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Unravelling tropical estuary health through a multivariate analysis of spatiotemporal phytoplankton diversity and community structure in relation to environmental interactions

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Abstract

The study explores phytoplankton diversity and community structure as indicators of Karanja Estuary health. Surface water samples were collected between January 2022 and March 2023, revealing 139 phytoplankton species across three stations and seasons. Cluster and multidimensional scaling analysis delineated three distinct spatiotemporal clusters within the estuary. Peak phytoplankton abundance and diversity during the post-monsoon period contributed to increased salinity, pH and optimal nutrients. The monsoon season witnessed the lowest phytoplankton abundance due to decreased water transparency and light penetration. Biota-environment (BIO-ENV) analysis highlighted water temperature, biochemical oxygen demand, ammonia, silicate and chlorophyll-a (ρ = 0.9084) as significant factors influencing phytoplankton distribution. Canonical correspondence analysis unveiled significant correlations between Skeletonema costatum, Skeletonema sp., Thalassionema frauenfeldii and Thalassionema nitzschioides with nitrate, ammonia, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxygen. Diatom species Asterionellopsis glacialis, Chaetoceros sp., Ditylum brightwellii, Ditylum sol and Pseudo-nitzschia pungens were associated with total phosphorus, chlorophyll-a and silicate. High BOD values suggest a significant presence of organic matter, potentially depleting oxygen through decomposition. A high Shannon–Weiner diversity index implies a diverse phytoplankton community with multiple species, indicating ecosystem resilience and stability. This situation may arise when a stressed ecosystem maintains diversity with pollution-tolerant species, which may be temporary and lead to detrimental long-term consequences. The ecological quality status (EcoQS) using six phytoplankton community indices concluded that all the stations ranged from ‘high’ to ‘bad’ condition, with disagreement among the six indices. This study employs a holistic approach, integrating physical, chemical and biological parameters with multivariate analysis techniques to acknowledge the complexity of ecosystem health.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to the Ethics Committee policy but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors express their sincere gratitude to the Director and Vice Chancellor of the Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, for providing the necessary facilities during this research. We acknowledge the funding from the project ‘Identification and characterization of recruitment ground of economically significant small pelagic fishes along Maharashtra coast (CIFE-2020/4)’. The first author also extends thanks to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India, for awarding a fellowship to support the PhD research.

Funding

This research work was funded by the Deemed University ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai – 400 061, India.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400 061, India

    Sahina Akter, Suman Nama, Abhilash Wodeyar K, Geetanjali Deshmukhe, Binaya Bhusan Nayak, Ashok Kumar Jaiswar, Asha Taterao Landge & Karankumar Ramteke

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  1. Sahina Akter
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  2. Suman Nama
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  3. Abhilash Wodeyar K
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  4. Geetanjali Deshmukhe
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  5. Binaya Bhusan Nayak
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  6. Ashok Kumar Jaiswar
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  7. Asha Taterao Landge
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  8. Karankumar Ramteke
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Contributions

S.A.: Experiment design, work planning, sample collection, analysis, identification of phytoplankton, data collection, data analysis, development of figures and tables and major manuscript drafting. S.N.: Sampling, data collection, manuscript correction and literature review. A.W.K.: Sample collection, sample and data analysis. K.R.: Data analysis, data interpretation, software, map preparation, editing figures and tables, editing manuscript and final approval for submission. G.D.: Design of the overall work plan, sampling design, phytoplankton identification, data analysis and revision of the manuscript. B.B.N.: Conception of the study, logistic support and planning of work. A.K.J.: Guidance of research work and sample collection and handling. A.T.L.: Guidance for the studies of environmental variables.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Karankumar Ramteke.

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Akter, S., Nama, S., Wodeyar K, A. et al. Unravelling tropical estuary health through a multivariate analysis of spatiotemporal phytoplankton diversity and community structure in relation to environmental interactions. Aquat Sci 86, 109 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-024-01117-3

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