Damascus

Damascus (Arabice دِمَشق Dimašq sive in Syria الشام al-Šām, interdum مدينة الياسمين Madīnat al-Yāsmīn "urbs Iasmini") est caput et secunda Syriae urbs post Beroeam. Ambae urbes sunt partes civitatis quattuordecim gubernoratuum. Urbs, una ex veterrimarum orbis terrarum urbium continenter incultarum, est maior culturae religionisque in Levante sedes. Numerus habitantium est circa 1 711 000 (aestimatione 2009). Damasci est Universitas Damascena.

Damascus, in Syria meridio-occidentali situs, a Tripoli ad australem versus iacens, est sedes metropolitae 2.6 millionum incolarum (2004) regionis.^[1] Regio urbana, geographice se in orientalibus montium Anti-Libanum^? radicibus 80 km ad orientem litoris Maris Mediterranei in planitie 680 m supra maris aequor conlocans, clima semiaridum ob effectum umbrae pluvialis habet. Barada Flumen per urbem fluit.

Etymologia

Ruinae Templi Iovis ad aditum Al-Hamidiyah Souq.

Nomen Damasci primum in geographico Thutmosis III indice ut T-m-ś-q saeculo 15 a.C.n. apparuit.^[2] Urbs Arabice Dimashq al-Shām (دمشق الشام) appellatur, nomen saepe ad Dimashq vel al-Shām ab incolis urbanis aliisque civibus Syriae et hominibus aliarum civitatum Arabicarum redditum. Al-Shām est nomen Arabicum quod 'septentrionalis' et 'Syria' significat; Syria ipsa, praecipue historica Syria Maior, Bilād al-Shām (بلاد الشام 'terra septentrionalis') vicissim appellatur. Etymologia nominis antiqui T-m-ś-q est incerta, sed radix fortasse est praesemitica. Fontes scripti id attestantur ut Dimašqa Accadiane, T-ms-ḳw Aegyptice, Dammaśq (דמשק), Aramaice Vetere, et Dammeśeq (דמשק) Hebraice Biblice. Litterae Accadianae in Epistolis Amarnensibus, ex saeculo 14 a.C.n., inveniuntur. Posteriores nominis litterae Aramaice resh (littera r) importunum saepe comprehendunt, fortasse a radice dr 'domus' motae; unde nomen Darmeśeq Qumranicum, et Darmsûq (ܕܪܡܣܘܩ) Lingua Syriaca scriptum.^[3]^[4] Latina urbis nomen, Damascus, ex Δαμασκός verbo Graeco deducitur, quod ex Aramaice דרמשק 'locus bene inrigatus' ortum est.^[5]^[6]

Situs historici

Moenia et portae Damasci

Vetus urbs Damascena, cuius area est circa 128 hectares,^[7] vallis in lateribus septentrionalibus orientalibusque atque in parte lateris meridiani cingitur. Sunt septem portae urbanae exstantes, quarum veterrima ex temporibus Romanis manet. Hae sunt, secundum horologii motum a septentrionibus arcis:

Bab al-Saghir (Parva Porta)
Bab al-Faradis (Porta Pomarii, vel Porta Paradisi)
Bab al-Salam (Porta Pacis), omnibus secundum septentriones Urbis Veteris fines
Bab Tuma ("Tuma" vel Porta Thomae) in angulo boreorientali, in Christianum eiusdem nominis quadratum ducens
Bab Sharqi (Porta Orientalis) in muro orientali, sola porta cui manet propositum Romanum
Bab Kisan in meridio-orientali haec porta nunc occluditur et Cappella Sancti Pauli in structuram aedificata est,
Bab al-Jabiya apud aditum ad Souk Midhat Pasha, in meridio-occidentali

Aliis regionibus praeter urbem muro cinctam etiam est nomen portae: Bab al-Faraj et ad meridio-occidentalem urbis partem Bab Mousalla et Bab Sreija.

Templa Christiana in urbe vetere

Cappella Sancti Pauli
Cathedralis Catholica Romana in Via Zaitoon (Oliva)
Cathedralis Mariamita Damascena
Domus Sancti Ananias
Ecclesia Sancti Georgii Orthodoxa Syriaca
Ecclesia Sancti Ioannis Damasceni
Laura Sancti Pauli

Cappella Sancti Pauli
Cathedralis Catholica Graeca Patriarchalis Dominae Nostrae Dormitionis
Cathedralis Armeniana Sancti Sarkis in Bab Sharqi
Cathedralis Orthodoxa Sancti Georgii Syriani

Situs Islamici in urbe vetere

Meschita Umayyad nocte visa
Meschita Sayyidah Ruqayya
Coemeterium Bab Saghir
Mausoleum Saladini

Pinacotheca

Porta Bab Tuma
Khan As'ad Pasha renovatum
Medhat Pasha Souq renovatum
Al-Hamidiyah Souq renovatum
Museum Panoramicum Belli Octobris
Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque, aditus principalis
Domus vetus in quadtrao Iudaico
Despectus in urbem ex Monte Qasiyon
Quadratum Umayyad
Conspectus in urbem nocte

Clari cives

Nati

1946 - Iosephus Absi, a die 21 Iunii 2017 Patriarcha Antiochiae ecclesiae Graecae Catholicae Melkitae.

Mortui

1862 - Henricus Thomas Buckle, historicus

Notae

↑ Central Bureau of Statistics Syria Syria census 2004
↑ Index I, 13 in J. Simons, Handbook for the Study of Egyptian Topographical Lists relating to Western Asia (Leiden, 1937). Vide Y. Aharoni, The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography (London, 1967), p 147, no. 13.
↑ "(in Book Reviews) ''Ancient Damascus: A Historical Study of the Syrian City-State from Earliest Times Until Its Fall to the Assyrians in 732 BC.'', Wayne T. Pitard. Review author: Paul E. Dion, ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'', No. 270, Ancient Syria. (May, 1988), p. 98". Links.jstor.org
↑ "''The Stele Dedicated to Melcarth by Ben-Hadad of Damascus'', Frank Moore Cross. ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'', No. 205. (Feb., 1972), p. 40". Links.jstor.org
↑ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com
↑ "Damascus – Wiktionary". En.wiktionary.org. 2010-05-09
↑ Old Damascus

Bibliographia

Aharoni, Yohanan, et Avi-Yonah, Michael. 1977. The MacMillan Bible Atlas. Carta Ltd. ISBN 0-7318-1071-6.
Burns, Ross. 2005. Damascus: A History. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-27105-3, 9780415271059.
Duchess of Hamilton, Jill. 2002. First to Damascus: The story of the Australian Light Horse and Lawrence of Arabia. ISBN 0-7318-1071-6.
Cammelli, Stefano (2006). Il Minareto di Gesù. Il Mulino .
Ernest Will, « Damas antique », Syria, 71-1-2, 1994, pp. 1-43 Lire en ligne sur Persée.

Opera Theodisce scripta

Immanuel Benzinger: Damaskos 1. In: Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (RE). Band IV,2, Stuttgart 1901, Sp. 2042–2048.
Klaus Stefan Freyberger: "Das kaiserzeitliche Damaskus: Schauplatz lokaler Tradition und auswärtiger Einflüsse." Damaszener Mitteilungen 11 (1999) pp. 123-138.
Brigid Keenan: Damaskus. Verborgene Schätze im Orient. Stuttgart 2001. ISBN 3-7630-2384-4.
Hugh Kennedy: The Prophet and the age of the Caliphates. The Islamic Near East from the sixth to the eleventh century. London 1986, ISBN 0-582-49312-9 (engl.)
Carmella Pfaffenbach: Damaskus: Von der traditionellen orientalischen Stadt zur kulturell globalisierten Metropole des Südens. In: Günter Meyer (Hrsg.): Die arabische Welt im Spiegel der Kulturgeographie. Veröffentlichungen des Zentrums für Forschung zur arabischen Welt (ZEFAW) Band 1, Mainz 2004, pp. 62-69
Wayne T. Pitard: Ancient Damaskus. A historical study of the Syrian city-state from earliest times until its fall to the Assyrians in 732 BC. Winona Lake 1995, ISBN 0-931464-29-3 (engl.)
Louis Pouzet: Damas au VIIe/XIIIe s. Vie et structures religieuses dans une métropole islamique. Beyrouth 1988.
Christian Reder, Simonetta Ferfoglia (Hrsg.): Transferprojekt Damaskus. urban orient-ation (Recherchen, Gespräche, Essays, deutsch/arabisch), Edition Transfer bei Springer Wien-New York 2003, ISBN 3-211-00460-2
Jean Sauvaget: Les monuments historiques de Damas. Beirut 1932
Frank Rainer Scheck, Johannes Odenthal: Syrien. Hochkulturen zwischen Mittelmeer und Arabischer Wüste, Ostfildern: DuMont, 5. Aufl. 2011, pp. 124-171 ISBN 978-3-7701-3978-1
Michael Teupel: Damaskus - Syrien. International Travel Books, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-00-024099-7
Wiegand, Theodor, ed. 1921. Damaskus: Die antike Stadt. Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen des Deutsch-Türkisches Denkmalschutzkommando, 4. Berolini.
Theodor Wiegand (Hrsg.): Damaskus: Die islamische Stadt (Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen des deutsch-türkischen Denkmalschutz-Kommandos, Heft 5), Berlin 1924
Nicola Ziadeh: Damascus under the Mamluks. Oklahoma 1964

Commentarii

Marie Fadel, Rafik Schami: Damaskus. Der Geschmack einer Stadt. München 2009. ISBN 978-3-8363-0037-7
Monika Haddad: Jasmin und Oliven. Frankfurt 2004, ISBN 3-88939-721-2
Lieve Joris: Die Tore von Damaskus. Piper 2000.
Rafik Schami: Das Geheimnis des Kalligraphen. München 2008, ISBN 978-3-446-23051-4

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Damascum spectant.

De urbe apud situm virtourist.com
Hitt, Philip K., The Imperial Capital (Saudi Aramco World, 1973), apud situm saudiaramcoworld.com
ICOMOS Heritage at Risk 2001/2002: Damascus, A Major Eastern Mediterranean Site at Risk
"Syria, Historic Damascus: The Destruction of the Old City," apud situm newsfromsyria.com

Asiae urbes milies milium incolarum (urbibus Indicis et Sinicis exceptis)

Adana • Almata • Ancyra • Attalea • Bacua • Bagdatum • Bancocum • Bandung • Basra • Bekasi • Berytus • Busan • Cabura • Caesarea in Cappadocia • Caloocan • Canthoum • Celiabinsca • Chittagong • Crasnoiarium • Cuala Lumpuria • Dacca • Daegu • Daejeon • Damascus • Urbs Davaensis • Depok • Dubai • Emesa • Erivanum • Faisalabad • Fukuoka • Gaziantep • Gedda • Comum • Goyang • Gujranwala • Haiphongum • Halapia • Hanoi • Hirosima • Hochiminhopolis • Hyderabad • Iconium • Incheon • Isfahanum • Jakarta • Johor Bahru • Karachium • Karadsch • Kawasaki • Khulna • Klang • Kōbe • Kuangiu • Kyotum • Lahorium • Makassar • Mandalay • Manila • Mexatum • Mecca • Medan • Medina • Mausilium • Multanum • Nagoya • Novosibirscum • Omium • Osaka • Palembang • Peshawar • Philadelphia • Phnom Penh • Prusa • Pyeongyang • Urbs Quezon • Rangunum • Rawalpindi • Riadum • Saitama • Sanaa • Sapporum • Sirasium • Semarang • Sendai • Seongnam • Seulum • Singapura • Smyrna • Sulaimaniyya • Surabaya • Suwon • Tangerang • Tangerang Selatan • Taskentum • Tauris • Teheranum • Tiphlis • Tokium • Ulanbatoria • Ulsan • Vasetum • Yokohama

Opus geopoliticum • Maximae urbes orbis terrarum

Capsae cognatae: Urbes Asiae capitales • Urbes Africae maximae • Urbes Americae Australis maximae • Urbes Americae Septentrionalis maximae • Urbes Europae maximae • Urbes Indiae maximae • Urbes Oceaniae maximae • Urbes Sericae maximae

Urbes Asiae capitales

Ordine alphabetico enumeratae: Abu Dhabi • Ancyra • Aşgabat • Astana • Bacua • Cuala Lumpuria • Bagdatum • Bancocum • Bandar Seri Begawan • Berytus • Cabura • Catmandum • Cuvaitum • Dacca • Damascus • Dellium Novum • Dili • Doha • Dušanbe • Erivanum • Hanoi • Hierosolyma • Islamabada • Jakarta • Leucosia • Malé • Manama • Manila • Mascatum • Naypyidaw • Pechinum • Philadelphia • Phnom Penh • Pisphecum • Pyeongyang • Riadum • Sanaa • Seulum • Singapura • Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte • Taipeia • Taskentum • Teheranum • Thimphu • Tiphlis • Tokium • Ulanbatoria • Vientiana
Sub civitatum nominibus annexae: Aegyptus • Afgania • Arabia Saudiana • Armenia • Atropatene • Baharina • Bangladesa • Birmania • Bruneium • Butania • Cambosia • Chirgisia • res publica Coreana • res publica popularis democratica Coreana • Cuvaitum • Cyprus • Georgia • Iaponia • Iemenia • India • Indonesia • Iordania • Iracum • Irania • Israël • Kazachstania • Laotia • Libanus • Malaesia • insulae Maldivae • Mongolia • Nepalia • Omania • Pakistania • Philippinae • Emiratus Arabici Coniuncti • Quataria • Russia • res publica popularis Sinarum • res publica Sinarum • Singapura • Syria • Tadzikistania • Taprobane • Thailandia • Timoria Orientalis • Turcia • Turcomannia • Uzbecia • Vietnamia

Opus geopoliticum • Urbes orbis terrarum capitales

Capsae cognatae: Urbes Asiae maximae (urbibus Indicis et Sericis separatim) • Urbes Africae capitales • Urbes Americae Australis capitales • Urbes Americae Septentrionalis capitales • Urbes Europae capitales • Urbes Oceaniae capitales

[1] Central Bureau of Statistics Syria Syria census 2004

[2] Index I, 13 in J. Simons, Handbook for the Study of Egyptian Topographical Lists relating to Western Asia (Leiden, 1937). Vide Y. Aharoni, The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography (London, 1967), p 147, no. 13.

[3] "(in Book Reviews) ''Ancient Damascus: A Historical Study of the Syrian City-State from Earliest Times Until Its Fall to the Assyrians in 732 BC.'', Wayne T. Pitard. Review author: Paul E. Dion, ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'', No. 270, Ancient Syria. (May, 1988), p. 98". Links.jstor.org

[4] "''The Stele Dedicated to Melcarth by Ben-Hadad of Damascus'', Frank Moore Cross. ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'', No. 205. (Feb., 1972), p. 40". Links.jstor.org

[5] "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com

[6] "Damascus – Wiktionary". En.wiktionary.org. 2010-05-09

[7] Old Damascus

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