to exist a very few studies on the tool used to measure the graduates' competency levels that can be found from the literature review. This paper intends to describe a conceptual framework used to develop a model and instrument for competency assessment of graphic design graduates in the context of Malaysia. The conceptual framework described in this paper will include the factors that constantly affect the competencies (knowledge, skills, personal traits, self-concept, and motives) of graphic design graduates.
Several scholars had addressed the value of formal graphic design education in preparing students... more Several scholars had addressed the value of formal graphic design education in preparing students for the professional design careers in the past. Their studies investigated the necessity of a 'degree' for employment. In general, their results indicated that employers in design industry emphasized more on 'practical experience' than 'academic qualification' when recruiting graphic designers. Additionally, due to the availability and accessibility of various design software and tools today, there are a growing number of 'self-taught' and 'informally trained' graphic designers in the industry. In light of this phenomenon, design educators and higher educational institutions must reevaluate how they can articulate a broader value of formal education for design practice. Through conducting a comprehensive literature review, this paper aims to discuss what should be taught in graphic design education to best prepare graduates for a fast-changing world and strengthen the value of a 'degree' in graphic design. Recommendations will be provided in the conclusion.
International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning, 2021
The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential of synergising of two major theories that s... more The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential of synergising of two major theories that sprang from two entirely different disciplines, namely the human-computer interaction (HCI) and the arts. Indeed, there are vast and diverse gaps when two different theories, such as technology and art, are to be combined to develop a new element that complements to both disciplines. In this paper, the proposition is to measure the user experience when dealing with an art object that infuses with digital technology. Augmented reality (AR) derived from the HCI discipline and customarily to UX as a measurement tool. On the other hand, a comic is an aesthetic object that requires an aesthetic-friendly method as its measurement tool. Ultimately, this paper proposes an integration of the UX and AX theories to evaluate an AR comic.
In recent years, study on movement has risen among industry professionals and scholars. This also... more In recent years, study on movement has risen among industry professionals and scholars. This also apply to the dance area where movement and kinesthetic play the major role. However, to measure the dance movement and kinesthetic is not complete without considering several element that affects the dance performance such as emotion, knowledge, and technical parts. The aim of this research is to observe both the potentials and challenges in digitising facial expressions by the dancer in expressing different type of emotions as part of preserving a Malay folkdance known as Mak Yong. The intention is to use facial motion capture (MoCap) device to record the facial expressions then applying the data in different form of visual representations. Further discussions are based on theory and model known as the Aesthetic Experience (AX) and Uncanny Valley.
International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 2021
A pedagogical agent is an on-screen virtual character that is used to serve instructional purpose... more A pedagogical agent is an on-screen virtual character that is used to serve instructional purposes in virtual learning environment (VLE). Of late, research about pedagogical agents has received increasing interest among researchers, but still there is little research on the facial appearance of animated pedagogical agent. Facial design of pedagogical agent is a key method to achieve believability among students. Pedagogical agent with more ideal facial design has greater motivational impact. Notably, a "cute" looking face is very essential as audience identifies with it the most. The term "cute" reminds one of the famous Japanese cultural term which is known as kawaii. Hence, this study aimed to develop kawaii design of pedagogical agent and look at its effect on students' satisfaction in VLE. Successive Approximation Model (SAM) is the basis for design and development of the pedagogical agents and VLE. A set of Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire (PSSUQ) was used to obtain feedback from students after the completion of learning process with the kawaii design of pedagogical agent in VLE. Overall, it can be concluded that the level of acceptance and satisfaction of students towards the kawaii design of pedagogical agent in VLE is good and positive.
The criteria for measuring the competency levels of graphic design (GD) graduates have continuous... more The criteria for measuring the competency levels of graphic design (GD) graduates have continuously been shaped by the changing context of practice. However, previous studies provide little evidence on the existence of an effective competency assessment scale for GD graduates. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the psychometric properties of a preliminary competency assessment scale for GD graduates in Malaysia. 207 final year GD degree students in Malaysia were sampled to validate the scale. The data was analysed using exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach’s reliability test. The results suggested that the preliminary scale consists of 12 constructs and 59 items under five competency dimensions. All 12 constructs yielded high internal consistency values, ranging between .723 and .914. Theoretically, the validated scale contributed to a new body of knowledge to the competency assessment of GD graduates in Malaysia. Practically, the findings provided relevant stakeholders wit...
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2020
Although a number of studies on identifying the competency constructs required by future graduate... more Although a number of studies on identifying the competency constructs required by future graduates for working effectively in the professional practice of graphic design (GD) have been conducted, there is a lack of empirical evidence within the literature showing the ranking of importance of these constructs. Therefore, the study intends to determine the perceived level of importance among GD experts regarding the essential competency constructs for future GD graduates in the context of Malaysia. Survey questionnaire was used to collect data from 19 university-level design academics and 13 industry practitioners. Relative of Importance Index (RII) was used to analyse the data. The top 10 competency constructs in order of their ranked importance as perceived by the experts were: teamwork and leadership skills, project management skills, marketing fundamentals, self-efficacy, advertising design skills, reflective thinking skills, communication skills, industry knowledge, emotional intelligence, and design fundamentals. The results suggested that education of graphic designers must go beyond the conventional scope of technical training to prepare students for the evolving work of design practice.
Proceedings of the Serious Games Conference 2014, 2014
This paper presents a game-based learning study in Malaysia in which a game has been designed for... more This paper presents a game-based learning study in Malaysia in which a game has been designed for remedial Mathematics students at primary school level. Mathematics is a core subject taught in all primary schools in Malaysia. However, for students who are recognized as weak in Mathematics, teachers use remedial modules supplied by the Ministry of Education in teaching and learning activities. A research study has been initiated to propose digital game-based learning for the remedial students, aiming to enhance the effectiveness of the modules. A prototype game is designed to be playable on tablet computers. The game contains lessons under the title of Whole Numbers: Addition in Year Two syllabus. This paper reveals the concepts and rationale behind the study and the game design. The research plan is also included to justify the ecological validity of the study.
Traditionally, graphic design (GD) education focuses on the training of technical production skil... more Traditionally, graphic design (GD) education focuses on the training of technical production skills to prepare graduates for entry-level employment. However, due to the new challenges and the expanding opportunities of emerging practices, GD graduates are expected to master a wide range of additional competencies beyond traditional scope. The study aims to identify the competencies required by future GD graduates in the context of Malaysia. A two-round modified Delphi technique was used to gain consensus from a panel of experts consisted of design educators and industry practitioners regarding the competencies needed by the graduates for effective work performance. A total of 108 competencies were generated. All accepted competencies were ranked ‘very important’ and ‘extremely important’ by at least 75 percent of the respondents in Round Two. These competencies could be classified into 29 subdomains under five components, i.e., cognitive competence, functional competence, personal c...
Traditionally, graphic design (GD) education focuses on the training of technical production skil... more Traditionally, graphic design (GD) education focuses on the training of technical production skills to prepare graduates for entry-level employment. However, due to the new challenges and the expanding opportunities of emerging practices, GD graduates are expected to master a wide range of additional competencies beyond traditional scope. The study aims to identify the competencies required by future GD graduates in the context of Malaysia. A two-round modified Delphi technique was used to gain consensus from a panel of experts consisted of design educators and industry practitioners regarding the competencies needed by the graduates for effective work performance. A total of 108 competencies were generated. All accepted competencies were ranked 'very important' and 'extremely important' by at least 75 percent of the respondents in Round Two. These competencies could be classified into 29 subdomains under five components, i.e., cognitive competence, functional competence, personal competence, ethical competence, and meta-competencies. The findings of this study are useful for enhancing the education and employability of graphic designers as they provide a common vocabulary to relevant stakeholders about the standards of performance for new entrants to the GD profession.
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2020
Although a number of studies on identifying the competency constructs required by future graduate... more Although a number of studies on identifying the competency constructs required by future graduates for working effectively in the professional practice of graphic design (GD) have been conducted, there is a lack of empirical evidence within the literature showing the ranking of importance of these constructs. Therefore, the study intends to determine the perceived level of importance among GD experts regarding the essential competency constructs for future GD graduates in the context of Malaysia. Survey questionnaire was used to collect data from 19 university-level design academics and 13 industry practitioners. Relative of Importance Index (RII) was used to analyse the data. The top 10 competency constructs in order of their ranked importance as perceived by the experts were: teamwork and leadership skills, project management skills, marketing fundamentals, self-efficacy, advertising design skills, reflective thinking skills, communication skills, industry knowledge, emotional intelligence, and design fundamentals. The results suggested that education of graphic designers must go beyond the conventional scope of technical training to prepare students for the evolving work of design practice.
As compared to other professionals such as architects, doctors, engineers, and accountants, graph... more As compared to other professionals such as architects, doctors, engineers, and accountants, graphic designers have relatively lower professional status. Some people argue that this is in large part due to the fact that graphic designers have lighter responsibilities, i.e., they deal only with 'the making of things and beautiful things' instead of 'life and death' or 'safety' issues of their clients. However, many design scholars perceive graphic design as a strategic tool that can bring massive values to global organizations, markets, societies, and economies. In light of this 'perception gap', graphic designers must reconsider how they can strengthen or elevate their professional status among the public. Through conducting a comprehensive literature review, this paper aims to investigate and discuss the possible factors that have failed graphic designers to be recognized as professionals. It concludes that the conventional definition of the term 'graphic design' can no longer reflect the current state of the profession and that governing bodies must work towards developing an professional accreditation for graphic designers.
Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science, 2018
This paper aims to illustrate a systematic procedure in developing a model and measurement instru... more This paper aims to illustrate a systematic procedure in developing a model and measurement instrument to measure the competency levels of graphic design graduates. A review of literature indicated that the development of a competency model and instrument for a specific job or profession begins with identifying competency constructs and items through observation, literature review, document analysis, and interviewing. The methodological process described in this paper is furthered by means of modified Delphi Technique to gain consensus from a panel of experts and survey questionnaire to test the validity and reliability the competency instrument. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches are used in this process.
International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling, 2019
The competencies of graphic design graduates are always a concern for design educators and indust... more The competencies of graphic design graduates are always a concern for design educators and industry professionals. However, limited evidence has been offered by past studies on the existence of a set of competency standards for new entrants to graphic design profession. Also, there seems to exist a very few studies on the tool used to measure the graduates' competency levels that can be found from the literature review. This paper intends to describe a conceptual framework used to develop a model and instrument for competency assessment of graphic design graduates in the context of Malaysia. The conceptual framework described in this paper will include the factors that constantly affect the competencies (knowledge, skills, personal traits, self-concept, and motives) of graphic design graduates.
Several scholars had addressed the value of formal graphic design education in preparing students... more Several scholars had addressed the value of formal graphic design education in preparing students for the professional design careers in the past. Their studies investigated the necessity of a 'degree' for employment. In general, their results indicated that employers in design industry emphasized more on 'practical experience' than 'academic qualification' when recruiting graphic designers. Additionally, due to the availability and accessibility of various design software and tools today, there are a growing number of 'self-taught' and 'informally trained' graphic designers in the industry. In light of this phenomenon, design educators and higher educational institutions must reevaluate how they can articulate a broader value of formal education for design practice. Through conducting a comprehensive literature review, this paper aims to discuss what should be taught in graphic design education to best prepare graduates for a fast-changing world and strengthen the value of a 'degree' in graphic design. Recommendations will be provided in the conclusion.
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